Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1 Engineering Geological Problems Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Line -- 1.1.1 Geological Problems in Permafrost Areas -- 1.1.2 Geological Problems in Active Fault...
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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1 Engineering Geological Problems Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Line -- 1.1.1 Geological Problems in Permafrost Areas -- 1.1.2 Geological Problems in Active Fault Areas -- 1.1.3 Geological Problems in Slope Areas -- 1.1.4 Geological Problems in Geothermal, Aeolian, and Snowdrift Areas -- 1.2 Principles of Railway-Line Selection -- 1.2.1 Line Selection in Permafrost Regions -- 1.2.2 Line Selection in Active Fault Zones -- 1.2.3 Line Selection in Slope Areas -- 1.2.4 Line Selection in Geothermal Areas -- 1.2.5 Line Selection in Aeolian Areas -- 1.2.6 Line Selection in Snowdrift Areas -- 1.2.7 Line Selection in Nature Reserves -- 2 The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Geological Environment -- Abstract -- 2.1 Physical Geography -- 2.1.1 Geographical Location -- 2.1.2 Climatic Characteristics -- 2.1.3 Soil and Vegetation -- 2.1.3.1 Soil -- 2.1.3.2 Vegetation -- 2.1.4 Rare Wild Animals -- 2.1.5 River System -- 2.1.6 Ecological Environment -- 2.2 Topography and Geomorphology -- 2.2.1 Qaidam Basin (K814+500-DK845+400) -- 2.2.2 Valley Terrace North of Kunlun Mountains (DK845+400-DK940+500) -- 2.2.3 Xidatan Structural Valley (DK940+500-DK973+700) -- 2.2.4 Kunlun Medium-High Mountain Area (DK973+700-DK1005+500) -- 2.2.5 Chumar River High Plains (DK1005+500-DK1072+500) -- 2.2.6 Hoh Xil Mountains (DK1072+500-DK1124+500) -- 2.2.7 Beilu River Basin (DK1124+500-DK1145+500) -- 2.2.8 Fenghuo Mountain Area (DK1145+500-DK1165+500) -- 2.2.9 Chiqu Valley (DK1165+500-DK1193+200) -- 2.2.10 Wuli Basin (DK1193+200-DK1202+500) -- 2.2.11 Wuli Mountain (DK1202+500-DK1217+700) -- 2.2.12 Tuotuo River Basin (DK1217+700-DK1245+000) -- 2.2.13 Kaixinling Mountain Area (DK1245+000-DK1252+800) -- 2.2.14 Tongtian River Basin (DK1252+800-DK1282+800) -- 2.2.15 Buqu Valley (DK1282+800-DK1360+800) 2.2.16 Wenquan Fault Basin (DK1360+800-DK1394+800) -- 2.2.17 Tonglha Mountains and Intermontane Basin (DK1394+800-DK1485+200) -- 2.2.18 Touerjiu Mountain Area (DK1485+200-DK1513+770) -- 2.2.19 High Plains Area in Northern Tibet (DK1513+770-DK1801+100) -- 2.2.20 Medium-High Mountain Area Between Samli and Yangbaling (DK1801+100-DK1904+500) -- 2.2.21 Southern Nyainqentanglha Mountain Area from Yangbaling to Lhasa (DK1904+500-DK2006+700) -- 2.3 Formation Lithology -- 2.3.1 Quaternary System -- 2.3.1.1 Holocene Series -- 2.3.1.2 Upper Pleistocene -- 2.3.1.3 Middle Pleistocene -- 2.3.1.4 Lower Pleistocene -- 2.3.2 Tertiary System -- 2.3.2.1 Neogene -- 2.3.2.2 Lower Tertiary -- 2.3.3 Cretaceous -- 2.3.4 Jurassic System -- 2.3.5 Triassic System -- 2.3.6 Permian System -- 2.3.7 Paleozoic Group -- 2.3.8 Magmatic Rocks -- 2.4 Geological Structure -- 2.4.1 Folds -- 2.4.1.1 Naij Tal Anticlinorium -- 2.4.1.2 Hoh Xil Synclinorium -- 2.4.1.3 Fenghuo Mountain Syncline -- 2.4.1.4 Kaixinling Anticline -- 2.4.1.5 Tonglha Mountain Synclinorium -- 2.4.1.6 Amdo Arc Fault-Fold Belt -- 2.4.1.7 Nagqu Compound Fold-Fault Belt -- 2.4.2 Faults -- 2.4.2.1 Golmud Concealed Fracture (F1) -- 2.4.2.2 Xidatan Concealed Compressive Fracture (F2) -- 2.4.2.3 Kunlun Mountains Bealock Compressive Shear Faults (F3) -- 2.4.2.4 Northern Fenghuo Mountain Compressive Fracture (F4) -- 2.4.2.5 Wuli Fracture Zone (F5) -- 2.4.2.6 Yanshiping Regional Compressive Shear Fault (F6) -- 2.4.2.7 Tonghla Mountain Fault Zone (F7) -- 2.4.2.8 Cuona Lake Eastern Coast Fault (F8) -- 2.4.2.9 Nagqu-Damxung-Yambajan Fault Zone (F9) -- 2.5 Hydrogeology -- 2.5.1 Regional Hydrogeological Conditions -- 2.5.2 Groundwater Type -- 2.5.2.1 Groundwater in Nonpermafrost Regions -- 2.5.2.2 Groundwater in Permafrost Regions -- 2.6 Earthquakes and Active Faults -- 2.6.1 Regional Neotectonic Movement 2.6.2 Basic Seismic Intensity Zoning -- 2.6.3 Distribution Characteristics of Active Faults -- 2.7 Distribution of Permafrost Along the Line -- 2.7.1 Basic Distribution Characteristics -- 2.7.2 Distribution of Permafrost Along the Line -- 2.7.3 Types and Distribution of Thaw Areas in Permafrost Regions -- 2.7.3.1 Types of Thaw Areas -- 2.7.3.2 Distribution of Thaw Areas -- 2.8 Unfavorable and Unique Geology Along the Line -- 2.8.1 Permafrost -- 2.8.2 Geological Hazards in Active Fault Zones -- 2.8.3 Geological Hazards in Slope Areas -- 2.8.4 Geothermal Activity, Sandstorms, and Snowdrifts -- 2.9 Summary -- References -- 3 Geological Line Selection in Permafrost Regions -- Abstract -- 3.1 Classification of Permafrost -- 3.1.1 Fundamentals of Permafrost -- 3.1.2 Classification of Permafrost -- 3.1.2.1 Based on Planar Distribution -- 3.1.2.2 Based on Vertical Structures -- 3.1.2.3 Based on Water Content -- 3.1.2.4 Based on Annual Average Ground Temperature -- 3.1.2.5 Based on Other Factors -- 3.1.3 Classification of Permafrost Thawing Settlement -- 3.1.4 Frost-Heaving Classification of Seasonal Permafrost and Seasonal Melt Layer -- 3.1.5 Regionalization of Frozen Soil Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway -- 3.1.5.1 Principle of Permafrost Regionalization -- 3.1.5.2 Result of Permafrost Engineering-Geological Zoning -- 3.2 Engineering-Geological Features of Permafrost Regions -- 3.2.1 Engineering-Geological Environment of Permafrost Regions -- 3.2.1.1 Topography -- 3.2.1.2 Geological Structures -- 3.2.1.3 Formation Lithology -- 3.2.1.4 Climate and Vegetation -- 3.2.1.5 Hydrogeology -- 3.2.2 Factors Controlling the Engineering-Geological Conditions in the Permafrost Regions -- 3.2.2.1 Upper Limit of Permafrost -- 3.2.2.2 Permafrost Ice Content -- 3.2.2.3 Annual Average Ground Temperature of Permafrost 3.2.3 Major Engineering-Geological Problems in Permafrost Regions -- 3.2.3.1 Thaw Collapse -- 3.2.3.2 Frost Heave -- 3.2.3.3 Harmful Frozen-Soil Phenomena -- 3.3 Effects of Permafrost on Railway Engineering -- 3.3.1 Frost Heave and Thaw Collapse and Frost Boiling of Roadbed -- 3.3.2 Cutting Slope Collapse and Mudflow -- 3.3.3 Frost Heaving and Thaw Collapse, Deformation and Cracking, and Bridge Jumping of Bridge Foundation -- 3.3.4 Frost Thawing and Boiling of Culverts and Basements and Slump at the Inlets and Outlets -- 3.3.5 Cracking Due to Frost Heaving and Freezing of Tunnel Lining -- 3.3.6 Effects of Permafrost on Stations and Other Railway Engineering Structures -- 3.4 Principles of Geological Route Selection in Permafrost Regions -- 3.4.1 Overview of Geological Route Selection in Permafrost Regions -- 3.4.2 Conditions Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Permafrost Regions -- 3.5 Comparison of Main Line Routes in Permafrost Region -- 3.5.1 Col Route Across Tangalle Mountain -- 3.5.1.1 Overview -- 3.5.1.2 Topography and Landform Along the Route -- 3.5.1.3 Overview of the Route Schemes -- 3.5.1.4 Evaluation of the Railway Scheme -- 3.5.1.5 Conclusion -- 3.5.2 Comparison of Roadbed and Bridge Schemes Across Qingshui River -- 3.5.3 Comparison of Bridge Schemes Across Chumar River -- 3.5.4 Comparison of the Schemes to Cross Thaw Lakes and Ponds Between Kaixinling and Tongtian River -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- 4 Line Selection in Active Fault Zones and Meizoseismal Areas -- Abstract -- 4.1 Spatial Distribution of Active Fault Zones -- 4.1.1 The Active Faults of Eastern Kunlun-Qaidam Terranes -- 4.1.2 The Active Faults of Songpan County-Ganzi County-Hoh Xil Terrain -- 4.1.3 Active Faults of Qingtang Terrains -- 4.1.3.1 Active Faults of Fenghuo Mountain -- 4.1.3.2 Active Faults of Wuli -- 4.1.3.3 Active Faults of Tongtian River 4.1.3.4 Active Faults of the Western Boundary of Wenquan Basin -- 4.1.4 Active Faults of Lhasa Terrains -- 4.1.4.1 Active Faults of Amdo-Cuona Lake -- 4.1.4.2 Faults of the Western Boundary Area of Gulu-Sangshung Basin -- 4.1.4.3 Active Faults of Bengcuo -- 4.1.4.4 Active Faults of Damxung-Yambajan -- 4.2 Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Seismic Belts -- 4.2.1 Relationship Between Earthquakes and Active Fault Belts -- 4.2.2 Seismotectonic Zones of Kunlun Mountains -- 4.2.3 Seismotectonic Zone of Jiali-Bengcuo -- 4.2.4 Seismotectonic Zones of Yambajan-Damxung-Gulu -- 4.2.5 Other Seismic Tectonic Belts -- 4.3 Effects of Active Faults and Earthquake Zones on Railway Projects -- 4.3.1 Effect of Active Faults on Railway Projects -- 4.3.1.1 Landslides and Mudslides Caused by Active Faults -- 4.3.1.2 Dangers of Structural Fracture Belt for Railway Engineering -- 4.3.1.3 Hazards of Groundwater of Active Fault Zones on Railway Projects -- 4.3.2 Effect of Seismic Areas on Railway Projects -- 4.4 Active Fault Zones and Line-Selection Principle and Project Settings in Meizoseismal Areas -- 4.4.1 Active Fault Zones and Line-Selection Principle of Meizoseismal Areas -- 4.4.2 Engineering Measures for Active Fault Zones and Meizoseismal Areas Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway -- 4.4.2.1 Engineering Measures of Passing Main Active Faults -- 4.4.2.2 Engineering Measures of Passing General Active Faults -- 4.5 Major Scheme Comparison and Selection of Active Fault Belts and Meizoseismal Areas -- 4.5.1 Scheme Comparison and Selection of Kunlun Mountain Tunnel -- 4.5.2 Scheme Comparison of Railway-Line Selection in the Wenquan Gypsum Region -- 4.5.3 Bridge-Instead-of-Embankment of Large Budongquan Bridge -- 4.5.4 Scheme Comparison of Line Selection from Xiaonanchuan to Wangkun -- 4.5.5 Scheme Comparison of Railway-Line Selection from Liangdaohe to Nagqu -- 4.6 Summary References
