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  1. Dropping out, being pushed out or can't get in?
    ecoding declining labour force participation of Indian women
    Autor*in: Deshpande, Ashwini; Jitendra Singh
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The stubbornly low and declining level of labor force participation rate (LFPR) of Indian women has prompted a great deal of attention with a focus on factors constraining women's labour supply. Using 12 rounds of a high frequency household panel... mehr

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    The stubbornly low and declining level of labor force participation rate (LFPR) of Indian women has prompted a great deal of attention with a focus on factors constraining women's labour supply. Using 12 rounds of a high frequency household panel survey, we demonstrate volatility in Indian women's labour market engagement, as they exit and (re)enter the labor force multiple times over short period for reasons unrelated to marriage, child-birth, or change in household income. We demonstrate how these frequent transitions exacerbate the issue of measurement of female LFPR. Women elsewhere in the world face a "motherhood penalty" in the form of adverse labour market outcomes after the first childbirth. We evaluate the motherhood penalty in the Indian context and find that mothers with new children have a lower base level of LFPR, but there is no sharp decline around the time of childbirth. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of determinants of female LFPR suggests that none of the total fall (10 percentage points) in our study period is explained by a change in supply-side demographic characteristics. We suggest that frequent transitions, as well as fall in LFPR, are consistent with the demand-side constraints, viz., that women's participation is falling due unavailability of steady gainful employment. The high unemployment rate and industry-wise composition of total employment provide suggestive evidence that women's participation is falling as women are likely to be displaced from employment by male workers. We show that women's employment is likely to suffer more than men's due to negative economic shocks, as was seen during the fallout of demonetisation of 86 percent of Indian currency in 2016. Our analysis contests the prominent narrative that women are voluntarily dropping out of the labor force due to an increase in household income and conservative social norms. Our results suggest that India needs to focus more on creating jobs for women to retain them in the labor force.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245690
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14639
    Schlagworte: female labour force participation rate; employment; social norms; India; labour demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Worker mobility and labour market opportunities
    Autor*in: Dias, Mónica Costa; Johnson-Watts, Ella; Joyce, Robert; Postel-Vinay, Fabien; Spittal, Peter; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    We develop a measure of labour market opportunities for heterogenous types of worker, exploiting information on their suitability different jobs encoded in historical patterns of worker mobility. We provide a theoretical foundation for our measure,... mehr

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    We develop a measure of labour market opportunities for heterogenous types of worker, exploiting information on their suitability different jobs encoded in historical patterns of worker mobility. We provide a theoretical foundation for our measure, which features naturally in a general random search framework. Our measure is flexible in the sense that it admits general definitions of worker and job heterogeneity, and is easily implementable empirically with data on worker mobility and labour demand. We apply our measure to high-quality data on labour demand in the UK, based on the universe of 104.7 million job adverts posted online from January 2015 to June 2021. We demonstrate the utility of our measure with an analysis of worker prospects throughout the Covid-19 pandemic. First, while the direct impact of lockdown policies was concentrated on relatively few industries, labour demand fell much more broadly. And, as our measure highlights, the full effects were broader still because of the disruption to usual career progression, even for those in less-affected sectors such as healthcare. Second, despite aggregate labour demand returning to pre-pandemic levels by June 2021, 25% of the workforce faced new job opportunities more than 10% below pre-pandemic levels. This is because of a change in the composition of vacancy postings (towards lower-paying occupations) which our measure of labour market opportunities is sensitive to. Finally, the majority (64%) of unemployed workers faced at least 10% more competition for jobs from unemployed jobseekers than before the pandemic.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 29
    Schlagworte: Vacancies; labour demand; worker mobility; mismatch; Covid-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The effect of labour demand on women's intra-household decision power
    evidence from Indonesia
    Autor*in: Dong, Sarah Xue
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  Arndt-Corden Department of Economics, Crawford School of Public Policy, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, [Canberra]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers in trade and development ; no. 2020, 01
    Schlagworte: intra-household decisions; women's empowerment; labour demand; large and medium manufacturing; shift-share (Bartik) instrument
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
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  4. The rise in women's labour force participation in Mexico
    supply vs demand factors
    Autor*in: Bhalotra, Sonia; Fernández, Manuel
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We estimate the relative importance of alternative labour supply and demand mechanisms in explaining the rise of female labour force participation over the last 55 years in Mexico. The growth of female labour force participation in Mexico between... mehr

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    We estimate the relative importance of alternative labour supply and demand mechanisms in explaining the rise of female labour force participation over the last 55 years in Mexico. The growth of female labour force participation in Mexico between 1960 and 2015 followed an S-shape, with a considerable acceleration during the 1990s. Using decomposition methods and a shift-share design, we show that, put together, supply and demand factors can account for the rise of female labour force participation over the period, led by increases in women's education and shifts in the occupational structure of the workforce. However, there is unexplained variation in the 1990s, when female labour force participation spiked.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292569501
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    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 16
    Schlagworte: female labour force participation; Mexico; education; labour demand; labour supply
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Worker mobility and labour market opportunities
    Autor*in: Dias, Mónica Costa; Johnson-Watts, Ella; Joyce, Robert Dwyer; Postel-Vinay, Fabien; Spittal, Peter; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: 29 October 2021
    Verlag:  School of Economics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / [School of Economics, University of Bristol] ; 753 (21)
    Schlagworte: Vacancies; labour demand; worker mobility; mismatch; Covid-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Jobs or hours?
    cyclical labour market adjustment in Australia
    Autor*in: Bishop, James; Gustafsson, Linus; Plumb, Michael H.
    Erschienen: September 2016
    Verlag:  Reserve Bank of Australia, [Sydney]

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    Schriftenreihe: Research discussion paper / Reserve Bank of Australia ; RDP 2016, 06
    Schlagworte: average hours worked; labour demand; economic downturns
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The impact of ICT and intangible capital accumulation on labour demand growth and functional income shares
    Autor*in: Stehrer, Robert
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche, Wien

    This paper investigates whether the diffusion of tangible IT and CT capital and intangible capital asset types has an impact on labour demand growth and the share of labour income in total income at the industry and country level. The econometric... mehr

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    This paper investigates whether the diffusion of tangible IT and CT capital and intangible capital asset types has an impact on labour demand growth and the share of labour income in total income at the industry and country level. The econometric analysis is derived from a Cobb-Douglas production function taking empirical stylized facts into account. The effects of technical progress embodied in the various forms of capital impact along inter-industry and intercountry production linkages, which are considered by using global value chain indicators. The analysis is broken down to examine the influence on different types of labour, including the dimensions of gender, age, and educational attainment. Accumulation of ICT assets have generally insignificant and in some cases small positive effects on labour demand and income shares, though patterns differ across types of labour. Intangible assets show a positive relation with respect to labour demand growth.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / wiiw ; 218
    Schlagworte: capital accumulation; ICT capital; intangibles; labour demand; income distribution
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The impact of alternative childcare policies on mothers' employment for selected EU countries
    Autor*in: Narazani, Edlira; García, Ana Agúndez; Christl, Michael; Figari, Francesco
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  European Commission, Seville

    The Barcelona targets on childcare help increase women's labour-market participation and close the gender employment gap by enhancing the provision of early childhood education and care. To contribute to the debate on the revision of the targets,... mehr

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    The Barcelona targets on childcare help increase women's labour-market participation and close the gender employment gap by enhancing the provision of early childhood education and care. To contribute to the debate on the revision of the targets, this paper estimates the impact on labour par- ticipation of mothers of alternative scenarios of formal childcare policies for a number of countries. The selected countries (IT, EE, IE, AT, HU, FI, PT, PL) represent different female participation in the labour market and childcare systems. The analysis makes use of the EUROLAB and EU- ROMOD models, based on EU-SILC data, to estimate female labour supply reactions to childcare reforms. Furthermore, EUROLAB allows us to also account for the labour demand side. The first reforms analyzed consist in providing formal childcare to 40%, 50%, 60% and 65% of children under 3. Our results show that the achievement of these levels of childcare (through increases in childcare availability and usage) would lead to significant increases in the labour supply of mothers (at the extensive and intensive margins), especially in countries where the current labour participa- tion of women and the share of formal childcare is low. Accounting for labour demand, we show that the expected final employment effects in the new labour market equilibrium will be less pro- nounced, but still positive. Additionally, we analyse a pricing policy consisting in free childcare, showing that this policy would be most effective to support mothers' labour market participation in countries where childcare fees are relatively high.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280867
    Schriftenreihe: JRC working papers on taxation and strucutral reforms ; no 2022, 08
    JRC technical report
    Schlagworte: Labour market equilibrium; labour supply; labour demand; behavioural models; dis-crete choice; childcare
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The impact of alternative childcare policies on mothers' employment in selected EU countries
    Autor*in: Narazani, Edlira; Agúndez García, Ana; Christl, Michael; Figari, Francesco
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper contributes to the debate on the revision of the Barcelona targets on childcare, as promoted by the European Commission in 2022, that aims to provide childcare for children below the age of 3. Using EUROLAB, a structural model of labour... mehr

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    This paper contributes to the debate on the revision of the Barcelona targets on childcare, as promoted by the European Commission in 2022, that aims to provide childcare for children below the age of 3. Using EUROLAB, a structural model of labour supply that can also accounts for labour demand constraints, we estimate female labour market participation reactions to alternative scenarios of formal childcare policies in European countries with very low child care provision for children below 3. We quantify the potential increases in the labour supply of mothers (at the extensive and intensive margins) in the case of fulfilling potential new targets of childcare provision (40%, 50%, 60% and 65%). Achieving these targets would lead to significantly increased labour supply of mothers especially in countries like Hungary and Poland where the current share of formal childcare and/or female labour participation is low. In countries like Portugal, that are far beyond the existing childcare target, changes in labour supply incentives are instead expected to be moderate. We further show that when accounting for labour demand, the expected final employment effects will be less pronounced, but still positive.

     
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    hdl: 10419/268453
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1234
    Schlagworte: Labour market equilibrium; labour supply; labour demand; structural models; discrete choice; childcare
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Creative disruption
    technology innovation, labour demand and the pandemic
    Autor*in: Barth, Erling; Bryson, Alex; Dale-Olsen, Harald
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We utilize a new survey on Norwegian firms' digitalization and technology investments, linked to population-wide register data, to show that the pandemic massively disrupted the technology investment plans of firms, not only postponing investments,... mehr

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    We utilize a new survey on Norwegian firms' digitalization and technology investments, linked to population-wide register data, to show that the pandemic massively disrupted the technology investment plans of firms, not only postponing investments, but also introducing new technologies. More productive firms innovated, while less productive firms postponed investments. Most innovations were permanent, not due to acceleration of existing plans, thus the pandemic yields longterm influence in directions unanticipated before the pandemic. The new technologies are associated with increased labour demand for skilled workers, and reduced demand for unskilled workers, particularly for the more productive firms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272389
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15762
    Schlagworte: technology investments; digitalization; labour demand; pandemic; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Outsourcing and the demand for low skilled labour in German manufacturing
    new evidence
    Autor*in: Geishecker, Ingo
    Erschienen: 2002
    Verlag:  DIW, Berlin

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  12. Subsidising mature age employment or throwing coins into a wishing well
    a quasi-experimental analysis
    Autor*in: Font, Paulino; Izquierdo, Mario; Puente, Sergio
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 1740
    Schlagworte: deadweight loss; labour tax subsidy; labour demand; dismissal costs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The relationship between economic development and female labour force participation
    micro-level evidence from Mexico
    Autor*in: López-Moreno Flores, Isaac
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  The University of Manchester Global Development Institute, Manchester

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    ISBN: 9781912607266
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Global Development Institute ; 2023, 068 (September 2023)
    Schlagworte: Female labour force participation; sectoral distribution of employment; economic development; structural transformation; labour demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The green transition and the Italian labour market
    Autor*in: Basso, Gaetano; Colonna, Fabrizio; Depalo, Domenico; Mendicino, Graziella
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Questioni di economia e finanza / Banca d'Italia ; number 811 (October 2023)
    Schlagworte: labour demand; green economy; ecological transition; public investments
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The impact of alternative childcare policies on mothers' employment in selected EU countries
    Autor*in: Narazani, Edlira; Agúndez García, Ana; Christl, Michael; Figari, Francesco
    Erschienen: 2023 February
    Verlag:  ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, [Verona]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality ; 636 (2023)
    Schlagworte: Labour market equilibrium; labour supply; labour demand; structural models; discrete choice; childcare
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. AI unboxed and jobs
    a novel measure and firm-level evidence from three countries
    Autor*in: Engberg, Erik; Görg, Holger; Lodefalk, Magnus; Javed, Farrukh; Längkvist, Martin; Monteiro, Natália; Nordås, Hildegunn Kyvik; Pulito, Giuseppe; Schroeder, Sarah; Tang, Aili
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We unbox developments in artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate how exposure to these developments affect firm-level labour demand, using detailed register data from Denmark, Portugal and Sweden over two decades. Based on data on AI capabilities... mehr

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    We unbox developments in artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate how exposure to these developments affect firm-level labour demand, using detailed register data from Denmark, Portugal and Sweden over two decades. Based on data on AI capabilities and occupational work content, we develop and validate a time-variant measure for occupational exposure to AI across subdomains of AI, such as language modelling. According to the model, white collar occupations are most exposed to AI, and especially white collar work that entails relatively little social interaction. We illustrate its usefulness by applying it to near-universal data on firms and individuals from Sweden, Denmark, and Portugal, and estimating firm labour demand regressions. We find a positive (negative) association between AI exposure and labour demand for high-skilled white (blue) collar work. Overall, there is an up-skilling effect, with the share of white-collar to blue collar workers increasing with AI exposure. Exposure to AI within the subdomains of image and language are positively (negatively) linked to demand for high-skilled white collar (blue collar) work, whereas other AI-areas are heterogeneously linked to groups of workers.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16717
    Schlagworte: artificial intelligence; labour demand; multi-country firm-level evidence
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Artificial intelligence, jobs, inequality and productivity
    does aggregate demand matter?
    Autor*in: Gries, Thomas; Naudé, Wim
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2018, 047
    Schlagworte: Technology; artificial intelligence; productivity; labour demand; innovation; growth theory
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Local labour market heterogeneity in Italy
    estimates and simulations using responses to labour demand shocks
    Autor*in: Ciani, Emanuele; David, Francesco; De Blasio, Guido
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1112 (April 2017)
    Schlagworte: local labour markets; labour demand; shocks
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  19. Digital technologies and firms' employment and training
    Autor*in: Caselli, Mauro; Fourrier-Nicolai, Edwin; Fracasso, Andrea; Scicchitano, Sergio
    Erschienen: April 2024
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This study examines the causal influence of digital technologies, specifically operational (ODT) and information digital technologies (IDT), on firms’ employment structure using Italian firm-level data. It employs a unique empirical approach,... mehr

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    This study examines the causal influence of digital technologies, specifically operational (ODT) and information digital technologies (IDT), on firms’ employment structure using Italian firm-level data. It employs a unique empirical approach, constructing instrumental variables based on predetermined employment composition and global technological progress, proxied by patents. Findings indicate that IDT investment positively affects employment, favoring a skilled, IT-competent workforce, as supported by firms’ training and recruitment plans. Conversely, ODT investment does not significantly alter total employment but skews the workforce towards temporary contracts. The study contributes methodologically by distinguishing between ODT and IDT and highlighting nuanced employment dynamics within firms.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/296145
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 11056 (2024)
    Schlagworte: digital technologies; labour demand; training; firms
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten)