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  1. Which occupations do jobseekers and firms look for?
    evidence from three public employment services
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This study proposes and applies a new methodology to analyse firms' and workers' occupational preferences. We use microdata covering all 2014-2018 vacancy and jobseeker registrations from the Public Employment Services of Belgium, Morocco, and South... mehr

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    This study proposes and applies a new methodology to analyse firms' and workers' occupational preferences. We use microdata covering all 2014-2018 vacancy and jobseeker registrations from the Public Employment Services of Belgium, Morocco, and South Korea. We find that a small number of occupations are responsible for a large share of registrations and may thus deserve particular attention. We also find considerable stability in occupation preferences (especially by jobseekers) but that the correlation between firms' and workers' preferences weakens over time. Finally, we find different responsiveness levels of jobseeker preferences to vacancy gaps. However, young jobseekers do not appear to respond more quickly to such gaps.

     
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    hdl: 10419/244613
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 971
    Schlagworte: Labour adjustment; Occupations; Job search; Vacancy gaps
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Jobs cronyism in public-sector firms
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Politicians can use the public sector to give jobs to cronies, at the expense of the efficiency of those organisations and general welfare. In this paper, we regress monthly hires across all firms in Portugal with some degree of public ownership on... mehr

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    Politicians can use the public sector to give jobs to cronies, at the expense of the efficiency of those organisations and general welfare. In this paper, we regress monthly hires across all firms in Portugal with some degree of public ownership on the country's 1980-2018 political cycle. We find that public-sector appointments increase significantly over the months just after elections but only if the new government is of a different political colour than its predecessor. These results are consistent with a simple model of cronyism and hold in multiple robustness checks. Overall, we find our evidence to be consistent with politically-induced misallocation of public resources.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222574
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 624
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Collateral damage?
    labour market effects of competing with China - at home and abroad
    Autor*in: Cabral, Sónia; Martins, Pedro S.; Santos, João Pereira dos; Tavares, Mariana
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The increasing range and quality of China's exports is a major development internationally with potentially far-reaching effects. In this paper, on top of the direct labour market effects of imports from China studied in previous research, we also... mehr

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    The increasing range and quality of China's exports is a major development internationally with potentially far-reaching effects. In this paper, on top of the direct labour market effects of imports from China studied in previous research, we also measure the indirect effects stemming from increased export competition in third markets. Our findings, based on matched employeremployee data of Portugal covering the 1991-2008 period, indicate that workers' earnings and employment are significantly negatively affected by China's competition, but only through the indirect 'market-stealing' channel. In contrast to earlier evidence, the direct effects of Chinese imports are mostly non-significant. The results are robust to a number of checks and also highlight particular groups more affected by indirect competition, including women, older and less educated workers, and workers in larger, older and domestic firms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/223246
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 645
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. What drives social returns to education?
    a meta-analysis
    Autor*in: Cui, Ying; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Education can generate important externalities that contribute towards economic growth and convergence. In this paper, we study the drivers of such externalities by conducting the first meta- analysis of the social returns to education literature. We... mehr

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    Education can generate important externalities that contribute towards economic growth and convergence. In this paper, we study the drivers of such externalities by conducting the first meta- analysis of the social returns to education literature. We analyse over 1,000 estimates from 31 articles published since 1993 that cover 15 countries. Our results indicate that: 1) spillovers slow down with economic development; 2) tertiary schooling and schooling dispersion increase spillovers; 3) spillovers are smaller under fixed-effects and IV estimators but larger when measured at the firm level; and 4) there is publication bias (but not citation bias).

     
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    hdl: 10419/225637
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 706
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  5. What do employers' associations do?
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: September 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    While trade unions have been studied in detail, there is virtually no economics research on employer associations (EAs), their counterparts in many countries. Here we argue that EAs are important economic agents as they provide sectoral public goods... mehr

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    While trade unions have been studied in detail, there is virtually no economics research on employer associations (EAs), their counterparts in many countries. Here we argue that EAs are important economic agents as they provide sectoral public goods such as collective bargaining, training, and representation. However, their net contributions are complex because of a number of issues, including free riding, firm heterogeneity, and collusion. We then study EAs empirically by comparing sales, employment, productivity, and wages of affiliated and non-affiliated firms. Exploiting changes in firm affiliation status over time in Portugal, we find a positive but small affiliation premium along most dimensions. This premium follows an inverted-U-shaped relationship with EA coverage (defined as the percentage of workers in the relevant industry/region domain employed by affiliated firms). Sectors as a whole also appear to benefit from EA coverage, even if non-affiliated firms do worse.

     
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    hdl: 10419/227232
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13705
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. How representative are social partners in Europe?
    the role of dissimilarity
    Autor*in: Martinez-Matute, Marta; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Social partners (trade unions and employers' associations) shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners' representativeness, it is important to consider... mehr

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    Social partners (trade unions and employers' associations) shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners' representativeness, it is important to consider both affiliation and dissimilarity measures. The latter concerns the extent to which affiliated and non- affiliated firms or workers are distributed similarly across relevant dimensions, including firm size. In our analysis of European Company Survey data, we find that affiliation and dissimilarity measures correlate positively across countries, particularly in the case of employers' associations. This result also holds across employers' associations when we use firm population data for Portugal. Overall, we conclude that higher affiliation rates do not necessarily equate to more representative social partners as they can involve greater dissimilarity between affiliated and non-affiliated firms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/226200
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 718
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Employee training and firm performance: evidence from ESF grant applications
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    As work changes more quickly, firm-provided training may become more relevant. However, there is little causal evidence about the effects of training on firms. This paper studies a large training grants programme in Portugal, supported by the... mehr

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    As work changes more quickly, firm-provided training may become more relevant. However, there is little causal evidence about the effects of training on firms. This paper studies a large training grants programme in Portugal, supported by the European Social Fund, contrasting firms that received the grants and firms that also applied but were unsuccessful. Combining several rich data sets, we compare a large number of potential outcomes of these firms, while following them over several years both before and after the grant decision. Our difference-in-differences models estimate significant positive effects on take up (training hours and expenditure), with limited deadweight; and that such additional training led to increased sales, value added, employment, productivity, and exports. These effects tend to be of at least 5% and, in some cases, 10% or more, and are robust in multiple dimensions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232905
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14153
    Schlagworte: training subsidies; productivity; programme evaluation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Should the maximum duration of fixed-term contracts increase in recessions?
    evidence from a law reform
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    Fixed-term contracts (FTCs) may be an important tool to promote employment, particularly in recessions or when permanent contracts are costly. Therefore, it may be useful to vary some of the legal parameters of FTCs over the business cycle, namely... mehr

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    Fixed-term contracts (FTCs) may be an important tool to promote employment, particularly in recessions or when permanent contracts are costly. Therefore, it may be useful to vary some of the legal parameters of FTCs over the business cycle, namely increasing their flexibility during downturns. We evaluate this idea by examining the effects of a 2011 law that increased the maximum duration of FTCs in Portugal, in the midst of a recession. Our analysis is based on regression-discontinuity (and difference-in-differences) methods and linked panel data. We find a considerable take up of this measure, as conversions to permanent contracts drop by 20%. Worker churning is reduced significantly, as mobility of eligible fixed-term workers to other firms drops by 10%. Employment also increases significantly for younger workers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/167612
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 101
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Economic effects of overtime premium flexibility
    firm- and worker-level evidence from a law reform
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    In 2012, a new law allowed firms in Portugal to reduce the overtime premium paid by half. Until then, as in other countries, premiums were subject to a minimum level. We analyse matched panel data, including worker-level (base and overtime) hours and... mehr

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    In 2012, a new law allowed firms in Portugal to reduce the overtime premium paid by half. Until then, as in other countries, premiums were subject to a minimum level. We analyse matched panel data, including worker-level (base and overtime) hours and pay, to study the effects of the resulting greater flexibility in overtime pay setting. We find that half of the firms using overtime in 2011 did reduce their overtime premiums consistently with the reform, in particular firms making greater use of overtime and paying higher premiums. Using difference-in-differences matching and a long list of covariates, we also find that those firms that cut overtime premiums exhibit significant relative increases in overtime usage, employment and sales following the reform. Our results also highlight the important but not exclusive role of legal restrictions on downward nominal pay rigidity.

     
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    hdl: 10419/167613
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 102
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Can non-cognitive skills programs improve achievement?
    quasi-experimental evidence from EPIS
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    Do investments in soft skills pay off in terms of student achievement? This paper evaluates a large private-sector program in this area, EPIS, based on individual and small-group sessions of mediators that seek to improve the non-cognitive skills... mehr

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    Do investments in soft skills pay off in terms of student achievement? This paper evaluates a large private-sector program in this area, EPIS, based on individual and small-group sessions of mediators that seek to improve the non-cognitive skills (e.g. motivation, self-esteem, conscientiousness) of selected students. Our quasi-experimental evidence is drawn from rich longitudinal student data and the different timings of the roll-out of the program, within and across schools. The results highlight the potential of targeted, small-group, non-cognitive interventions, as we find that the EPIS program reduced grade retention by at least 10 percentage points and did so in a cost-effective manner.

     
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    hdl: 10419/167616
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 105
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The effect of self-employment on health
    instrumental variables analysis of longitudinal social security data
    Autor*in: Gonçalves, Judite; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    The growth of novel flexible work formats raises a number of questions about their effects upon health and the potential public policy implications. However, answering these questions is hampered by data and identification constraints. This is the... mehr

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    The growth of novel flexible work formats raises a number of questions about their effects upon health and the potential public policy implications. However, answering these questions is hampered by data and identification constraints. This is the first paper that draws on comprehensive longitudinal administrative data to examine the impact of self-employment in terms of health. In addition to variation in work status of each individual over time, we also consider variation driven by a number of novel instrumental variables. We also focus on an objective health outcome -hospital admissions- that is not subject to recall or other biases that may affect previous studies. Our findings, based on a representative sample of over 100,000 individuals followed monthly from 2005 to 2011 in Portugal, indicate that self-employment tends to reduce the likelihood of hospital admission by at least half.

     
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    hdl: 10419/181920
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 245
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Labour market concentration, wages and job security in Europe
    Autor*in: Bassanini, Andrea; Bovini, Giulia; Caroli, Eve; Casanova Ferrando, Jorge; Cingano, Federico; Falco, Paolo; Felgueroso, Florentino; Jansen, Marcel; Martins, Pedro S.; Melo, António; Oberfichtner, Michael; Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: April 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We investigate the impact of labour market concentration on two dimensions of job quality, namely wages and job security. We leverage rich administrative linked employer-employee data from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain in the... mehr

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    We investigate the impact of labour market concentration on two dimensions of job quality, namely wages and job security. We leverage rich administrative linked employer-employee data from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain in the 2010s to provide the first comparable cross-country evidence in the literature. Controlling for productivity and local product market concentration, we show that the elasticities of wages with respect to labour market concentration are strikingly similar across countries: increasing labour market concentration by 10% reduces wages by 0.19% in Germany, 0.22% in France, 0.25% in Portugal and 0.29% in Denmark. Regarding job security, we find that an increase in labour market concentration by 10% reduces the probability of being hired on a permanent contract by 0.46% in France, 0.51% in Germany and 2.34% in Portugal. While not affecting this probability in Italy and Spain, labour market concentration significantly reduces the probability of being converted to a permanent contract once hired on a temporary one. Our results suggest that considering only the effect of labour market concentration on wages underestimates its overall impact on job quality and hence the resulting welfare loss for workers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263447
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15231
    Schlagworte: labour market concentration; monopsony; wages; job security
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The economic implications of training for firm performance
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper surveys the emerging economics literature on the relationship between employee training and firm performance. Most studies find very high returns to training, at least from the perspective of firms, indicating that the costs of training... mehr

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    This paper surveys the emerging economics literature on the relationship between employee training and firm performance. Most studies find very high returns to training, at least from the perspective of firms, indicating that the costs of training can be recouped in short periods of time. These results follow from different identification approaches, including randomised control trials. The training provided is typically of a general nature, which is consistent with employers' labour market power. Several areas for future research are also proposed, including the role of labour market institutions in promoting training and the extent to which the productivity effects of training are shared with employees.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249569
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1046
    Schlagworte: Productivity; Skills; Competences; Human Capital; Lifelong Learning; Employment; Public Policy; Programme Evaluation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  14. Employee training and firm performance
    quasi-experimental evidence from the European Social Fund
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    As work changes, firm-provided training may become more relevant for good economic and social outcomes. However, so far there is little or no causal evidence about the effects of training on firms. This paper studies a large training grants programme... mehr

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    As work changes, firm-provided training may become more relevant for good economic and social outcomes. However, so far there is little or no causal evidence about the effects of training on firms. This paper studies a large training grants programme in Portugal, contrasting successful firms that received the grants and unsuccessful firms that did not. Combining several rich data sets, we compare a large number of potential outcomes of these firms, while following them over long periods of time before and after the grant decision. Our difference-in-differences models estimate significant positive effects on take up (training hours and expenditure), with limited deadweight; and that such additional training led to increased sales, value added, employment, productivity, and exports. These effects tend to be of at least 5% and, in some cases, 10% or more.

     
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    hdl: 10419/214815
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 488
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The wage effects of employers' associations
    a case study of the private schools sector
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Does employers' association (EA) membership affect the wages paid by firms? Such effects could follow from several channels, including increased productivity, different management practices, or employer collusion promoted by EA affiliation. We test... mehr

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    Does employers' association (EA) membership affect the wages paid by firms? Such effects could follow from several channels, including increased productivity, different management practices, or employer collusion promoted by EA affiliation. We test these hypotheses drawing on detailed matched employer-employee panel data, including timevarying EA affiliation and worker mobility across firms. We consider the case of private schools in Portugal, 2010-2020, and its EA, and develop a methodology to delimit the sector's scope. We find that, even when controlling extensively for worker characteristics, including worker fixed effects, EA firms pay significantly higher wages. However, when controlling for firm fixed effects, these wage differences are significantly reduced or disappear. Our evidence indicates that the EA wage premium can be largely explained by the selection of high-wage firms (but not high-wage workers) into EA membership.

     
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    hdl: 10419/264146
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1163
    Schlagworte: mployers organisations; Worker mobility; Social dialogue
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  16. Training, worker mobility, and employer coordination
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.; Thomas, Jonathan P.
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper presents a new model of firms' decisions on training in a context of potential worker mobility. Such worker mobility can be influenced by employers coordination, namely through the operation of no-poach agreements and employers'... mehr

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    This paper presents a new model of firms' decisions on training in a context of potential worker mobility. Such worker mobility can be influenced by employers coordination, namely through the operation of no-poach agreements and employers' associations (EAs). We then present supporting evidence from rich matched panel data, including firms' EA affiliation and workers' training levels. We find that workers' mobility between firms in the same EA is considerably lower than mobility between equivalent firms not in the same EA. We also find that training provision by EA firms is considerably higher.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265709
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15488
    Schlagworte: employers organisations; no-poach agreements; worker mobility
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Labour market concentration, wages and job security in Europe
    Autor*in: Bassanini, Andrea; Bovini, Giulia; Caroli, Eve; Casanova Ferrando, Jorge; Cingano, Federico; Falco, Paolo; Felgueroso, Florentino; Jansen, Marcel; Martins, Pedro S.; Melo, António; Oberfichtner, Michael; Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: abril de 2022
    Verlag:  [FEDEA], [Madrid]

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    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / Fedea ; 2022, 04
    Schlagworte: labour market concentration; monopsony; wages; job security
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Does vocational education pay off in China?
    instrumental-variable quantile-regression evidence
    Autor*in: Dai, Li; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    As China's firms upgrade their position in the quality ladder, vocational education may become more important. In this paper, we study returns to secondary vocational education in China paying attention to individual heterogeneity. We use... mehr

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    As China's firms upgrade their position in the quality ladder, vocational education may become more important. In this paper, we study returns to secondary vocational education in China paying attention to individual heterogeneity. We use instrumental variables based on geographical and longitudinal changes in enrolment to address the selection between the two types of education. We find that vocational education provides a wage premium vis-à-vis academic education of over 30% but which applies only for individuals at the middle of the conditional wage distribution.

     
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    hdl: 10419/214871
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 495
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. What do employers' associations do?
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    While trade unions have been studied in detail, there is virtually no economics research on employer associations (EAs), trade unions' counterparts in many countries. However, besides conducting collective bargaining, EAs perform several other... mehr

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    While trade unions have been studied in detail, there is virtually no economics research on employer associations (EAs), trade unions' counterparts in many countries. However, besides conducting collective bargaining, EAs perform several other activities that can in uence economic outcomes, including training and coordination. This paper studies the contributions of EAs by comparing affiliated and non-affiliated firms in terms of sales, employment, productivity, and wages. Using matched employer-employee panel data for Portugal, we find that affiliated firms exhibit better outcomes along most of these dimensions, even when drawing on changes in affiliation status over time; and that this affiliation premium tends to increase with EA coverage (defined as the percentage of workers in the relevant industry/region domain that are employed by affiliated firms). Sectors as a whole also appear to benefit from EA coverage, even if non-affiliated firms do worse.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 496
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Employers' associations, worker mobility, and training
    Autor*in: Martins, Pedro S.; Thomas, Jonathan P.
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper studies firm-provided training in a context of potential worker mobility. We argue that such worker mobility may be reduced by employers' associations (EAs) through no-poach agreements. First, we sketch a simple model to illustrate the... mehr

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    This paper studies firm-provided training in a context of potential worker mobility. We argue that such worker mobility may be reduced by employers' associations (EAs) through no-poach agreements. First, we sketch a simple model to illustrate the impact of employer coordination on training. We then present supporting evidence from rich matched panel data, including firms' EA affiliation and workers' individual training levels. We find that workers' mobility between firms in the same EA is considerably lower than mobility between equivalent firms not in the same EA. We also find that training provision by EA firms is considerably higher, even when drawing on within-employee variation and considering multiple dimensions of training. We argue that these results are consistent with a role played by EAs in reducing worker mobility.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267852
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1219
    Schlagworte: Employers organisations; No-poach agreements; Worker mobility
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten)
  21. What drives social returns to education?
    a meta-analysis
    Autor*in: Cui, Ying; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Education can generate important externalities that contribute towards economic growth and convergence. In this paper, we study such externalities and their drivers by conducting the first meta-analysis of the social returns to education literature.... mehr

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    Education can generate important externalities that contribute towards economic growth and convergence. In this paper, we study such externalities and their drivers by conducting the first meta-analysis of the social returns to education literature. We analyse over 1,000 estimates from 32 journal articles published since 1993, covering 15 countries of different levels of development. Our results indicate that: 1) there is publication bias (but not citation bias) in the literature; 2) spillovers slow down with economic development; 3) tertiary schooling and schooling dispersion increase spillovers; and 4) spillovers are smaller under fixed-effects and IV estimators but larger when measured at the firm level.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236363
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14332
    Schlagworte: returns to education; education externalities
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. How representative are social partners in Europe?
    the role of dissimilarity
    Autor*in: Martinez-Matute, Marta; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Social partners (trade unions and employers' associations) and their representativeness can shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners'... mehr

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    Social partners (trade unions and employers' associations) and their representativeness can shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners' representativeness, it is important to consider both affiliation rates and dissimilarity measures. The latter concerns the extent to which affiliated and non-affiliated firms or workers are distributed similarly across relevant dimensions, including firm size. In our analysis of the European Company Survey, we find that affiliation density and dissimilarity measures correlate positively across countries, particularly in the case of employers' associations in which we focus. This result also holds across employers' associations when we use more detailed, firm population data for Portugal. We conclude that higher affiliation densities do not necessarily correspond to more representative social partners as they can involve greater dissimilarity between affiliated and non-affiliated firms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263586
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15370
    Schlagworte: employers' associations; social dialogue; collective bargaining
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Employment effects of restricting fixed-term contracts: theory and evidence
    Autor*in: Cahuc, Pierre; Carry, Pauline; Malherbet, Franck; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines a labor law reform implemented in Portugal in 2009 which restricted the use of fixed-term contracts to reduce labor market segmentation. The reform targeted establishments created by large firms above a specific size threshold,... mehr

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    This paper examines a labor law reform implemented in Portugal in 2009 which restricted the use of fixed-term contracts to reduce labor market segmentation. The reform targeted establishments created by large firms above a specific size threshold, covering about 15% of total employment. Drawing on linked employer-employee longitudinal data and regression discontinuity methods, we find that, while the reform was successful in reducing the number of fixed-term jobs, it did not increase the number of permanent contracts and decreased employment in large firms. However, we find evidence of positive spillovers to small firms that may bias reduced form estimates. To evaluate general equilibrium effects, we build and estimate a directed search and matching model with endogenous number of establishments and jobs. We find spillover effects that induce small biases on reduced form estimates but that significantly change the evaluation of the overall impact of the reform because they diffuse to the whole economy. We estimate that the reform slightly reduced aggregate employment and had negative effects on the welfare of employees and unemployed workers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250660
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14999
    Schlagworte: directed search and matching; labor market segmentation; regression discontinuity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 102 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Collective bargaining through the magnifying glass
    a comparison between the Netherlands and Portugal
    Autor*in: Hijzen, Alexander; Martins, Pedro S.; Parlevliet, Jante
    Erschienen: November 2017
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Since the global financial crisis, sector-level bargaining has come under renewed scrutiny. While in Southern Europe, the crisis raised concerns about the role of collective bargaining as an obstacle to labor market adjustment, in Northern Europe it... mehr

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    Since the global financial crisis, sector-level bargaining has come under renewed scrutiny. While in Southern Europe, the crisis raised concerns about the role of collective bargaining as an obstacle to labor market adjustment, in Northern Europe it was perceived more favourably and, according to some, may even have helped to weather the fallout of the crisis more easily. This paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of sector-level bargaining systems and their role for labor market performance. We compare two countries with seemingly similar collective bargaining systems, the Netherlands and Portugal, and document a number of features that may affect labor market outcomes, including: i) the scope for flexibility at the firm or worker level within sector-level agreements; ii) the emphasis on representativeness as a criterion for extensions; iii) the effectiveness of coordination across bargaining units; and iv) pro-active government policies to enhance trust and cooperation between the social partners

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781484332986
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/17, 275
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsbeziehungen; Sozialpakt; Tarifverhandlungen; Beschäftigungseffekt; Portugal; Niederlande
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Is there a return - risk link in education?
    Autor*in: Pereira, Pedro Telhado; Martins, Pedro S.
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

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    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Druck
    DDC Klassifikation: Wirtschaft (330); Handel, Kommunikation, Verkehr (380); Management und unterstützende Tätigkeiten (650); Industrielle Fertigung (670)
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; No. 321
    Schlagworte: Bildungsinvestition; Investitionsrisiko; Bildungsertrag
    Weitere Schlagworte: (stw)Bildungsinvestition; (stw)Investitionsrisiko; (stw)Bildungsertrag; (stw)Welt; Arbeitspapier; Graue Literatur
    Umfang: 8 S., 21 cm