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  1. Measuring multidimensional inequality of opportunity
    Autor*in: Kobus, Martyna; Kapera, Marek; Peragine, Vitorocco
    Erschienen: March 2020
    Verlag:  ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, [Verona]

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality ; 528 (2020)
    Schlagworte: Equality of opportunity; economic inequality; multidimensional welfare; multidimensional inequality; Lorenz dominance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Multidimensional equality of opportunity in the United States
    Autor*in: Hufe, Paul; Kobus, Martyna; Peichl, Andreas; Schüle, Paul
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Are the United States still a land of opportunity? We provide new insights on this question by invoking a novel measurement approach that allows us to target the joint distribution of income and wealth. We show that inequality of opportunity has... mehr

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    Are the United States still a land of opportunity? We provide new insights on this question by invoking a novel measurement approach that allows us to target the joint distribution of income and wealth. We show that inequality of opportunity has increased by 77% over the time period 1983-2016. Increases are driven by two distinct forces: (i) a less opportunity-egalitarian distribution of income until 2000, and (ii) a less opportunity-egalitarian distribution of wealth after the financial crisis in 2008. In sum, our findings suggest that the US have consistently moved further away from a level playing field in recent decades.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/252273
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15149
    Schlagworte: fairness; intergenerational mobility; time trends; measurement
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Multidimensional equality of opportunity in the United States
    Autor*in: Hufe, Paul; Kobus, Martyna; Peichl, Andreas; Schüle, Paul
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Are the United States still a land of opportunity? We provide new insights on this question by invoking a novel measurement approach that allows us to target the joint distribution of income and wealth. We show that inequality of opportunity has... mehr

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    DS 63
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    Are the United States still a land of opportunity? We provide new insights on this question by invoking a novel measurement approach that allows us to target the joint distribution of income and wealth. We show that inequality of opportunity has increased by 77% over the time period 1983-2016. Increases are driven by two distinct forces: (i) a less opportunity-egalitarian distribution of income until 2000, and (ii) a less opportunity-egalitarian distribution of wealth after the financial crisis in 2008. In sum, our findings suggest that the US have consistently moved further away from a level playing field in recent decades.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/252147
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9630 (2022)
    Schlagworte: fairness; intergenerational mobility; time trends; measurement
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Measuring multidimensional inequality of opportunity
    Autor*in: Kobus, Martyna; Kapera, Marek; Peragine, Vitorocco
    Erschienen: March 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper develops a normative approach to the measurement of ex-ante inequality of opportunity in a multidimensional setting - that is, when the individual outcome is represented by a multidimensional variable. We characterize three classes of... mehr

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This paper develops a normative approach to the measurement of ex-ante inequality of opportunity in a multidimensional setting - that is, when the individual outcome is represented by a multidimensional variable. We characterize three classes of social welfare functions, all endorsing ex-ante compensation but each reflecting a specific reward principle: (1) utilitarian, (2) agnostic, and (3) averse. The first class is implemented via generalized Lorenz dominance applied to each attribute separately. The agnostic and inequality-averse classes are implemented by a welfarist Lorenz ordering, namely of type-aggregate utilities. In the case of the inequality-averse class, utility functions are submodular, hence capturing the dependence between attributes. We also develop normative inequality indices for the classes of welfare functions and study their properties. Finally, we propose an empirical application of the methods developed in the paper. By using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we evaluate inequality of opportunity in the USA for the case of three dimensions of individual outcomes: education, health, and income.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292567767
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229243
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 19
    Schlagworte: Einkommensverteilung; Soziale Sicherheit; Armut; Index; Maßsystem; Gini-Koeffizient
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Measuring multidimensional inequality of opportunity
    Autor*in: Kobus, Martyna; Kapera, Marek; Peragine, Vitorocco
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di economia e finanza, [Bari]

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: SERIES working papers / Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di economia e finanza ; 2020, n. 02
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Loss aversion and the welfare ranking of policy interventions
    Autor*in: Firpo, Sergio; Galvao, Antonio Fialho; Kobus, Martyna; Parker, Thomas; Rosa Dias, Pedro
    Erschienen: April 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this paper we develop theoretical criteria and econometric methods to rank policy interventions in terms of welfare when individuals are loss-averse. The new criterion for "loss aversion-sensitive dominance" defines a weak partial ordering of the... mehr

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    In this paper we develop theoretical criteria and econometric methods to rank policy interventions in terms of welfare when individuals are loss-averse. The new criterion for "loss aversion-sensitive dominance" defines a weak partial ordering of the distributions of policy-induced gains and losses. It applies to the class of welfare functions which model individual preferences with non-decreasing and loss-averse attitudes towards changes in outcomes. We also develop new statistical methods to test loss aversion-sensitive dominance in practice, using nonparametric plug-in estimates. We establish the limiting distributions of uniform test statistics by showing that they are directionally differentiable. This implies that inference can be conducted by a special resampling procedure. Since point-identification of the distribution of policy-induced gains and losses may require very strong assumptions, we also extend comparison criteria, test statistics, and resampling procedures to a partially-identified case. Finally, we illustrate our methods with an empirical application to welfare comparison of two income support programs.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/216488
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13176
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Welfare and inequality comparisons for uni- and multi-dimensional distributions of ordinal data
    Autor*in: Cowell, Frank A.; Kobus, Martyna; Kurek, Radosław
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE, [London]

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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Public Economics Programme discussion papers ; 31
    Schlagworte: Ordinal data; Inequality and Risk Orderings; Welfare orderings; Association
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten)
  8. A concern about low relative income, and the alignment of utilitarianism with egalitarianism
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Kobus, Martyna; Jakubek, Marcin
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  ZEF, Bonn

    A utilitarian social planner who maximizes social welfare assigns the available income to those who are most efficient in converting income into utility. However, when individuals are concerned about their income falling behind the incomes of others,... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    A utilitarian social planner who maximizes social welfare assigns the available income to those who are most efficient in converting income into utility. However, when individuals are concerned about their income falling behind the incomes of others, the optimal income distribution under utilitarianism is equality of incomes. -- Utilitarianism ; Income equality ; Social welfare maximization ; Relative income

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/84803
    Schriftenreihe: ZEF discussion papers on development policy ; 156
    Schlagworte: Utilitarismus; Einkommensverteilung; Soziale Wohlfahrtsfunktion; Nachfrageinterdependenz; Theorie
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 10 S., 192 KB)
  9. Engineering an incentive to search for work
    a comparison groups approach
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Jakubek, Marcin; Kobus, Martyna
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  ZEF, Bonn

    Social comparisons are important in the employment sphere. A "culture of unemployment" may evolve and prevail because it is optimal for an individual to remain unemployed when other unemployed individuals constitute his main reference group. We... mehr

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    Social comparisons are important in the employment sphere. A "culture of unemployment" may evolve and prevail because it is optimal for an individual to remain unemployed when other unemployed individuals constitute his main reference group. We advance the idea that by making the receipt of unemployment benefits conditional on engagement in an incentive-enhancing activity (for example, work under state-sponsored employment schemes or participation in work-site-based training programs), a government can engineer a revision of the reference groups of an unemployed individual in order to induce him to seek work.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/118608
    Schriftenreihe: ZEF discussion papers on development policy ; 199
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (13 S.)
  10. A bitter choice turned sweet
    how acknowledging individuals’ concern at having a low relative income serves to align utilitarianism and egalitarianism
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Jakubek, Marcin; Kobus, Martyna
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  ZEF, Bonn

    When individuals’ utility is a convex combination of their income and their concern at having a low relative income (the weights attached to income and to the concern at having a low relative income sum up to one), the maximization of aggregate... mehr

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    When individuals’ utility is a convex combination of their income and their concern at having a low relative income (the weights attached to income and to the concern at having a low relative income sum up to one), the maximization of aggregate utility yields an equal income distribution. This alignment of utilitarianism and egalitarianism is obtained for any number of individuals, and for general utility functions that are convex combinations of a power function of income and the concern at having a low relative income. The alignment can also hold when the weights sum up to a number different than one.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/118610
    Schriftenreihe: ZEF discussion papers on development policy ; 198
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (20 S.)
  11. Engineering an incentive to search for work
    a comparison groups approach
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Jakubek, Marcin; Kobus, Martyna
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, Tübingen

    Social comparisons are important in the employment sphere. A "culture of unemployment" may evolve and prevail because it is optimal for an individual to remain unemployed when other unemployed individuals constitute his main reference group. We... mehr

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Universitätsbibliothek der Eberhard Karls Universität
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    Fachbibliothek Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Bibliothek
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    Social comparisons are important in the employment sphere. A "culture of unemployment" may evolve and prevail because it is optimal for an individual to remain unemployed when other unemployed individuals constitute his main reference group. We advance the idea that by making the receipt of unemployment benefits conditional on engagement in an incentive-enhancing activity (for example, work under state-sponsored employment schemes or participation in work-site-based training programs), a government can engineer a revision of the reference groups of an unemployed individual in order to induce him to seek work.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10900/63571
    hdl: 10419/110978
    Schriftenreihe: University of Tübingen Working Papers in Economics and Finance ; 80
    Schlagworte: Arbeitslosigkeit
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
  12. A bitter choice turned sweet
    how acknowledging individuals' concern at having a low relative income serves to align utilitarianism and egalitarianism
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Jakubek, Marcin; Kobus, Martyna
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, Tübingen

    When individuals' utility is a convex combination of their income and their concern at having a low relative income (the weights attached to income and to the concern at having a low relative income sum up to one), the maximization of aggregate... mehr

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Universitätsbibliothek der Eberhard Karls Universität
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    Fachbibliothek Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Bibliothek
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    When individuals' utility is a convex combination of their income and their concern at having a low relative income (the weights attached to income and to the concern at having a low relative income sum up to one), the maximization of aggregate utility yields an equal income distribution. This alignment of utilitarianism and egalitarianism is obtained for any number of individuals, and for general utility functions that are convex combinations of a power function of income and the concern at having a low relative income. The alignment can also hold when the weights sum up to a number different than one.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10900/63573
    hdl: 10419/110977
    Schriftenreihe: University of Tübingen Working Papers in Economics and Finance ; 81
    Schlagworte: Soziale Wohlfahrt
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
  13. A concern about low relative income, and the alignment of utilitarianism with egalitarianism
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Kobus, Martyna; Jakubek, Marcin
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, Tübingen

    A utilitarian social planner who maximizes social welfare assigns the available income to those who are most efficient in converting income into utility. However, when individuals are concerned about their income falling behind the incomes of others,... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Universitätsbibliothek der Eberhard Karls Universität
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    Fachbibliothek Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Bibliothek
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    A utilitarian social planner who maximizes social welfare assigns the available income to those who are most efficient in converting income into utility. However, when individuals are concerned about their income falling behind the incomes of others, the optimal income distribution under utilitarianism is equality of incomes. -- Utilitarianism ; Income equality ; Social welfare maximization ; Relative income

     
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/52237
    Schriftenreihe: University of Tübingen working papers in economics and finance ; 21
    Schlagworte: Utilitarismus; Einkommensverteilung; Soziale Wohlfahrtsfunktion; Nachfrageinterdependenz; Theorie; Utilitarismus
    Umfang: Online-Ressource