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  1. Covid-19 and income inequality
    evidence from monthly population registers
    Autor*in: Angelov, Nikolay; Waldenström, Daniel
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while... mehr

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    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245359
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9178 (2021)
    Schlagworte: pandemic; income inequality; earnings; government policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. COVID-19 and income inequality
    evidence from monthly population registers
    Autor*in: Angelov, Nikolay; Waldenström, Daniel
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while... mehr

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    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243464
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 178
    Schlagworte: pandemic; income inequality; earnings; government policy; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Citizens' opinions of and experiences with government responses to COVID-19 pandemic in Viet Nam
    Autor*in: Huyen Thanh Do; Cuong Viet Nguyen; Long Thanh Nguyen; Phuong Minh Nguyen; Quyen Ha Ngo; Tung Duc Phung
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This study explores the impact of COVID-19 and how Vietnamese citizens perceived and experienced measures adopted by central and local governments to contain the CVODI-19 pandemic in 2021. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic had a more severe impact in... mehr

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    This study explores the impact of COVID-19 and how Vietnamese citizens perceived and experienced measures adopted by central and local governments to contain the CVODI-19 pandemic in 2021. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic had a more severe impact in 2021 than in 2020. Citizens showed great concern about their children’s education (76 percent) and their personal health (68 percent). COVID-19 negatively impacted employment and income, with 77 percent of the respondents reporting income reduction due to the pandemic. The poor, ethnic minorities, unskilled, non-farm workers, and those working in the service sector or living in provinces with longer lockdowns were the most likely to suffer. Compared with 2020, in 2021, respondents showed a high but declining positive assessment of government performance in dealing with the pandemic, with 84 percent of the respondents rating the responses from the Central Government as good or very good (97 percent in 2020), 89 percent rating the response from their provincial governments’ responses as good or very good (94 percent in 2020). Only 13 percent of the respondents received support from the Government’s package. However, ethnic minorities, female, poorer and rural respondents were less likely to receive the support. For the support recipients, delivery was regarded as timely and transparent, but administrative procedures to get access to the package were not simple. Meanwhile, support from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social organizations, charity foundations, and individuals was distributed more efficiently, with 25 percent of the respondents receiving support from these sources.

     
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    hdl: 10419/251382
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1068
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; government policy; citizens' opinions; aid package; Vietnam
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Perspectives on the Great Irish Famine
    Autor*in: Kennedy, Liam; MacRaild, Donald M.
    Erschienen: April 2022
    Verlag:  Queen's University Centre for Economic History, Belfast

    This overview of the Great Irish Famine is unfolded in terms of the three major phases of British government policy. The understanding of poverty underlying the paper is in terms of diet, not income per capita, housing or literacy, or any of the... mehr

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    This overview of the Great Irish Famine is unfolded in terms of the three major phases of British government policy. The understanding of poverty underlying the paper is in terms of diet, not income per capita, housing or literacy, or any of the other more conventional measures in use by historians of the Famine. The claim is that reliance on a diet consisting almost exclusively of the cheapest foodstuff (potatoes) is both the definition of and the principal measure of poverty in pre-Famine Irish society. There is some emphasis on class conflict, both in its overt and its latent forms, as a constraint on the redistribution of income and food in the face of a massive crisis. A.K. Sen's entitlements thesis on the causes of famine is held to have limited usefulness for the study of the Irish Famine, and there is a renewed emphasis on the absolute shortfall in domestic food production ('food availability decline') in the later 1840s. Ever so briefly, attention is drawn to lives saved as well as lives lost.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/252318
    Schriftenreihe: QUCEH working paper series ; 22, 04
    Schlagworte: Great Irish Famine; poverty; entitlements; government policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Government policy, industrial clusters, and the blue economy in the People's Republic of China
    a case study on the Shandong Peninsula blue economic zone
    Autor*in: Xie, Zhihai
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    The blue economy or marine economy has become increasingly important for countries not only to generate a new source of growth but also to construct the coexistence between humans and the environment. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has attached... mehr

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    The blue economy or marine economy has become increasingly important for countries not only to generate a new source of growth but also to construct the coexistence between humans and the environment. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has attached great importance to the blue economy since the beginning of the 21st century. During the past two decades, the PRC's blue economy has undergone considerable development. Its share in the GDP has increased substantially and remains large. The blue economy has become a national strategy, though traditionally the PRC has not relied heavily on marine resources. The PRC's approach to the blue economy has also experienced transformative change during the last decade. In the policy directive and at the practice level, ecological sustainability and marine environmental protection have already become an important part of the blue economy in the PRC. The paper argues that government policy and industrial clusters are the two most important factors that contribute to the development of the PRC's blue economy, as the case study of the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone (SP-BEZ) demonstrates. First, government policy is the basis for the establishment and development of the SP-BEZ. The PRC's government has provided policy guidance and assistance for the development of the blue economy. Both central and municipal governments have sponsored the SP-BEZ project, providing considerable financial and technological support. With the government's encouragement, blue finance has developed due to the public-private partnerships in the blue economy. Second, industrial clusters are both the means and the ends for the SP-BEZ. To promote the development of the blue economy in the SP-BEZ, the government has made full use of Shandong Peninsula's industrial advantages to redistribute and restructure the industries in the region. The SP-BEZ has formed industrial clusters with the support of its advantageous scientific and technological research and development in the blue economy. These industrial clusters have not only integrated a wide range of different industries but also helped to promote the domestic regional economic integration in the Shandong Peninsula.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249475
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1296 (December 2021)
    Schlagworte: blue economy; marine economy; blue economic zone; government policy; industrial cluster; People's Republic of China
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Can we grow with our children?
    the effects of a comprehensive early childhood development program
    Autor*in: Rude, Britta
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    I exploit the staggered roll-out of a universal early childhood development program in Chile to assess the impact of a comprehensive approach to early childhood development on outcomes in middle childhood. Using variation across time and... mehr

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    I exploit the staggered roll-out of a universal early childhood development program in Chile to assess the impact of a comprehensive approach to early childhood development on outcomes in middle childhood. Using variation across time and municipalities, I study outcomes such as school performance, cognitive development, parental stress, household relationships, and health. I use administrative data on students as well as newborns in Chile, standardized test scores of all 4th graders, and an extensive early childhood development survey. I find positive and significant effects on school performance. The effect is less pronounced for girls and the socioeconomically vulnerable population. The improvements in learning outcomes are driven by improvements in intra-household relations. Comprehensive programs are powerful tools but have several flaws.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259501
    Schriftenreihe: Ifo working papers ; 372 (2022)
    Schlagworte: Education and inequality; government policy; children; human capital
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 98 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Middle-run impacts of comprehensive early childhood interventions
    evidence from a pioneer program in Chile
    Autor*in: Rude, Britta
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    This paper analyzes the impact of comprehensive and universal early childhood development programs on outcomes in middle childhood. I exploit the birth eligibility cutoff of a pioneer intervention of this type in Chile and use administrative data on... mehr

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    This paper analyzes the impact of comprehensive and universal early childhood development programs on outcomes in middle childhood. I exploit the birth eligibility cutoff of a pioneer intervention of this type in Chile and use administrative data on grade point averages, standardized test scores, and an extensive early childhood development survey. Program exposure raises standardized math scores by 1.8 percent of a standard deviation, standardized reading scores by 4.0 percent of a standard deviation and grade point averages by 0.03 percent of a standard deviation. However, the effect is less pronounced for girls and socioeconomically vulnerable children. Impacts on several other child development outcomes also differ by gender and socioeconomic status. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that targeted programs might be more cost-effective than comprehensive programs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/266601
    Schriftenreihe: Ifo working papers ; 384 (2022)
    Schlagworte: Education and inequality; government policy; children; human capital
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Strings Attached
    Untangling the Ethics of Incentives
    Autor*in: Grant, Ruth Weissbourd
    Erschienen: 2012; ©2012.
    Verlag:  Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Incentives can be found everywhere--in schools, businesses, factories, and government--influencing people's choices about almost everything, from financial decisions and tobacco use to exercise and child rearing. So long as people have a choice,... mehr

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    Incentives can be found everywhere--in schools, businesses, factories, and government--influencing people's choices about almost everything, from financial decisions and tobacco use to exercise and child rearing. So long as people have a choice, incentives seem innocuous. But Strings Attached demonstrates that when incentives are viewed as a kind of power rather than as a form of exchange, many ethical questions arise: How do incentives affect character and institutional culture? Can incentives be manipulative or exploitative, even if people are free to refuse them? What are the responsibilit

     
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  9. Revealing investors' sentiment amid COVID-19:
    the big data evidence based on internet searches
    Autor*in: Armas, Jean Christine A.; Tuazon, Pamela Kaye A.
    Erschienen: September 2020
    Verlag:  Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, [Malate Manila, Philippines]

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    Schriftenreihe: BSP working paper series ; no. 2020, 07
    Schlagworte: government policy; regulation and public health; stock market; panel data models; investor attitude; big data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Simulation of policy responses and interventions to promote inclusive recovery from the COVID-19 crisis in Nigeria
    Autor*in: Beyene, Lulit Mitik; Adenikinju, Adeola Festus; Decaluwé, Bernard; Omoju, Oluwasola Emmanel; Akande, Abiola
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  PEP, Partnership for Economic Policy, [Nairobi]

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    Schriftenreihe: PEP working paper series ; 2022, 14
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; economic recovery; government policy; gender; CGE; Nigeria
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The effects of differential exposure to COVID-19 on educational outcomes in Guatemala
    Autor*in: Ham, Andrés; Vazquez, Emmanuel; Yáñez-Pagans, Mónica
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    This paper studies the effects of differential exposure to COVID-19 on educational outcomes in Guatemala. The government adopted a warning index (ranging from 0 to 10) to classify municipalities by infection rates in 2020, which was then used by the... mehr

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    This paper studies the effects of differential exposure to COVID-19 on educational outcomes in Guatemala. The government adopted a warning index (ranging from 0 to 10) to classify municipalities by infection rates in 2020, which was then used by the Ministry of Education in 2021 to establish a “stoplight” system for in-person instruction. Using administrative panel data for all students in Guatemala, the study employs a difference-in-differences strategy that leverages municipal differences over time in the warning index to estimate the effects of the pandemic on dropout, promotion, and school switching. The results show that municipalities with a higher warning index had significantly larger dropout, lower promotion rates, and a greater share of students switching from private to public schools. These effects were more pronounced during the first year of the pandemic. The findings show differential effects by the level of instruction, with greater losses for younger children in initial and primary education. The results are robust to specification choice, multiple hypothesis adjustments, and placebo experiments, suggesting that the pandemic has had heterogeneous consequences.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289894
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: February 2023
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 313 (Mayo, 2023)
    Schlagworte: education; dropout; promotion; school switching; government policy; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Entrepreneurship in the shadows
    wealth constraints and government policy
    Autor*in: Tumen, Semih
    Erschienen: November 2016
    Verlag:  Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Head Office, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Ankara, Turkey

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası ; no: 16/23
    Schlagworte: Entrepreneurship; informal economy; government policy; investment; wealth constraints
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen