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  1. Evolving impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in Asia
    Autor*in: Igarashi, Takiko; Takeda, Asami; Hoa Thi Truong; Sonobe, Tetsushi
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Since the first quarter of 2020, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries have faced significant hardship due to the economic shocks related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions arise, however, regarding the extent to... mehr

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    Since the first quarter of 2020, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries have faced significant hardship due to the economic shocks related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions arise, however, regarding the extent to which MSMEs' hardship has varied between sectors and between countries over time, whether it is gender neutral, whether the digitalization of MSMEs could alleviate it, and whether government support has reached MSMEs. This paper aimed to answer these questions using new survey data from eight developing Asian countries around the middle and toward the end of 2020. We found a wide variation in the severity of and responses to the pandemic impacts on MSMEs between sectors and between countries. Turning to common trends, our significant findings were as follows. First, MSMEs' sales and non-permanent employment tended to recover toward late 2020. Second, despite the general trend, the pandemic shocks concentrated on hard-hit industries, such as food processing, textiles, tourism, food and drink services, and education, which even deteriorated in the second half of 2020. Third, women-led enterprises remained vulnerable, exhibiting bleak prospects for sales or more job cuts than men-led but otherwise similar enterprises. Fourth, the digitalization intensity had a nonlinear relationship with MSMEs' sales and employment, suggesting that online sales beyond a certain threshold, around 40% of the total sales, could generate more revenues and jobs for MSMEs. Last, the number of MSMEs receiving support from their governments increased in the second half of 2020. Still, such support did not effectively reach the most affected or vulnerable MSMEs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249465
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1286 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; micro; small; and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs); layoffs; cash shortage; digitalization
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium enterprises in Asia and their digitalization responses
    Autor*in: Sonobe, Tetsushi; Takeda, Asami; Yoshida, Susumu; Hoa Thi Truong
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Soon after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments began extending financial and other forms of support to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and their workers because smaller firms are more vulnerable to negative shocks to... mehr

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    Soon after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments began extending financial and other forms of support to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and their workers because smaller firms are more vulnerable to negative shocks to their supply chain, labor supply, and final demand for goods and services than larger firms. Since MSMEs are diverse, however, the severity of the pandemic's impact on them varies considerably depending on their characteristics. Using online survey data of MSMEs from eight developing economies in South, Southeast, and Northeast Asia, this paper attempts to deepen our understanding of the impact of the pandemic on MSMEs, especially their employment, sales revenue, and cash flow. It also characterizes those firms that began participating in online commerce and tries to determine how their use of online commerce and their employment are related in this difficult time. This paper also examines the government support that MSMEs have received and the extent to which it has satisfied their support needs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/238598
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1241 (March 2021)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; microsmall, and medium enterprises (MSMEs); layoffs; cash shortage; digitalization
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The unemployed with jobs and without jobs
    Autor*in: Hall, Robert E.; Kudlyak, Marianna
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Potential workers are classified as unemployed if they seek work but are not working. The unemployed population contains two groups - those with jobs and those without jobs. Those with jobs are on furlough or temporary layoff. This group expanded... mehr

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    Potential workers are classified as unemployed if they seek work but are not working. The unemployed population contains two groups - those with jobs and those without jobs. Those with jobs are on furlough or temporary layoff. This group expanded tremendously in April 2020, at the trough of the pandemic recession. They wait out periods of non-work with the understanding that their jobs still exist and that they will be recalled. We show that the resulting temporary-layoff unemployment mostly dissipated by the end of 2020. Potential workers without jobs constitute what we call jobless unemployment. Shocks that elevate jobless unemployment have much more persistent effects. Historical major adverse shocks, such as the financial crisis in 2008, created mostly jobless unemployment and consequently caused extended periods of elevated unemployment. Jobless unemployment reached its pandemic peak in November 2020, at 4.9%, modest by historical standards, and has declined at a faster-than-historical pace since.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252260
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15136
    Schlagworte: business cycle; recovery; unemployment; recession; layoffs; temporary layoff; recall; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The unequal cost of job loss across countries
    Autor*in: Bertheau, Antoine; Acabbi, Edoardo; Barceló, Cristina; Gulyas, Andreas; Lombardi, Stefano; Saggio, Raffaele
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We document the consequences of losing a job across countries using a harmonized research design. Workers in Denmark and Sweden experience the lowest earnings declines following job displacement, while workers in Italy, Spain, and Portugal experience... mehr

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    We document the consequences of losing a job across countries using a harmonized research design. Workers in Denmark and Sweden experience the lowest earnings declines following job displacement, while workers in Italy, Spain, and Portugal experience losses three times as high. French and Austrian workers face earnings losses somewhere in-between. Key to these differences is that Southern European workers are less likely to find employment following displacement. Loss of employer-specific wage premiums accounts for 40% to 95% of within-country wage declines. The use of active labor market policies predicts a significant portion of the cross-country heterogeneity in earnings losses.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250694
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15033
    Schlagworte: job loss costs; wage dynamics; labor turnover; layoffs; labor market institutions; cross-country matched employer-employee dataset
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The unequal consequences of job loss across countries
    Autor*in: Bertheau, Antoine; Acabbi, Edoardo; Barceló, Cristina; Gulyas, Andreas; Lombardi, Stefano; Saggio, Raffaele
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 2224
    Schlagworte: job loss effects; wage dynamics; labor turnover; layoffs; matched employer-employee dataset
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Work loss and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Autor*in: Bratsberg, Bernt; Godøy, Anna; Hart, Rannveig Kaldager; Raaum, Oddbjørn; Reme, Bjørn-Atle; Wörn, Jonathan
    Erschienen: January 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study the impact of work loss on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Combining data on work loss and health care consultations from comprehensive individual-level register data, we define groups of employees delineated by industry, region,... mehr

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    We study the impact of work loss on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Combining data on work loss and health care consultations from comprehensive individual-level register data, we define groups of employees delineated by industry, region, age, and gender. With these groups, we use a difference-in-differences framework to document significantly increased rates of consultations for psychological conditions among workers with higher exposure to work loss. The increases, and their persistence, were markedly higher for consultations in specialist (vs. primary) care, indicating that the deterioration of mental health was more than a widespread increase in lighter symptoms. Overall, our findings suggest that the economic disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the mental health of workers most exposed to loss of work.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272540
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15913
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; layoffs; work loss; job loss; mental health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. A theory of non-Coasean labor markets
    Autor*in: Blanco, Andrés; Drenik, Andres; Moser, Christian; Zaratiegui, Emilio
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We develop a theory of labor markets in a monetary economy with four realistic features: search frictions, worker productivity shocks, wage rigidity, and two-sided lack of commitment. Due to the non-Coasean nature of labor contracts, inefficient job... mehr

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    We develop a theory of labor markets in a monetary economy with four realistic features: search frictions, worker productivity shocks, wage rigidity, and two-sided lack of commitment. Due to the non-Coasean nature of labor contracts, inefficient job separations occur in the form of endogenous quits and layoffs that are unilaterally initiated whenever a worker's wage-to-productivity ratio moves outside an inaction region. We derive sufficient statistics for the aggregate labor market response to a monetary shock based on the distribution of workers' wage-to-productivity ratios. These statistics crucially depend on the incidence of inefficient job separations, which we show how to identify using readily available microdata on wage changes and worker flows between jobs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272748
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16121
    Schlagworte: inflation; monetary policy; wage rigidity; wage inequality; unemployment; inefficient job separations; quits; layoffs; directed search; commitment; stopping times; continuous-time methods; variational inequalities
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 128 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Job Stability Trends, Layoffs and Quits
    Autor*in: Bergemann, Annette; Mertens, Antje
    Erschienen: 2000
    Verlag:  Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin

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    DDC Klassifikation: Sozialwissenschaften (300); Wirtschaft (330)
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsplatzsicherung; Betriebszugehörigkeit; Arbeitsmobilität; Arbeitsvertrag; Kündigung; Schätzung; :z Geschichte 1984-1997
    Weitere Schlagworte: (stw)1984-1997; (stw)Beschäftigungssicherung; (stw)Betriebszugehörigkeit; (stw)Arbeitsmobilität; (stw)Kündigung; (stw)Schätzung; (stw)Deutschland; labor mobility; duration analysis; Job stability; layoffs; Arbeitsmarktforschung; Arbeitslosigkeit; Mathematisches Modell; Arbeitspapier; Graue Literatur
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
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    In: Sonderforschungsbereich 373: Quantification and Simulation of Economic Processes, Band 2001, Ausgabe 102, 2001
  9. Job stability trends, layoffs and quits
    an empirical analysis for West Germany
    Autor*in: Bergemann, Annette; Mertens, Antje
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  Sonderforschungsbereich 373, Berlin

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    DDC Klassifikation: Sozialwissenschaften (300); Wirtschaft (330)
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Sonderforschungsbereich 373 Quantifikation und Simulation Ökonomischer Prozesse ; 2001,102
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsplatzsicherung; Betriebszugehörigkeit; Arbeitsmobilität; Arbeitsvertrag; Kündigung; Schätzung; :z Geschichte 1984-1997
    Weitere Schlagworte: (stw)1984-1997; (stw)Beschäftigungssicherung; (stw)Betriebszugehörigkeit; (stw)Arbeitsmobilität; (stw)Kündigung; (stw)Schätzung; (stw)Deutschland; labor mobility; duration analysis; Job stability; layoffs; Arbeitsmarktforschung; Arbeitslosigkeit; Mathematisches Modell; Arbeitspapier; Graue Literatur
    Umfang: 29 S., graph. Darst., 21 cm
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverz. S. 16 - 19
  10. Timed to say goodbye
    does unemployment benefit eligibility affect worker layoffs?
    Autor*in: Albanese, Andrea; Ghirelli, Corinna; Picchio, Matteo
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 1904
    Schlagworte: unemployment insurance; layoffs; employer–employee moral hazard; difference-in-differences; heterogeneous effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Suspended from work and school?
    impacts of layoff events and unemployment insurance on student disciplinary incidence
    Autor*in: Acton, Riley K.; Al Khafaji-King, Jo; Smith, Austin C.
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We examine the impact of local labor market shocks and state unemployment insurance (UI) policies on student discipline in U.S. public schools. Analyzing school-level discipline data and firm-level layoffs in 23 states, we find that layoffs have... mehr

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    We examine the impact of local labor market shocks and state unemployment insurance (UI) policies on student discipline in U.S. public schools. Analyzing school-level discipline data and firm-level layoffs in 23 states, we find that layoffs have little effect on discipline rates overall. However, effects differ across the UI benefit distribution. At the lowest benefit level ($265/week), a mass layoff increases out-of-school suspensions by 4.5%, with effects dissipating as UI benefits increase. Effects are consistently largest for Black students - especially in predominantly White schools - resulting in increased racial disproportionality in school discipline following layoffs in low-UI states.

     
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    hdl: 10419/279121
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16423
    Schlagworte: school discipline; layoffs; unemployment insurance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Where have all tech layoffs gone?
    a model of two worker types with outsourcing
    Autor*in: Marjit, Sugata; Das, Gouranga Gopal
    Erschienen: October 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    The flourishing of IT-sector and IT-enabled services has led to emergence of different activities by leaps and bounds thanks to proliferation of Virtual plaform-based transactions, and E- commerce. However, massive layoffs started in 2022, as all... mehr

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    The flourishing of IT-sector and IT-enabled services has led to emergence of different activities by leaps and bounds thanks to proliferation of Virtual plaform-based transactions, and E- commerce. However, massive layoffs started in 2022, as all tech giants encountered revenue declines amidst supply chain issues, inflation, Ukraine war, leading to deflation and fears of recession squeezing consumer and business spending. This has happened across the globe. In the context of the countries supplying low-wage labor (skilled wage in Indian Silicon Valley at Bengaluru is lower than that in the Californian Silicon Valley), similar episodes unfolded but to a different extent. The evidence suggests that layoffs in developing economies like India is much less than that in the US with limited impact on Indian industry despite severe global downturn. Jobs and hiring will move out of the developed markets to these emerging markets with cost advantages owing to lower salaries, as with low demand, drive to cutdown costs will induce firms to outsource some operations outside while focusing on core functions provided the cost of outsourcing is not too high. In this paper, we build a model to show how contraction in demand for IT-enabled works will determine how much of works to be completed in the US (home) and the remainder to be sourced out to say, India (abroad). We identify the conditions under which switching from pure domestic production to outsourcing using hired foreign workers will happen. We show that in both cases of perfectly competitive homogeneous product as well as in case of differentiated goods oligopoly scenarios that the hiring ceases drastically in the home while the outsourced workers will not suffer to a large extent. Home bears the burden of adjustment due to the sheer cost disadvantages of the home.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282374
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10686 (2023)
    Schlagworte: outsourcing; layoffs; IT-enabled services; wage inequality; market structure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Sticky wages on the layoff margin
    Autor*in: Davis, Steven J.; Krolikowski, Pawel M.
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, [Cleveland, OH]

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    Schriftenreihe: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland working paper series ; no. 23, 12 (May 2023)
    Schlagworte: wage rigidity; sticky wages; layoffs; saving jobs; unemployment insurance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Layoffs and productivity at a Bangladeshi sweater factory
    Autor*in: Akerlof, Robert; Ashraf, Anik; Macchiavello, Rocco; Rabbani, Atonu
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Collaborative Research Center Transregio 190, [München]

    Conflicts between management and workers are common and can have significant impacts on productivity. Combining ethnographic, survey and administrative records from a large Bangladeshi sweater factory, we study how workers responded to management's... mehr

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    Conflicts between management and workers are common and can have significant impacts on productivity. Combining ethnographic, survey and administrative records from a large Bangladeshi sweater factory, we study how workers responded to management's decision to lay off about a quarter of the workers following a period of labor unrest. Our main finding is that the mass layoff resulted in a large and persistent reduction in the productivity of surviving workers. Moreover, it is specifically the firing of peers with whom workers likely had social connections - friends - that matters. Additional evidence on defect rates suggests a deliberate shading of performance by workers in order to punish the factory's management.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282085
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CRC TRR 190 ; no. 393 (May 07, 2023)
    Schlagworte: layoffs; productivity; morale; relational contracts
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Uncertainty, firm heterogeneity and labour adjustments
    evidence from European countries
    Autor*in: Martínez-Matute, Marta; Urtasun, Alberto
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 1821
    Schlagworte: uncertainty; firm heterogeneity; labour adjustment; freeze hiring; layoffs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Sticky wages on the layoff margin
    Autor*in: Davis, Steven J.; Krolikowski, Pawel M.
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 24, 02 (February, 2024)
    Schlagworte: wage rigidity; sticky wages; layoffs; unemployment insurance; survey of job losers; worker perceptions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Heavy is the crown
    CEOs' social interactions and layoff decisions
    Autor*in: Bassanini, Andrea; Caroli, Eve; Geay, Kevin; Rebérioux, Antoine
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We develop a theory of non-monetary costs incurred by CEOs when deciding about layoffs and test its predictions on French data. Our results support the idea that, being embedded in their social environment, CEOs find it more difficult to fire... mehr

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    We develop a theory of non-monetary costs incurred by CEOs when deciding about layoffs and test its predictions on French data. Our results support the idea that, being embedded in their social environment, CEOs find it more difficult to fire employees closer to their own workplace. This effect is stronger whenever social interactions are less anonymous in the CEOs' local environment. It is weaker when CEOs live further away from where they work, because of limited exposure to local discontent.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/295771
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16748
    Schlagworte: layoffs; non-monetary costs; CEO; social embeddedness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  18. Sticky wages on the layoff margin
    Autor*in: Davis, Steven J.; Krolikowski, Pawel M.
    Erschienen: July 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We design and field an innovative survey of unemployment insurance (UI) recipients that yields new insights about wage stickiness on the layoff margin. Most UI recipients express a willingness to accept wage cuts of 5-10 percent to save their jobs,... mehr

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    We design and field an innovative survey of unemployment insurance (UI) recipients that yields new insights about wage stickiness on the layoff margin. Most UI recipients express a willingness to accept wage cuts of 5-10 percent to save their jobs, and one third would accept a 25 percent cut. Yet worker-employer discussions about cuts in pay, benefits or hours in lieu of layoffs are exceedingly rare. When asked why employers don't propose job-saving pay cuts, four-in-ten UI recipients don't know. Sixteen percent say cuts would undermine morale or lead the best workers to quit, and 39 percent don't think wage cuts would save their jobs. For lost union jobs, 45 percent say contractual restrictions prevent wage cuts. Among those on permanent layoff who reject our hypothetical pay cuts, half say they have better outside options, and 38 percent regard the proposed pay cut as insulting. An estimated one-quarter of the layoffs violate the condition for bilaterally efficient separations that holds in leading theories of job separations, frictional unemployment, and job ladders. We draw on our findings and other evidence to assess theories of wage stickiness and its role in layoffs.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/279049
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16351
    Schlagworte: wage rigidity; sticky wages; layoffs; unemployment insurance; survey of job losers; worker perceptions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen