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  1. Labour-saving automation and occupational exposure
    a text-similarity measure
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper represents one of the first attempts at building a direct measure of occupational exposure to robotic labour-saving technologies. After identifying robotic and LS robotic patents retrieved by Montobbio et al. (2022), the underlying 4-digit... mehr

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    This paper represents one of the first attempts at building a direct measure of occupational exposure to robotic labour-saving technologies. After identifying robotic and LS robotic patents retrieved by Montobbio et al. (2022), the underlying 4-digit CPC definitions are employed in order to detect functions and operations performed by technological artefacts which are more directed to substitute the labour input. This measure allows to obtain fine-grained information on tasks and occupations according to their similarity ranking. Occupational exposure by wage and employment dynamics in the United States is then studied, complemented by investigating industry and geographical penetration rates.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246813
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 987
    Schlagworte: Labour-Saving Technology; Natural Language Processes; Labour Markets; Technological Unemployment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Technological paradigms, labour creation and destruction in a multi-sector agent-based model
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Pereira, Marcelo de Carvalho; Roventini, Andrea; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: maio 2021
    Verlag:  Instituto de Economia, UNICAMP, Campinas

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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Economia, UNICAMP ; 412
    Schlagworte: technical change; technological unemployment; structural change; consumptionpatterns
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Big pharma and monopoly capitalism: a long-term view
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Marengo, Luigi; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Are IPRs institutions meant to foster innovative activities or conversely to secure appropriation and profitability? Taking stock of a long-term empirical evidence on the pharmaceutical sector in the US, we can hardly support IPRs intended as an... mehr

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    Are IPRs institutions meant to foster innovative activities or conversely to secure appropriation and profitability? Taking stock of a long-term empirical evidence on the pharmaceutical sector in the US, we can hardly support IPRs intended as an innovation rewarding institution. According to our analysis, pharma patents have constituted legal barriers to protect intellectual monopolies rather than an incentive and a reward to innovative efforts. Patenting strategies appear to be quite aggressive in extending knowledge borders and enlarging the space protected from the possibility of infringements. This is also witnessed by the fact that patent applications are very skewed in the covered trade names and patent thickness expands over time. Conversely, the number of patents protecting new drugs approved by the FDA which draw upon government-sponsored research - as such a mark for quality - falls. Firm-level analysis on profitability confirms strong correlation, restricted to listed pharmaceutical firms, between patent portfolio and profit margins.

     
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    hdl: 10419/247295
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 26 (August 2021)
    Schlagworte: Intellectual property rights; patents; pharmaceutical industry
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Vanishing social classes?
    facts and figures of the Italian labour market
    Autor*in: Cetrulo, Armanda; Sbardella, Angelica; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper analyses medium-term labour market trends from 1983 to 2018 in Italy relying on the "Rilevazione dei contratti di lavoro" from INPS archive which provides information on average salaries by professional category, age, gender, and... mehr

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    This paper analyses medium-term labour market trends from 1983 to 2018 in Italy relying on the "Rilevazione dei contratti di lavoro" from INPS archive which provides information on average salaries by professional category, age, gender, and geographical origin. Within an overall pattern of exacerbated inequalities, documented by means of different indicators, the empirical analysis highlights how the within-component of the wage variation prevails in the gender, age and geographical dimensions. By contrast, the between-component in terms of professional categories (trainees, blue-collar jobs, white-collar jobs, middle managers, executives) is the only between-variation attribute to prevail, corroborating the role played by class schema in explaining wage inequality. Regression-based inequality estimations confirm the role played by social classes. Stratification of wage losses is recorded being largely concentrated among blue-collar professional categories, women, youth, and in the Southern regions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/247298
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 29 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: Inequality; wages; occupations
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Towards the factory 4.0?
    convergence and divergence of lean models in Italian automotive plants
    Autor*in: Moro, Angelo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper studies the interplay in terms of techno-organisational change between the adoption of I4.0 technologies and lean production systems. Leveraging on the results of two field-work analyses conducted under a collaboration with the Sabattini... mehr

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    This paper studies the interplay in terms of techno-organisational change between the adoption of I4.0 technologies and lean production systems. Leveraging on the results of two field-work analyses conducted under a collaboration with the Sabattini Foundation and the metal workers trade union FIOM in the period 2016-2018, we compare an ensemble of factories producing both high-end/highly customised and low-end products. Emerging patterns of convergence and divergence in the techno-organisational configurations of these factories confirm that this wave of technological innovation is far from leading to total automation or the digital revolution. On the contrary, it appears to be integrated into the historical trend of "leanification" of production processes in the automotive sector, despite the organisational variety shaped by the actual implementation of this production model.

     
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    hdl: 10419/247307
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 38 (October 2021)
    Schlagworte: Industry 4.0; Lean production; Automotive; Work organisation; Technological innovation; Organisational innovation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten)
  6. Labour-saving automation and occupational exposure: a text-similarity measure
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper represents one of the first attempts at building a direct measure of occupational exposure to robotic labour-saving technologies. After identifying robotic and labour-saving robotic patents retrieved by Montobbio et al., (2022), the... mehr

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    This paper represents one of the first attempts at building a direct measure of occupational exposure to robotic labour-saving technologies. After identifying robotic and labour-saving robotic patents retrieved by Montobbio et al., (2022), the underlying 4-digit CPC definitions are employed in order to detect functions and operations performed by technological artefacts which are more directed to substitute the labour input. This measure allows to obtain fine-grained information on tasks and occupations according to their similarity ranking. Occupational exposure by wage and employment dynamics in the United States is then studied, complemented by investigating industry and geographical penetration rates.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259538
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 43 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: Labour-Saving Technology; Natural Language Processes; Labour Markets; Technological Unemployment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Labour-saving automation and occupational exposure: a text-similarity measure
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper represents one of the first attempts at building a direct measure of occupational exposure to robotic labour-saving technologies. After identifying robotic and LS robotic patents retrieved by Montobbio et al. (2022), the underlying 4-digit... mehr

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    This paper represents one of the first attempts at building a direct measure of occupational exposure to robotic labour-saving technologies. After identifying robotic and LS robotic patents retrieved by Montobbio et al. (2022), the underlying 4-digit CPC definitions are employed in order to detect functions and operations performed by technological artefacts which are more directed to substitute the labour input. This measure allows to obtain fine-grained information on tasks and occupations according to their similarity ranking. Occupational exposure by wage and employment dynamics in the United States is then studied, complemented by investigating industry and geographical penetration rates.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250540
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14879
    Schlagworte: labour-saving technology; natural language processes; labour markets; technological unemployment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Back to the past: the historical roots of labour-saving automation
    Autor*in: Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper, relying on a still relatively unexplored long-term dataset on U.S.~patenting activity, provides empirical evidence on the history of labour-saving innovations back to early 19th century. The identification of mechanisation/automation... mehr

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    This paper, relying on a still relatively unexplored long-term dataset on U.S.~patenting activity, provides empirical evidence on the history of labour-saving innovations back to early 19th century. The identification of mechanisation/automation heuristics, retrieved via textual content analysis on current robotic technologies by Montobbio et al. (2020), allows to focus on a limited set of CPC codes where mechanisation and automation technologies are more prevalent. We track their time evolution, clustering, eventual emergence of wavy behaviour, and their comovements with long-term GDP growth. Our results challenge both the general-purpose technology approach and the strict 50-year Kondratiev cycle, while provide evidence of the emergence of erratic constellations of heterogeneous technological artefacts, in line with the development-block approach enabled by autocatalytic systems.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243492
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2020, 34 (November 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Trade unions' responses to Industry 4.0 amid corporatism and resistance
    Autor*in: Cirillo, Valeria; Rinaldini, Matteo; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    The aim of this paper is to shed light on the paths, directions, and ensuing degrees of technological adoption fostered by trade unions or, alternatively, forms of resistance thereof, in the so called 'Italian Motor-Valley', a distinctive... mehr

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    The aim of this paper is to shed light on the paths, directions, and ensuing degrees of technological adoption fostered by trade unions or, alternatively, forms of resistance thereof, in the so called 'Italian Motor-Valley', a distinctive technological district located in the outskirts of Bologna, Italy, specialised in the engineering/automotive industry. We find that the introduction of Industry 4.0 technology opens up a new space of action for trade unions in influencing firms' decisions on technological adoption. However, this new scope can have ambiguous effects, depending on how the process is governed. On the one hand, trade unions' involvement in said decisions might end up fostering corporatist tendencies, favouring the alignment of workers' and managers' objectives. On the other hand, such a major involvement can help both recompose old forms of dualism and revitalising workers' role in the crucial issue of work organisation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/228160
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2020, 21 (August 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Gains from trade or from catching-up?
    value creation and distribution in the era of China's WTO accession
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Yu, Xiaodan
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    In this article we focus on the role of exports in Chinese economic development in the era of WTO accession. We address a series of different, although connected, questions. First, do Chinese exporting and non-exporting firms differ in terms of their... mehr

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    In this article we focus on the role of exports in Chinese economic development in the era of WTO accession. We address a series of different, although connected, questions. First, do Chinese exporting and non-exporting firms differ in terms of their productivity performance and paid wages? Second, to what extent exporting and non-exporting firms have contributed to the process of convergence and catching-up? Third, does the productivity-wage pass-through differ between exporting and non-exporting firms? Overall our findings downplay the role of exporting firms as both carriers of labour productivity and wage growth for the Chinese economy. In this respect, ''gains from catching-up'' outweigh any ''gain from trade''.

     
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    hdl: 10419/228161
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2020, 22 (September 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Back to the past
    the historical roots of labour-saving automation
    Autor*in: Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper, relying on a still relatively unexplored long-term dataset on U.S. patenting activity, provides empirical evidence on the history of labour-saving innovations back to early 19th century. The identification of mechanisation/automation... mehr

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    This paper, relying on a still relatively unexplored long-term dataset on U.S. patenting activity, provides empirical evidence on the history of labour-saving innovations back to early 19th century. The identification of mechanisation/automation heuristics, retrieved via textual content analysis on current robotic technologies by Montobbio et al. (2020), allows to focus on a limited set of CPC codes where mechanisation and automation technologies are more prevalent. We track their time evolution, clustering, eventual emergence of wavy behaviour, and their comovements with long-term GDP growth. Our results challenge both the general-purpose technology approach and the strict 50-year Kondratiev cycle, while provide evidence of the emergence of erratic constellations of heterogeneous technological artefacts, in line with the developmentblock approach enabled by autocatalytic systems.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/226370
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 721
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Robots and the origin of their labour-saving impact
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2020, 007
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The present, past, and future of labor-saving technologies
    Autor*in: Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    The present chapter provides a historical reappraisal of labor-saving technologies. It reviews and systematizes theoretical contributions and empirical findings documenting the presence of labor- and time-saving heuristics in innovative efforts back... mehr

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    The present chapter provides a historical reappraisal of labor-saving technologies. It reviews and systematizes theoretical contributions and empirical findings documenting the presence of labor- and time-saving heuristics in innovative efforts back since the First Industrial Revolution. More in detail, with the help of various patent analyses, the chapter documents the presence of labor-saving heuristics in the latest wave of technological innovation, detecting the human functions substituted by the underlying technologies. Against a reductionist approach conceiving robots as the only threat for labor displacement, it shall be argued that labor-saving technologies consist of a complex and heterogeneous bundle of innovations uncovering a much wider set of artifacts and functions. Motivated by the recurrent debate on the threats of automation occurring in the last couple of centuries, evidence is provided on the existence of long waves and clusters in relevant innovations, discussing how the overall cluster of labor-saving technologies consists of heterogeneous and often independent innovations following remarkably different time-trajectories. The chapter closes with an outline of potential future trends in labor-saving technologies and room for policy actions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243495
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2020, 37 (December 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Working from home and the explosion of enduring divides: income, employment and safety risks
    Autor*in: Cetrulo, Armanda; Guarascio, Dario; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Why are there so many non-teleworkable occupations? Is teleworking only a matter of ICT usage or does it also reflect the division of labour and the underlying hierarchical layers inside organizations? What does it happen to those workers not able to... mehr

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    Why are there so many non-teleworkable occupations? Is teleworking only a matter of ICT usage or does it also reflect the division of labour and the underlying hierarchical layers inside organizations? What does it happen to those workers not able to telework in terms of socio-economic risks, and how does the gender dimension interact with risk stratification? Hereby, we intend to shed light on these questions using a detailed integrated dataset at individual and occupational level (Indagine Campionaria delle Professioni, Indagine delle Forze di Lavoro and Inail archive) which provides information on different nature of risks (income, employment and safety). Our results entail that, first, class attributes strongly influence the chance of working from home, second, those individuals who are not able to perform their work remotely are more exposed to transition to unemployment, to earn low wages, and to safety and health risks, third, being woman and employed with a temporary contract significantly amplify risk stratification.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243496
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2020, 38 (December 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Technological paradigms, labour creation and destruction in a multi-sector agent-based model
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Pereira, Marcelo C.; Roventini, Andrea; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper presents an agent-based model (ABM) of endogenous arrival of technological paradigms and new sectors entailing different patterns of labour creation and destruction, as well as of consumption dynamics. The model, building on the... mehr

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    This paper presents an agent-based model (ABM) of endogenous arrival of technological paradigms and new sectors entailing different patterns of labour creation and destruction, as well as of consumption dynamics. The model, building on the labour-augmented K+S ABM, addresses the long-term patterns of labour demand emerging from heterogeneous forms of technical change. It provides a multi-level, integrated perspective on so called scenarios of the future of work, currently often restricted or to firm-level or to short-time sectoral analyses, and studies the conditions under which labour creation and destruction tend to balance. It is a relatively fair and stable distribution of income granted by a Fordist-type of regulation of the labour market that guarantees that the model never reaches stages of full technological unemployment. Patterns of coordination between technical change and aggregate demand are also ensured by the increasing product complexity which keeps on absorbing the labour force.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243513
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 17 (May 2021)
    Schlagworte: Technical change; technological unemployment; structural change; consumption patterns
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. From organizational capabilities to corporate performances: at the roots of productivity slowdown
    Autor*in: Costa, Stefano; De Santis, Stefano; Dosi, Giovanni; Monducci, Roberto; Sbardella, Angelica; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper is one of the first attempts at empirically identifying organisational capabilities - in this work concerning Italian firms. Together, it proposes new evidence on the link between capabilities and economic performances. In order to do so,... mehr

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    This paper is one of the first attempts at empirically identifying organisational capabilities - in this work concerning Italian firms. Together, it proposes new evidence on the link between capabilities and economic performances. In order to do so, we employ the Indagine Multiscopo del Censimento Permanente delle Imprese (IMCPI), a survey carried out by the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT) in 2019, covering the three-year period 2016-2018, addressing a wide range of organizational characteristics including various organizational routines, human resource management, internationalisation strategies and many others. Our contribution is threefold: first, we aim at detecting what practices and combinations of them result in underlying different capabilities; second, we propose a taxonomy of the production system, both at firm- and sector-level based on the mapping of such capabilities, third we study the performance outcomes of different capability-taxa in terms of productivity and employment growth.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 21 (May 2021)
    Schlagworte: Organizational capabilities; productivity slowdown; employment growth; learning
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. A multiscale network-based model of contagion dynamics: heterogeneity, spatial distancing and vaccination
    Autor*in: Aguiar, Maíra; Dosi, Giovanni; Knopoff, Damián A.; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Lockdown and vaccination policies have been the major concern in the last year in order to contain the SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper we present a model able to evaluate alternative lockdown policies and vaccination... mehr

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    Lockdown and vaccination policies have been the major concern in the last year in order to contain the SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper we present a model able to evaluate alternative lockdown policies and vaccination strategies. Our approach integrates and refines the multiscale model proposed by Bellomo et al. , 2020, analyzing alternative network structures and bridging two perspectives to study complexity of living systems. Inside dierent matrices of contacts we explore the impact of closures of distinct nodes upon the overall contagion dynamics. Social distancing is shown to be more effective when targeting the reduction of contacts among and inside the most vulnerable nodes, namely hospitals/nursing homes. Moreover, our results suggest that school closures alone would not signicantly affect the infection dynamics and the number of deaths in the population. Finally, we investigate a scenario with immunization in order to understand the effectiveness of targeted vaccination policies towards the most vulnerable individuals. Our model agrees with the current proposed vaccination strategy prioritising the most vulnerable segment of the population to reduce deaths.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243520
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 24 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: Pandemic; COVID-19; epidemiological models; kinetic theory; active particles; spatial patterns; networks; vaccination; health policies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. The labour-augmented K+S model
    a laboratory for the analysis of institutional and policy regimes
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Pereira, Marcelo de Carvalho; Roventini, Andrea; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  OFCE, Paris, France

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    Schriftenreihe: Sciences Po OFCE working paper ; no 2018, 27
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Causes and consequences of hysteresis
    aggregate demand, productivity and employment
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Pereira, Marcelo C.; Roventini, Andrea; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    In this work we develop an agent-based model where hysteresis in major macroeconomic variables (e.g. GDP, productivity, unemployment) emerges out of the decentralized interactions of heterogenous firms and workers. Building upon the model in Dosi et... mehr

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    In this work we develop an agent-based model where hysteresis in major macroeconomic variables (e.g. GDP, productivity, unemployment) emerges out of the decentralized interactions of heterogenous firms and workers. Building upon the model in Dosi et al. (2016, 2017), we specify an endogenous process of accumulation of workers' skills and a state-dependent process of entry, studying their hysteretic impacts. Indeed, hysteresis is ubiquitous. However, this is not due to market imperfections, but rather to the very functioning of decentralised economies characterised by coordination externalities and dynamic increasing returns. So, contrary to the insider-outsider hypothesis (Blanchard and Summers, 1986), the model does not support the findings that rigid industrial relations may foster hysteretic behaviour in aggregate unemployment. On the contrary, in line with the recent discussion in Ball et al. (2014), this contribution provides evidence that during severe downturns, and thus declining aggregate demand, phenomena like lower investment and innovation rates, skills deterioration, and declining entry dynamics are better candidates to explain long-run unemployment spells and lower output growth. In that, more rigid labour markets dampen hysteretic dynamics by supporting aggregate demand, thus making the economy more resilient.

     
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    hdl: 10419/157537
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 64
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Embodied and disembodied technological change
    the sectoral patterns of job-creation and job-destruction
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Piva, Mariacristina; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2019, 020
    Schlagworte: Innovation; disembodied and capital-embodied technological change; employment; jobcreation; job-destruction; sectoral interdependencies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Anatomy of the Italian occupational structure
    concentrated power and distributed knowledge
    Autor*in: Cetrulo, Armanda; Guarascio, Dario; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Which type of work do Italians perform? In this contribution we aim at detecting the anatomy of the Italian occupational structure by taking stock of a micro-level dataset registering the task content, the execution of procedures, the knowledge... mehr

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    Which type of work do Italians perform? In this contribution we aim at detecting the anatomy of the Italian occupational structure by taking stock of a micro-level dataset registering the task content, the execution of procedures, the knowledge embedded in the work itself, called ICP (Indagine Campionaria sulle Professioni), the latter being comparable to the U.S. O*NET dataset. We perform an extensive empirical investigation moving from the micro to the macro level of aggregation. Our results show that the Italian occupational structure is strongly hierarchical, with the locus of power distinct by the locus of knowledge generation. It is also weak in terms of collaborative and worker involvement practices, and possibility to be creative. Our analysis allows to pinpoint the role exerted by hierarchical structures, decision making autonomy, and knowledge as the most relevant attributes characterizing the division of labour.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2019, 34 (October 2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. What if supply-side policies are not enough?
    the perverse interaction of flexibility and austerity
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Pereira, Marcelo C.; Roventini, Andrea; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    In this work we develop a set of labour market and fiscal policy experiments upon the labour and credit augmented "Schumpeter meeting Keynes" agent-based model. The labour market is declined under two institutional variants, the "Fordist" and the... mehr

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    In this work we develop a set of labour market and fiscal policy experiments upon the labour and credit augmented "Schumpeter meeting Keynes" agent-based model. The labour market is declined under two institutional variants, the "Fordist" and the "Competitive" set- ups meant to capture the historical transition from the Fordist toward the post "Thatcher- Reagan" period. Inside these two regimes, we study the different effects of supply-side active labour market policies (ALMPs) vs. demand-management passive labour market ones (PLMPs). In particular, we analyse the effects of ALMPs aimed at promoting job search, and at providing training to unemployed people. Next, we compare the effects of these policies with unemployment benefits simply meant to sustain income and therefore aggregate demand. Considering the burden of unemployment benefits in terms of public budget, we link such provision with the objectives of the European Stability and Growth Pact. Our results show that (i) an appropriate level of skills is not enough to sustain growth when workers face adverse labour demand; (ii) supply-side policies are not able to reverse the perverse interaction between exibility and austerity; (iii) PLMPs outperform ALMPs in reducing unemployment and workers' skills deterioration; and (iv) demand-management policies are better suited to mitigate inequality and to improve and sustain long-run growth.

     
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    hdl: 10419/173219
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 168
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. The labour-augmented K+S model: a laboratory for the analysis of institutional and policy regimes
    Autor*in: Dosi, Giovanni; Pereira, Marcelo de Carvalho; Roventini, Andrea; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    In this work we discuss the research findings from the labour-augmented Schumpeter meeting Keynes (K+S) agent-based model. It comprises comparative dynamics experiments on an artificial economy populated by heterogeneous, interacting agents, as... mehr

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    In this work we discuss the research findings from the labour-augmented Schumpeter meeting Keynes (K+S) agent-based model. It comprises comparative dynamics experiments on an artificial economy populated by heterogeneous, interacting agents, as workers, firms, banks and the government. The exercises are characterised by different degrees of labour flexibility, or by institutional shocks entailing labour market structural reforms, wherein the phenomenon of hysteresis is endogenous and pervasive. The K+S model constitutes a laboratory to evaluate the effects of new institutional arrangements as active/passive labour market policies, and fiscal austerity. In this perspective, the model allows mimicking many of the customary policy responses which the European Union and many Latin American countries have embraced in reaction to the recent economic crises. The obtained results seem to indicate, however, that most of the proposed policies are likely inadequate to tackle the short-term crises consequences, and even risk demoting the long-run economic prospects. More objectively, the conclusions offer a possible explanation to the negative path traversed by economies like Brazil, where many of the mentioned policies were applied in a short period, and hint about some risks ahead.

     
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    hdl: 10419/181180
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 241
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Workers' awareness context in Italian 4.0 factories
    Autor*in: Cirillo, Valeria; Rinaldini, Matteo; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    The study of the co-evolution of processes of technological innovation and the resulting organisational changes has been a topic of interest since the first appearance of the idea of division of labour and specialisation in Adam Smith's works. The... mehr

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    The study of the co-evolution of processes of technological innovation and the resulting organisational changes has been a topic of interest since the first appearance of the idea of division of labour and specialisation in Adam Smith's works. The major phases of organisational change are in fact the result of 'waves' of technological innovations attributable to the various industrial revolutions. Nowadays, a new potential technological paradigm dubbed 'Industry 4.0' is shaping the manufacturing output of USA, Europe, and China, particularly in the automotive/engineering industry. With reference to the latter, the present research contribution aims at investigating, by means of field-work research activity, the degree of openness of the awareness context of workers and their intervention authority on the production process within three factories in the so-called Italian 'Motor Valley'. Together with state-of-the-art 4.0 technology adoption, these firms exhibit different organisational practices ranging from the Japanese Toyotism (CesabToyota), to a mix of Taylorism and co-determination (Ducati), up to the example most akin to the German 'Mitbestimmung' (Lamborghini). This technological wave is fostering the process of making the production system lean. Our findings corroborate the presence of a hybrid process of Industry 4.0 adoption, reflected into a hybrid process of workforce empowerment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/181179
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 240
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  25. Knowing brown and inventing green?
    incremental and radical innovative activities in the automotive sector
    Autor*in: Mazzei, Julia; Rughi, Tommaso; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    The development of low emission vehicles (LEVs) in the automotive sector stands out in the literature as a typical case of technological competition between a dominant design and a set of alternative green technologies. The incremental trajectory of... mehr

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    The development of low emission vehicles (LEVs) in the automotive sector stands out in the literature as a typical case of technological competition between a dominant design and a set of alternative green technologies. The incremental trajectory of green technologies aimed at improving the efficiency of the internal combustion engine (ICEG) is competing with a radical trajectory targeted to the development of hybrid, electric and fuel cell vehicles (HEF). Exploiting a novel dataset of firm- and patent-level information retrieved from ORBIS-IP and containing USPTO patent applications between 2001 and 2018 in the automotive sector, we first cluster firms according to their relative patent share and degree of specialization in each trajectory, identifying a technological landscape in which they locate with distinct strategies. We then investigate the extent to which different stocks and combinations of knowledge might explain such heterogeneity in innovative efforts and positioning in the landscape. Our results suggest that a stock of ''brown'' knowledge closely related to ''green'' knowledge proves to be valuable for firm's success in each trajectory. Moreover, firms with a broad array of different knowledge sources are capable of reaching a leadership position in the technological landscape.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259553
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 10 (March 2022)
    Schlagworte: Low emission vehicles; relatedness; diversification; knowledge
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