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  1. Does the unemployment rate moderate the well-being disadvantage of the unemployed?
    within-region estimates from the European Social Survey
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Gábor; Hajdu, Tamás
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    Using eight waves of the European Social Survey, we analysed how the local unemployment rate influences the well-being disadvantages of the unemployed. We estimate region fixed effects and slopes models that, unlike the standard region fixed effects... mehr

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    Using eight waves of the European Social Survey, we analysed how the local unemployment rate influences the well-being disadvantages of the unemployed. We estimate region fixed effects and slopes models that, unlike the standard region fixed effects approach, provide an unbiased estimate of the cross-level interaction term (the term between being unemployed and the unemployment rate). We find that the satisfaction of unemployed people (relative to employed people) is lower when the unemployment rate is higher. The results are similar for the depression scores, but the differences are smaller and insignificant regarding the happiness scores. Our results do not support the “social norm of unemployment” hypothesis that states that the negative impacts of unemployment are smaller if the unemployment rate is higher. In contrast, these results are in line with the argument that worse re-employment perspectives in high-unemployment regions may be particularly harmful to unemployed people. We note that these results do not contradict the claim that, in regions with a weaker social norm to work, unemployed people may be more satisfied. Instead, the results suggest that the unemployment rate is not a good proxy for the social norm to work

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/237525
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2020, 35 (September 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The long-term impact of restricted access to abortion on children's socioeconomic outcomes
    = Az terhességmegszakításhoz való hozzáférés korlátozásának hosszú távú hatása a gyermekek társadalmi-gazdasági jellemzőire
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Gábor; Hajdu, Tamás
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    We examine the long-term consequences of restricted access to abortion following a change in the Hungarian abortion law in 1974. Due to a change that restricted access to legal abortions, the number of induced abortions decreased from 169,650 to... mehr

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    We examine the long-term consequences of restricted access to abortion following a change in the Hungarian abortion law in 1974. Due to a change that restricted access to legal abortions, the number of induced abortions decreased from 169,650 to 102,022 between 1973 and 1974, whereas the number of live births increased from 156,224 to 186,288. We analyze the effects on the adult outcomes of the affected newborns (educational attainment, labor market participation, teen fertility). We use matched large-scale, individual-level administrative datasets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (population census 2011; live birth register), and we estimate the effects by comparing children born within a short timespan around the law change. We apply a difference-in-differences approach, building on the special rules of the new law that, despite the severe restriction, still made abortion permissible for selected groups of women. We control for the compositional change in the population of parents, rule out the effect of (unobserved) time trends and other potential behavioral responses to the law change, and draw causal inferences. We find that restricted access to abortion had, on average, a negative impact on the socioeconomic outcomes of the affected children. Children born after the law change have had worse educational outcomes, a greater likelihood of being unemployed at age 37, and a higher probability of being a teen parent.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237521
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2020, 31 (July 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Temperature, climate change and birth weight
    evidence from Hungary = Időjárás, klimaváltozás és születési súly Magyarországon
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    We analyze the impact of in utero temperature exposure on the birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight using administrative data on singleton live births conceived between 2000 and 2016 in Hungary. We find that exposure to high temperatures... mehr

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    We analyze the impact of in utero temperature exposure on the birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight using administrative data on singleton live births conceived between 2000 and 2016 in Hungary. We find that exposure to high temperatures during pregnancy decreases birth weight, but its impact on the probability of low birth weight is weaker. Exposure to one additional hot day (mean temperature >25°C) during the gestation period reduces birth weight by 0.5 grams. The second and third trimesters appear to be slightly more sensitive to temperature exposure than the first trimester. We project that climate change will decrease birth weight and increase the prevalence of low birth weight by the mid-21st century. The projected impacts are the strongest for newborns conceived during the winter and spring months.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237522
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2020, 32 (July 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Temperature, climate change, and fertility
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the impacts of temperature and climate change on human pregnancies. The focus is on the quasi-experimental studies that use panel data, apply a fixed effect approach, and exploit the random... mehr

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    This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the impacts of temperature and climate change on human pregnancies. The focus is on the quasi-experimental studies that use panel data, apply a fixed effect approach, and exploit the random year-to-year fluctuation in temperature. The insights that emerge from the review highlight that exposure to heat in the pre-conception period has detrimental impacts on fertility. In addition, heat during pregnancy increases pregnancy losses, leads to a reduction in gestational length, and lowers birth weight. Despite the growing empirical evidence on the subject, understanding the relationship between temperature and pregnancy-related outcomes is far from perfect. Importantly, the potential impacts of climate change are rarely quantified. The chapter outlines directions for future research.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235700
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 896
    Schlagworte: temperature; climate change,fertility; pregnancy; health at birth; birth weight; pregnancy loss
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten)
  5. Post-conception heat exposure increases clinically unobserved pregnancy losses
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    Evidence of the relationship between temperature during pregnancy and human embryo mortality is limited. Most importantly, the literature lacks causal estimations and studies on early pregnancy losses. Here, we estimate the impact of early pregnancy... mehr

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    Evidence of the relationship between temperature during pregnancy and human embryo mortality is limited. Most importantly, the literature lacks causal estimations and studies on early pregnancy losses. Here, we estimate the impact of early pregnancy temperature exposure on the clinically unobserved pregnancy loss rate. We use administrative data of clinically observed pregnancies from more than three decades for Hungary. We apply an empirical approach that allows us to infer the impact of temperature on the clinically unobserved pregnancy loss rate from the estimated effects on the clinically observed conception rate. The results show that exposure to hot temperatures during the first few weeks after the conception week increases the clinically unobserved pregnancy loss rate, whereas exposure to colder temperatures seems to decrease it. Importantly, the temperature-induced changes represent changes in the total number of pregnancy losses rather than a compositional change between clinically observed and clinically unobserved pregnancy losses.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237548
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2021, 4 (January 2021)
    Schlagworte: pregnancy loss; early pregnancy; temperature; climate change; Hungary
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Statisztikai jelentés a gyermekegészség állapotáról Magyarországon a 21. század második évtizedében
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Közgazdaság-tudományi Intézet, Közgazdaság- és Regionális Tudományi Kutatóközpont, [Budapest]

    This report examines health inequalities among Hungarian children in the 2010s. Our work is based on a wide range of administrative and survey data drawn from numerous sources. We analyze the datasets in a unified framework and present the findings... mehr

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    This report examines health inequalities among Hungarian children in the 2010s. Our work is based on a wide range of administrative and survey data drawn from numerous sources. We analyze the datasets in a unified framework and present the findings in an easily understandable way, by which our report can be informative for not only the academic but the non-academic readers too. We show that children’s health is closely related to their social background, income position, living conditions, and the health behaviors of themselves and their parents.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Ungarisch
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    hdl: 10419/237552
    Schriftenreihe: KRTK-KTI Műhelytanulmányok ; CERS-IE WP - 2021, 8 (2021 február)
    Schlagworte: health; inequality; children; Hungary
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 110 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Temperature, climate change, and human conception rates
    evidence from Hungary = Hőmérséklet, klímaváltozás és fogantatási ráta : egy magyarországi elemzés eredményei
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    In this paper, we examine the relationship between temperature and human conception rates and project the impacts of climate change by the mid-twenty-first century. Using complete administrative data on 6.8 million pregnancies between 1980 and 2015... mehr

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    In this paper, we examine the relationship between temperature and human conception rates and project the impacts of climate change by the mid-twenty-first century. Using complete administrative data on 6.8 million pregnancies between 1980 and 2015 in Hungary, we show that exposure to hot temperatures reduces the conception rate in the first few weeks following the exposure, but a partial rebound is observed after that. Absent adaptation, climate change is projected to increase seasonal differences in conception rates, and a decline is expected in terms of annual conception rates. This latter decline is driven by a change in the number of induced abortions and spontaneous fetal losses. The overall number of live births is unaffected. However, some newborns may experience non-negligible consequences because of the altering in utero temperature exposure due to a shift in the timing of conception.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222086
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2020, 17 (April 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The role of place and income in life expectancy inequality
    evidence from Hungary = Várható élettartam szerinti területi egyenlőtlenségek Magyarországon : a lakhely és a jövedelem szerepe
    Autor*in: Bíró, Anikó; Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Prinz, Daniel
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    Using mortality registers and administrative data on incomes and population, we develop new evidence on the magnitudes and sources of life expectancy inequality in Hungary. We document considerable inequality across geographies and income groups, and... mehr

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    Using mortality registers and administrative data on incomes and population, we develop new evidence on the magnitudes and sources of life expectancy inequality in Hungary. We document considerable inequality across geographies and income groups, and show that inequality has increased between 1991-2016. We show that avoidable deaths play a large role in life expectancy inequality. Income-related geographic inequalities in health behaviors, access to care, and healthcare use are all strongly correlated with the inequality in life expectancy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222088
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2020, 19 (April 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The effects of expanding a neonatal intensive care system on infant mortality and long-term health impairments
    = Egy országos lefedettségű intenzív koraszülött-ellátó rendszer kiépítésének hatása a csecsemőhalálozásra és a maradandó egészségkárosodások előfordulására : magyarország 1990-2015
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor; Szabó-Morvai, Ágnes
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    We study the effects of the geographic expansion of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) system and a Newborn Emergency Transportation System (NETS) on neonatal and infant mortality and long-term impairments. We utilize gradual expansion in Hungary,... mehr

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    We study the effects of the geographic expansion of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) system and a Newborn Emergency Transportation System (NETS) on neonatal and infant mortality and long-term impairments. We utilize gradual expansion in Hungary, we use administrative and census data, and we identify the effects from longitudinal variation in access, using changing distance as an instrument. Improving access to delivering in a city with a NICU decreases 0-6-day mortality by 153/1000 (<1500g) and 24/1000 (<2500g). NETS effects are positive but smaller. Improved access saves lives in the long run, with zero overall effects on long-term impairments.

     
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    hdl: 10419/222089
    Schriftenreihe: CERS-IE working papers ; CERS-IE WP - 2020, 20 (May 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Társadalmi különbségek a magyarországi gyerekek fogainak állapotában és egészségmagatartásában
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Fadgyas-Freyler, Petra
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Közgazdaság-tudományi Intézet, Közgazdaság- és Regionális Tudományi Kutatóközpont, Budapest

    Our study examines social inequalities in dental visits, the status of primary and permanent teeth, the dental treatments, the availability of publicly funded dental care and health behaviours related to dental health among Hungarian children. We use... mehr

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    Our study examines social inequalities in dental visits, the status of primary and permanent teeth, the dental treatments, the availability of publicly funded dental care and health behaviours related to dental health among Hungarian children. We use all available administrative and survey data sources to provide a comprehensive picture. We show that there are already significant social differences in dental health, dental visits and health behaviours at the age of 2-3 years, which are compounded by significant social gaps in access to publicly funded dental care. These early childhood gaps often widen with age. We conclude our study with health and social policy implications that can help reduce social disparities in children's dental health.

     
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    Sprache: Ungarisch
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    hdl: 10419/282229
    Schriftenreihe: KRTK-KTI műhelytanulmányok ; KRTK-KTI WP - 2023, 08 (2023 március)
    Schlagworte: social inequality; dental health; health behaviour; childhood
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Társadalmi különbségek a gyermekek egészségi állapotában Magyarországon a 21. század második évtizedében
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Közgazdaság-tudományi Intézet, Közgazdaság- és Regionális Tudományi Kutatóközpont, Budapest

    Our study examines social differences in health during childhood and adolescence in Hungary in the 2010s. For this analysis, we have collected administrative and survey data sources and organized them into a coherent statistical framework. These... mehr

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    Our study examines social differences in health during childhood and adolescence in Hungary in the 2010s. For this analysis, we have collected administrative and survey data sources and organized them into a coherent statistical framework. These restructured data have been used to identify social inequalities in children's health and the possible causes of these inequalities. Our research shows that children's health is strongly related to the social environment in which they are born, their living conditions and income, and the behavioral characteristics of themselves and their parents.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282234
    Schriftenreihe: KRTK-KTI műhelytanulmányok ; KRTK-KTI WP - 2023, 13 (2023 június)
    Schlagworte: health; health behavior; housing conditions; inequality; children; Hungary
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Inequalities in regional excess mortality and life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Krekó, Judit; Tóth, Csaba G.
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    Using data for 201 regions (NUTS 2) in Europe, we examine the mortality burden of the COVID-19 pandemic and how the mortality inequalities between regions changed between 2020 and 2022. We show that over the three years of the pandemic, not only did... mehr

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    Using data for 201 regions (NUTS 2) in Europe, we examine the mortality burden of the COVID-19 pandemic and how the mortality inequalities between regions changed between 2020 and 2022. We show that over the three years of the pandemic, not only did the level of excess mortality rate change considerably, but also its geographical distribution. Focusing on life expectancy as a summary measure of mortality conditions, we find that the variance of regional life expectancy increased sharply in 2021. This was due to a much higher-than-average excess mortality in regions with lower pre-pandemic life expectancy. While the life expectancy inequality has returned to its pre-pandemic level in 2022, the observed life expectancy in almost all regions is far below that expected without the pandemic.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282237
    Schriftenreihe: KRTK KTI working papers ; KRTK KTI WP - 2023, 16 (June 2023)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; excess mortality; life expectancy; inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Inter-ethnic friendship and hostility between Roma and non-Roma students in Hungary
    the role of exposure and academic achievement = Roma és nem roma tanulók közti barátságok és ellenségeskedések az általános iskolában
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor
    Erschienen: November 2017
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    This study examines friendship and hostility relations between Roma students and the ethnically homogeneous non-Roma majority in Hungarian schools. Using data on friendship and hostility relations of 15-year-old students from 82 schools the study... mehr

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    This study examines friendship and hostility relations between Roma students and the ethnically homogeneous non-Roma majority in Hungarian schools. Using data on friendship and hostility relations of 15-year-old students from 82 schools the study focuses on the interaction between exposure to the other ethnic group and academic achievement of Roma students. High-achieving Roma students are shown to have significantly more friends and fewer adversaries than low-achieving ones, due to better inter-ethnic relations while having similar within-ethnic group relations. As a result, higher exposure to Roma students translates to more friendship and less hostility from non-Roma students in environments where more of the Roma students have higher achievement. Therefore, policies helping the achievement of Roma students can have immediate as well as long-term positive effects. Simulations suggest that a mixed policy of desegregation and closing the achievement gap may best foster positive interethnic relations. The results also support that exposure is more likely to improve intergroup contact if status is more equal.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9786155754227
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/200341
    Schriftenreihe: Budapest working papers on the labour market ; BWP 2017, 10
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Parental job loss, secondary school completion and home environment
    = Szülői állásvesztés, középiskolai lemorzsolódás és a stimuláló otthoni környezet mérséklő hatása
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor
    Erschienen: November 2017
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    This study examines the effect of parental job loss on children's completion of secondary school and the mediating role of home environment in that effect. It uses rich survey data from Hungary on adolescents age 14 through 21, with detailed measures... mehr

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    This study examines the effect of parental job loss on children's completion of secondary school and the mediating role of home environment in that effect. It uses rich survey data from Hungary on adolescents age 14 through 21, with detailed measures of parental employment and home environment. The study replicates the average negative effect found in the literature. No effect is found for families with a history of providing a cognitively stimulating home environment, but the negative effect is strong for other families. Home environment matters more than initial income in mediating the effect. The results highlight the protective nature of a cognitively stimulating home environment.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9786155754234
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/200342
    Schriftenreihe: Budapest working papers on the labour market ; BWP 2017, 11
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Health differences at birth between Roma and non-Roma children in Hungary
    long-run trends and decompositions = Roma és nem roma újszülöttek születéskori fejlődési különbségei Magyarországon, 1981-2010
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor
    Erschienen: November 2017
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    This paper uses birth records linked to census data to document health differences at birth between Roma and non-Roma children in Hungary between 1981 and 2010. It focuses on differences in average birth weight and average gestational age, as well as... mehr

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    This paper uses birth records linked to census data to document health differences at birth between Roma and non-Roma children in Hungary between 1981 and 2010. It focuses on differences in average birth weight and average gestational age, as well as the likelihood of low birth weight and the likelihood of preterm birth. The paper shows large gaps in all indicators over the 30 years, with a small narrowing of the gap in absolute terms but not in relative terms. Roma mothers are twice as likely to give birth to babies with low birth weight and before the 37th week. Standard decompositions show that around 80% of the gap is explained by socioeconomic factors, and education alone explains more than half. Despite significant changes in society, the explanatory power of education and other factors remains constant. Narrowing the gap in educational attainment, especially at higher levels, may have the highest potential to improve the relative health of Roma births.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155754241
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    hdl: 10419/200343
    Schriftenreihe: Budapest working papers on the labour market ; BWP 2017, 12
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Ambient temperature and sexual activity
    evidence from time use surveys = Hőmérséklet és szexuális aktivitás: eredmények időmérleg adatok alapján
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: October 2017
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    Previous research has found that unusually hot temperature in a given month reduces birth rates 8-10 months later. We examine one of the potential mechanisms behind this relationship. Using three waves of the Hungarian Time Use Survey we analyze the... mehr

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    Previous research has found that unusually hot temperature in a given month reduces birth rates 8-10 months later. We examine one of the potential mechanisms behind this relationship. Using three waves of the Hungarian Time Use Survey we analyze the relationship between ambient temperature and sexual activity. We show that on a cold day sexual activity is significantly lower, but hot temperatures do not have an effect. Performing placebo tests using temperature data one year ahead or several years before we provide evidence that supports the causal interpretation of our results. Studying the dynamics of this relationship, we could not rule out the possibility that after the immediate decline, sexual activity revives over the next few days resulting in a zero total effect.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155457081
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    hdl: 10419/190490
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; MT-DP - 2017, 29
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Szubjektív jóllét és anyagi helyzet
    a kvantilis regresszió és az általánosított ordered probit modell eredményeinek összehasonlítása a standardelemzési módszerekkel
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    In this study we examine the association between subjective well-being and material welfare using the data of 3600 individuals from the TÁRKI Household Monitor for the year 2007. Most of the empirical papers on the effect of income on subjective... mehr

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    In this study we examine the association between subjective well-being and material welfare using the data of 3600 individuals from the TÁRKI Household Monitor for the year 2007. Most of the empirical papers on the effect of income on subjective well-being use either OLS regression or ordered probit model. We apply various methods to explore this relationship more deeply. Comparing the results of OLS regression with quantile regression, and the ordered probit model with a generalized ordered probit model we show that more flexible techniques provide a more complete picture of the income-satisfaction relationship. In the OLS regression income has a positive impact on satisfaction, but the quantile regression models show that this association is less strong at the upper end, and stronger at the lower end of the conditional distribution of well-being. The standard ordered probit model predicts a significant positive effect at the highest satisfaction category, whereas the generalized model finds that income does not affect the probability of this highest response. On the other hand the generalized ordered probit model predicts a more negative effect for the lower response categories of satisfaction than the standard ordered probit model. These results suggest that higher income reduces unhappiness, but one can be satisfied without high income as well. Our results draw attention to the importance of the choice of methods in satisfaction research.

     
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    Sprache: Ungarisch
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    ISBN: 9786155243851
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    hdl: 10419/108308
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Institute of Economics Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; 2013/28
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (44 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in ungar. Sprache
  18. Are more equal societies happier?
    subjective well-being, income inequality, and redistribution
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    Using four waves of the European Social Survey, we analyze the association of income inequality and redistribution with subjective well-being. Our results provide evidence that people in Europe are negatively affected by income inequality, while... mehr

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    Using four waves of the European Social Survey, we analyze the association of income inequality and redistribution with subjective well-being. Our results provide evidence that people in Europe are negatively affected by income inequality, while reduction of inequality has a positive effect on well-being. Since we simultaneously estimate the effects of inequality and its reduction, our results indicate that not only the perceived income inequality what influences subjective well-being, but also the process, the extent of redistribution, what lead to that state. These impacts are different in Eastern and Western Europe. Inequality aversion and the positive effect of redistribution seem to be stronger also for less affluent members of the societies and left-wing oriented individuals.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155243769
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    hdl: 10419/108311
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Institute of Economics Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; 2013/20
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (24 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in ungar. Sprache
  19. Roma fiatalok a középiskolában
    beszámoló a Tárki Életpálya-felvételének 2006 és 2012 közötti hullámaiból
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Labour Research Department, Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    Using the panel data of the Hungarian Life Course Survey from 2006 through 2012 we analyze the educational attainment of a cohort of Hungarian Roma and non-Roma students. This cohort started high school in 2006. High school dropout rate is 10 percent... mehr

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    Using the panel data of the Hungarian Life Course Survey from 2006 through 2012 we analyze the educational attainment of a cohort of Hungarian Roma and non-Roma students. This cohort started high school in 2006. High school dropout rate is 10 percent among non-Roma, whereas nearly 50 percent among Roma students. 75 percent of the non-Roma students take a final maturity exam, and the college attendance rate is 35 percent among them. The corresponding figures for Roma are 24 percent and 5 percent, respectively. The ethnic difference in high school attainment and college attendance are strongly related to the skills gap emerged before high school. However, almost half of the ethnic difference in high school dropout rate remains unexplained. Future studies need to answer the causes of this residual gap.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155447402
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    hdl: 10419/108503
    Schriftenreihe: Budapest working papers on the labour market ; 2014/7
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (35 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
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    Zsfassung in ungar. Sprache
  20. The association between experiential and material expenditures and subjective well-being
    new evidence from Hungarian survey data = Élményekre és tárgyakra fordított kiadások kapcsolata a szubjektív jólléttel
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: December 2015
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Budapest

    In the last decade, a number of experiments have stated that spending money on experiences rather than on material goods tends to make people happier. However, the experimental designs used to analyze the relationship between consumption and... mehr

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    In the last decade, a number of experiments have stated that spending money on experiences rather than on material goods tends to make people happier. However, the experimental designs used to analyze the relationship between consumption and subjective well-being had several limitations: small and homogeneous samples, a direct question assessing the effect of consumption, and a potential social desirability bias due to the stigmatization of materialism. To reduce these limitations, we used a survey method. In two studies based on survey data from nationally representative samples in Hungary, we estimated linear and non-linear associations of experiential and material expenditures with life satisfaction. Although both experiential and material expenditures were positively associated with life satisfaction, evidence supporting the greater return received when buying experiences was limited. The main difference between experiential purchases and material purchases was that the marginal utility of experiential purchases appeared to be linear, whereas the marginal utility of material purchases was decreasing. Despite the limited differences between the effects of experiential and material purchases, the results of the non-linear estimates indicate that to maximize life satisfaction, an average person should allocate more money to buying experiences rather than material goods.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155594236
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    hdl: 10419/144696
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; MT-DP - 2015/55
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. High-achieving minority students can have more friends and fewer adversaries
    evidence from Hungary = Roma és nem roma tanulók közti barátságok és ellenségeskedések az általános iskolában
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor
    Erschienen: November 2015
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Human Resources, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest

    This study examines friendship and hostility relations between Roma students and the ethnically homogeneous non-Roma majority in Hungarian schools, where anti-Roma sentiments are strong. High-achieving Roma students have significantly more friends... mehr

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    This study examines friendship and hostility relations between Roma students and the ethnically homogeneous non-Roma majority in Hungarian schools, where anti-Roma sentiments are strong. High-achieving Roma students have significantly more friends and fewer adversaries than low-achieving ones because of more non-Roma friends, fewer non-Roma adversaries, and the same number of Roma friends and adversaries. The associations are strong for publicly observable GPA but weak for unobserved test scores and may be the results of assignment to the same classes for many years. Simulations suggest that a mixed policy of desegregation and closing the achievement gap may best foster positive interethnic relations in this environment.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155594212
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    hdl: 10419/173665
    Schriftenreihe: Budapest working papers on the labour market ; BWP - 2015/7
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Poor housing quality and the health of newborns and young children
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Szabó, Bence
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    This study uses linked administrative data on live births, hospital stays, and census records for children born in Hungary between 2006 and 2011 to examine the relationship between poor housing quality and the health of newborns and children aged 1-2... mehr

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    This study uses linked administrative data on live births, hospital stays, and census records for children born in Hungary between 2006 and 2011 to examine the relationship between poor housing quality and the health of newborns and children aged 1-2 years. We show that poor housing quality, defined as lack of access to basic sanitation and exposure to polluting heating, is not a negligible problem even in a high-income EU country like Hungary. This is particularly the case for disadvantaged children, 20-25% of whom live in extremely poorquality homes. Next, we provide evidence that poor housing quality is strongly associated with lower health at birth and a higher number of days spent in inpatient care at the age of 1- 2 years. These results indicate that lack of access to basic sanitation, hygiene, and nonpolluting heating and their health impacts cannot be considered as the exclusive problem for low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries, there is also a need for public policy programs that identify those affected by poor housing quality and offer them potential solutions to reduce the adverse effects on their health.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282249
    Schriftenreihe: KRTK KTI working papers ; KRTK KTI WP - 2023, 28 (September 2023)
    Schlagworte: health at birth; early childhood health; housing quality; basic sanitation; indoor air pollution
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Idő és pénz a gyereknevelésben Magyarországon, 1993-2010
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Kertesi, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Közgazdaság-tudományi Intézet, Közgazdaság- és Regionális Tudományi Kutatóközpont, Budapest

    This study examines social differences in time use and expenditures and their evolution over time among families with young children. The analysis is based on the KSH Time Use and Household Budget Surveys. Our results show that families with higher... mehr

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    This study examines social differences in time use and expenditures and their evolution over time among families with young children. The analysis is based on the KSH Time Use and Household Budget Surveys. Our results show that families with higher educational attainment spend more on items and activities of enrichment than families with lower educational attainment. In addition, higher educated mothers and fathers also spend more time on childcare and activities that directly or indirectly develop their children's skills than parents with lower education. The differences are enormous. On average, two-child families where both parents have tertiary education spend 350 hours more on childcare activities and 400 thousand HUF more on items and activities of enrichment than families where the parents have secondary education. In addition, we also see significant changes over time. Social differences in time spent with children and enrichment expenditure have increased during the 1990s and 2000s.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282204
    Schriftenreihe: KRTK-KTI műhelytanulmányok ; KRTK-KTI WP - 2022, 11 (2022 június)
    Schlagworte: time use; childcare; enrichment expenditures; social inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Smoking ban and health at birth
    = Dohányzási tilalom és születéskori egészség
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: February 2017
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    In 2012, smoking restrictions were extended to hospitality venues in Hungary. Women working in bars and restaurants were primarily affected by the intervention. In this research, we analyze the effect of this smoking ban on the outcomes of their... mehr

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    In 2012, smoking restrictions were extended to hospitality venues in Hungary. Women working in bars and restaurants were primarily affected by the intervention. In this research, we analyze the effect of this smoking ban on the outcomes of their intended pregnancies. Using complete individual live birth, fetal loss (miscarriage, stillbirth), and infant mortality registry data, we examine the probability of live birth, indicators of health at birth, and the probability of death in the first year of life. We perform a difference-in-differences estimation and show that the smoking ban has improved health at birth of the newborns of mothers working in bars and restaurants and has reduced infant mortality among them. Performing a series of robustness tests, we provide evidence that strongly supports the causal interpretation of our results. We also show that the ban was more beneficial for newborns of parents with low educational attainment and with lower fetal health endowments.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155594885
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    hdl: 10419/190467
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; MT-DP - 2017, 6
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Élmények és tárgyak fogyasztásának kapcsolata a szubjektív jólléttel
    Autor*in: Hajdu, Tamás; Hajdu, Gábor
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

    n this paper we analyze whether people who spend money on experiences rather than material things are more satisfied. Previous psychological studies have several drawbacks, and therefore their results might be biased and unreliable. Trying to avoid... mehr

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    n this paper we analyze whether people who spend money on experiences rather than material things are more satisfied. Previous psychological studies have several drawbacks, and therefore their results might be biased and unreliable. Trying to avoid these drawbacks in this research we use large-scale representative survey databases from Hungary. In the first study we analyze two pooled cross-sectional surveys (TÁRKI Household Monitor 2005 and 2007), in the second study we analyze a subsample of the Hungarian Household Budget Survey (HBS). We estimate the association of expenditures with life satisfaction using linear and non-linear models as well. We demonstrate that experiences associate stronger with life satisfaction than material things, thus our evidences based on survey data corroborate the previous results from the psychological experiments. In addition, we show that marginal effect of material expenditures is diminishing, whereas marginal effect of experiential expenditures is constant. It means that, ceteris paribus, a reallocation of the expenditures might increase individuals' well-being. The magnitude of this gain is similar to a 10 percent increase in income and expenditures. Although this analysis is not able to establish causality between expenditures and satisfaction, at the end of the paper we suggest a minor modification of the HBS which can make possible to analyze the causal relationship between expenditures and well-being.

     
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    ISBN: 9786155447259
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    hdl: 10419/108339
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Institute of Economics Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; 2014/11
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (38 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in ungar. Sprache