Includes bibliographical references and index. - From enchantment to criticism of colonial France: James Baldwin's "This morning, this evening, so soon" and William Gardner Smith's The stone face -- Escaping racial determinism: Frank Yerby's Parisian romance Speak now -- From skepticism to new humanisms or when Europe and Africa converse in Rome: William Demby's The catacombs -- Resisting the European seductress in Copenhagen: Cecil Brown's The life and loves of Mr. Jiveass nigger -- The quality of hurt: European exile and John A Williams's The man who cried I am -- When the United States becomes a point of unavoidable return