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  1. China's public procurement protectionism and Europe's response: the case of medical technology
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guildea, Anna; Guinea, Oscar; Lamprecht, Philipp
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  ECIPE, European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    This paper concerns China's market for medical technologies and how the Chinese state is assisting its own companies to gain greater sales at the expense of producers from Europe and other advanced manufacturing economies. The medical technology... mehr

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    This paper concerns China's market for medical technologies and how the Chinese state is assisting its own companies to gain greater sales at the expense of producers from Europe and other advanced manufacturing economies. The medical technology sector captures a variety of products, services and solutions which are essential to the provision of healthcare to citizens. Examples range from fairly simple technologies such as sticking platers, to complex ones, such as coronary stents, orthopaedics and pacemakers. In the last decades, Europe's exports of medical devices to China have grown robustly. On the back of vibrant innovation, firms from Europe and elsewhere have not just followed the growth of Chinese demand for medical devices - they have also increased their share of Chinese imports. Now, however, this market is at risk of being gradually closed off for European firms as China doubles down on various policies that advantage local firms, while ultimately harming innovation and Chinese patients.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246735
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE policy brief ; no. 2021, 12
    Schlagworte: Medizintechnik; Industriepolitik; Staatliche Einflussnahme; Öffentlicher Auftrag; Protektionismus; Importsubstitution; China; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. When the state becomes the only buyer
    monopsony in China's public procurement of medical technology
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guildea, Anna; Guinea, Oscar
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

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    hdl: 10419/280800
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE policy brief ; no. 2022, 04
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Auftrag; Medizintechnik; Monopson; China
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The EU Digital Markets Act
    assessing the quality of regulation
    Autor*in: Bauer, Matthias; Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Van der Marel, Erik; Sharma, Vanika
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    The proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA) is an opportunity to prevent and remedy anti-competitive conduct by large digital platforms. If the Act is designed in an adequate manner to target specific problems, it can improve the contestability of... mehr

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    The proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA) is an opportunity to prevent and remedy anti-competitive conduct by large digital platforms. If the Act is designed in an adequate manner to target specific problems, it can improve the contestability of platform services markets and markets that rely substantially on digital services. However, the DMA takes a novel approach to regulation, and novelty in concepts and regulatory requirements can lead to outcomes that later have to be corrected. Fortunately, the EU is not alone in experimenting with new regulations that specifically target the market power of large digital platforms. There is a great scope for policymakers to learn from similar frameworks in Europe and the United States. In this study, we compare key parts of the DMA proposal with similar legislation implemented or proposed in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States - in light of established principles for good regulatory design. We analyse the structure and quality of these regulations, not if they go in a certain ideological, political or commercial direction. We find that there are some areas where the EU could learn from other proposals to make the DMA more fit for purpose, and avoid unintended consequences on Europe's economy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280802
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE policy brief ; no. 2022, 02
    Schlagworte: Daten; Digitale Plattform; Online-Handel; Regulierung; IT-Recht; EU-Recht; Vergleich; Deutschland; USA; Digital Markets Act
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  4. The benefits of intellectual property rights in EU Free Trade Agreements
    full report
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Lamprecht, Philipp; Van der Marel, Erik
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    This study brings together two major sources of growth in the modern economy: trade and new ideas. Trade is a crucial process to improve economic specialisation and raise the productivity of economies. It is also a channel to diffuse technology and... mehr

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    This study brings together two major sources of growth in the modern economy: trade and new ideas. Trade is a crucial process to improve economic specialisation and raise the productivity of economies. It is also a channel to diffuse technology and knowledge across countries. International exchange is therefore helping countries to modernise their economies. New ideas are all the innovations, technologies, know-how and business models that gradually power the economy - the intangible assets that define a significant part of modern economic growth. They are the basis for a society's stock of intellectual property, and that stock increases every time there are investments in research and development, production methodologies, brands, novel product design, business know-how and new artistic creations. Most societies allow for protection of intellectual property because intellectual property is necessary for prosperity. Our mission for this multi-year study was to get a much better and granular understanding of what role that intellectual property rights (IPRs) play for trade, productivity and growth, and how trade policies for IPRs have developed over time. Even by our cautious estimates, the results are very clear: copyrights, geographical indications, patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights support trade and value added in Europe, and stronger IPR provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) increase the payoff even more.

     
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    hdl: 10419/251095
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2022, 1
    Schlagworte: Immaterialgüterrechte; Freihandelsabkommen; Handelsabkommen; EU-Staaten; Welt
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 201 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The new wave of defensive trade policy measures in the European Union
    design, structure, and trade effects
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Lamprecht, Philipp; Sharma, Vanika; Zilli Montero, Renata
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    This study undertakes a comprehensive review of proposed and adopted defensive trade policy instruments in the EU, with the purpose of better understanding their design, functioning, and implications. The study covers eight policy instruments at... mehr

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    This study undertakes a comprehensive review of proposed and adopted defensive trade policy instruments in the EU, with the purpose of better understanding their design, functioning, and implications. The study covers eight policy instruments at different stages of development. These are: Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI), International Procurement Instrument (IPI), Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Foreign Subsidy Instrument (FSI), Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (DD), Level Playing Field Provisions in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (LPF), Enforcement Regulation (ER), and the Deforestation Initiative (DI).

     
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    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2022, 04
    Schlagworte: EU-Außenwirtschaftspolitik; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 142 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. After the DMA, the DSA and the New AI regulation
    mapping the economic consequences of and responses to new digital regulations in Europe
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Van der Marel, Erik; Sisto, Elena
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    The European Union (EU) has pursued an ambitious agenda for regulating the digital economy, and it is now planning to establish a new package of regulations, including the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Digital Services Act (DSA), and a new... mehr

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    The European Union (EU) has pursued an ambitious agenda for regulating the digital economy, and it is now planning to establish a new package of regulations, including the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Digital Services Act (DSA), and a new regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI). These regulations build on an already established structure of digital and business regulations in Europe that is comparatively restrictive but that varies substantially between EU member states. In this study, we take stock of the new incoming regulations and review their effect on EU member states' economies. More precisely, the paper considers how different countries in Europe will be affected by the regulations and how they should balance these effects with policies that help the economy to prosper.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2022, 03
    Schlagworte: Electronic Commerce; Online-Handel; Regulierung; Wirkungsanalyse; EU-Staaten; Digital Markets Act; Digital Services Act; Schätzung; Wirkungsanalyse
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The economic dividend of competitiveness
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Lamprecht, Philipp; Sisto, Elena; Van der Marel, Erik
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    In a world of technological and economic rivalry, the EU must devote increased attention to its competitiveness. Higher levels of competitiveness will help the EU build a more prosperous economy which will in turn produce innovation and resources to... mehr

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    In a world of technological and economic rivalry, the EU must devote increased attention to its competitiveness. Higher levels of competitiveness will help the EU build a more prosperous economy which will in turn produce innovation and resources to address the great challenges of our time. ECIPE published a study presenting a competitiveness compass with concrete policy recommendations that will improve EU's competitiveness. These policy recommendations, once implemented, will bring tangible benefits to the EU economy in the form of higher levels of trade and productivity. This report presents five scenarios in which the EU pursues competitiveness policies that lead to higher economic growth.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280810
    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2023, 02
    Schlagworte: Internationaler Wettbewerb; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. A compass to guide EU policy in support of business competitiveness
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Lamprecht, Philipp; Sharma, Vanika; Sisto, Elena; Van der Marel, Erik
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    The EU agenda for improving competitiveness is missing in action. Economic competitiveness has been a central plank in the development of the European Union - a relentless quest for policies that lead to more prosperity and that make European... mehr

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    The EU agenda for improving competitiveness is missing in action. Economic competitiveness has been a central plank in the development of the European Union - a relentless quest for policies that lead to more prosperity and that make European companies in world markets more successful. However, since the end of the Lisbon Agenda in 2010, economic competitiveness seems to have fallen off the EU map. This Agenda had its flaws, but it rightly sought to make Europe "the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-economy in the world". The impression now is that Europe is on the retreat and the current European Commission is the first without a strategy to strengthen competitiveness at the EU level since the early 1990s. Hopefully, a course correction may now be on its way. Ursula von der Leyen has promised a "competitiveness check" on new EU policy. With the strong economic headwinds facing Europe and the world, the EU needs to pursue structural economic reforms that raise productivity and growth. This report offers a map and a competitiveness compass for the EU to find a new path towards a flourishing society. The report takes aim at faster economic growth in Europe. Growth is not the only target for the economy but is a prerequisite to achieve many of the non-economic objectives that are important. For instance, improved rates of growth are necessary to boost living standards in Europe, and to give many more citizens economic opportunities that have been absent after a decade of strong economic turbulence. Faster growth and stronger European competitiveness are also central in an age of increasing geopolitical frictions and war. The West and its allies are economically strong and innovative. But it is equally obvious that their economic power to command the direction of the world economy has weakened, and that the only way to fight against the economic gravity that takes more business, investment and innovation to China and other emerging economies is to make our own economies more competitive. Moreover, there is no environmental sustainability without innovation. To address climate change, Europe need as much technological progress as it can muster.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2022, 06
    Schlagworte: Wettbewerb; Wettbewerbspolitik; Regulierung; EU-Wettbewerbsrecht; Theorie; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. If the EU was a state in the United States
    comparing economic growth between EU and US states
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Roy, Oscar du
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

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    hdl: 10419/280815
    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2023, 07
    Schlagworte: Wirtschaftswachstum; Vergleich; Teilstaat; USA; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Standing up for competition
    market concentration, regulation, and Europe's quest for a new industrial policy
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Erixon, Fredrik
    Erschienen: March 2019
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    After the failed merger of Alstom and Siemens - the two giants of Europe's railway manufacturing sector - the French and the German governments presented a manifesto with a set of radical proposals designed to reshape EU industrial and competition... mehr

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    After the failed merger of Alstom and Siemens - the two giants of Europe's railway manufacturing sector - the French and the German governments presented a manifesto with a set of radical proposals designed to reshape EU industrial and competition policy. In an article addressed to all European citizens, the President of France, Emmanuel Macron, urged for reform of EU competition policy, to protect Europe from foreign competition[1]. MEP Guy Verhofstadt, the leader of the European liberals, supports similar claims that Europeans cannot compete with Chinese or American firms[2]. One of the Franco-German suggestions would empower the European Council to veto European Commission decisions on competition policy. French and German Ministers argue that Europe's competitiveness in manufacturing is in decline. Somehow weakening EU competition policy, the manifesto claims, will strengthen Europe's competitiveness. This argument is wrong. To be competitive, European firms need more not less competition. Measures to promote market competition in Europe should be at the front and centre of any future industrial policy. Unfortunately, the evidence shows that market competition in Europe is not rising but declining.

     
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    hdl: 10419/202462
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2019, 01
    Schlagworte: EU-Industriepolitik; EU-Kartellrecht; EU-Wettbewerbsrecht; Konzentrationsrate; Vergleich; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Learning to love trade again
    time to think small
    Autor*in: Lavin, Frank; Guinea, Oscar
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    We are at the moment, the first in seventy-five years, where there is no international consensus in support of trade. Indeed, trade is unloved, unsupported, and even unwanted. There is no shortage of topics in the rhetoric of trade complaints: from... mehr

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    We are at the moment, the first in seventy-five years, where there is no international consensus in support of trade. Indeed, trade is unloved, unsupported, and even unwanted. There is no shortage of topics in the rhetoric of trade complaints: from the rapid rise of China to Coronavirus as a metaphor for the evils of greater connectivity. Regardless of the validity of these complaints, none of them negate the central truth of trade: countries that engage in trade move ahead, and those that do not, stagnate. Our political leaders disagree. Anti-trade positions are held by leaders across the political spectrum, from Donald Trump to Bernie Sanders. And yet, the public is increasingly warm to the idea of trade. When Gallup asks Americans, "Do you see foreign trade more as an opportunity for economic growth through increased U.S. exports or a threat to the economy from foreign imports?" a record high of 79% see trade as an opportunity, with 18% viewing it as a threat. How did the world arrive at this moment where the benefits of trade are clearly evidenced while trade has become politically toxic? We identify four main factors: (i) U.S. absenteeism from the leadership role; (ii) detachment between trade and security architecture; (iii) no alternative leadership in Europe or elsewhere; and (iv) the cumbersome WTO process. Against this background we put forward five initiatives that will be big enough to count but unobjectionable enough to be adopted.

     
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    hdl: 10419/251090
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2020, 03
    Schlagworte: Handel; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; Welt
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Trade and competitiveness
    putting the firm at the centre of the analysis
    Autor*in: Cernat, Lucian; Guinea, Oscar
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    The European Commission published its communication for the long-term competitiveness of the EU. Trade and Open Strategic Autonomy were among the selected policy areas that will drive EU competitiveness in the future and trade with the rest of the... mehr

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    The European Commission published its communication for the long-term competitiveness of the EU. Trade and Open Strategic Autonomy were among the selected policy areas that will drive EU competitiveness in the future and trade with the rest of the world as a share of EU Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was the selected indicator to measure progress. This Policy Brief proposes a new set of indicators that complement this and similar indicators that focus on the value of trade. Using the Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) database, this paper produces indicators that measure the number of exporters, non-EU suppliers, non-EU customers, and foreign companies. By putting the firm at the centre of the analysis, these indicators offer insights that complement policy-makers' views on trade and competitiveness.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280814
    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2023, 06
    Schlagworte: Außenhandel; Standortwettbewerb; Internationaler Wettbewerb; Wirtschaftsindikator; Exportwirtschaft; Importwirtschaft; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Calling on the EU-US Trade and Technology Council
    how to deliver for the planet and the economy
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Sharma, Vanika; Lamprecht, Philipp; Pandya, Dyuti; Roy, Oscar du
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), [Brussels, Belgium]

    This Policy Brief proposes the establishment of an agreement on conformity assessment between the EU and the US that covers machinery and electrical equipment. The initiative aims to increase the number of European and US conformity assessment bodies... mehr

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    This Policy Brief proposes the establishment of an agreement on conformity assessment between the EU and the US that covers machinery and electrical equipment. The initiative aims to increase the number of European and US conformity assessment bodies authorized to test and certify EU and US machinery and electrical equipment for exports into each other's markets, without recognizing the equivalency or otherwise altering the product requirements in regulation, standards, or other normative documents on either side. While this study focuses on the economic effects of an agreement on conformity assessment that includes machinery and electrical equipment, the scope of such an agreement could potentially be extended to several additional product categories, particularly those that are subject to requirements for mandatory third-party conformity assessment in both the EU and the US.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2024, 04
    Schlagworte: Internationales Abkommen; Elektrotechnik; Elektronisches Produkt; Produktsicherheit; Standardisierung; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik; EU-Staaten; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Regulating the working conditions of platform work
    what can we learn from EU member states?
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Sisto, Elena; Roy, Oscar du
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), [Brussels, Belgium]

    This Policy Brief offers a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the regulatory frameworks governing platform work in four European countries. The comparative analysis draws upon research conducted by the OECD and the World Economic Forum (WEF)... mehr

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    This Policy Brief offers a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the regulatory frameworks governing platform work in four European countries. The comparative analysis draws upon research conducted by the OECD and the World Economic Forum (WEF) on the principles of good regulation. Adapting this research to the context of digital platforms, three key principles for assessing the regulation of working conditions on these platforms were identified: (i) the consistency with the policy objective of improving the working conditions of platform workers; (ii) the feasibility of implementing the regulatory requirements; (iii) the presence of regulatory requirements; (iii) the presence of regulatory dialogue and appeal mechanisms.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2024, 02
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsbedingungen; Digitale Plattform; Digitalökonomie; Regulierung; Arbeitsrecht; Vergleich; Spanien; Frankreich; Estland; Griechenland; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  15. Keeping up with the US
    why Europe's productivity is falling behind
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Roy, Oscar du
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), [Brussels, Belgium]

    The European Union stands at a crossroads. For decades, the EU's productivity growth has consistently lagged the United States, leading to slower growth in living standards and decline in global economic power. While short-term factors like the... mehr

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    The European Union stands at a crossroads. For decades, the EU's productivity growth has consistently lagged the United States, leading to slower growth in living standards and decline in global economic power. While short-term factors like the strong US fiscal expansion have widened the gap in nominal GDP growth in recent years, the fact is that Europe has trailed the US economic development for several decades and the root of the problem lies in deeper structural issues within the European economy.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2024, 09
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Trading up
    an EU trade policy for better market access and resilient sourcing
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Lamprecht, Philipp; Roy, Oscar du; Sisto, Elena; Zilli, Renata
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), [Brussels, Belgium]

    Europe's competitiveness could be substantially improved by a trade policy that facilitates more trade and other forms of cross-border exchange. The evidence is clear: the EU trades less with the rest of the world than would be expected given the... mehr

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    Europe's competitiveness could be substantially improved by a trade policy that facilitates more trade and other forms of cross-border exchange. The evidence is clear: the EU trades less with the rest of the world than would be expected given the size of its economy. With 85 percent of global growth happening outside of the EU - and with an increasing share of all new technologies, innovations, patents, human capital, and R&D expenditure emerging in other parts of the world than Europe - the EU needs to find better ways to integrate with international markets. It is now becoming urgent for the EU to revive its international trade policy.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2024, 08
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  17. Strategic autonomy and the competitiveness of Europe's innovative pharmaceutical sector
    a wake-up call
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    It is high time for Europe to break its relative decline in the pharmaceutical sector. Europe used to be the preeminent region in the world for Research and Development and innovation in the sector - being the location for a majority of R&D and the... mehr

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    It is high time for Europe to break its relative decline in the pharmaceutical sector. Europe used to be the preeminent region in the world for Research and Development and innovation in the sector - being the location for a majority of R&D and the development of new medicines. However, its competitiveness has been going down for several decades - and, in more recent time, the pace of the decline is now accelerating. Europe is not just outpaced by the United States. Unless there is a new direction, China will soon be ahead of Europe too.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2023, 05
    Schlagworte: Pharmaindustrie; Innovation; Forschung; Internationaler Wettbewerb; Technologiepolitik; Europa; Welt
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Reforming Standard Essential Patents
    trade, specialisation, and international jurisprudence
    Autor*in: Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    The European Commission is considering a radical overhaul of the system governing Standard Essential Patents (SEPs). A leaked proposal suggests that the Commission wants to take control over the registration of SEPs, take efforts to regulate their... mehr

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    The European Commission is considering a radical overhaul of the system governing Standard Essential Patents (SEPs). A leaked proposal suggests that the Commission wants to take control over the registration of SEPs, take efforts to regulate their essentiality, and intervene in negotiations over royalty rates if parties do not come to an agreement. The underlying assumption is that such a system will benefit SEP implementers and the European economy, and that the common holders of SEPs will be cut down a size or two. Using data on trade, specialisation, and market revenues, this paper comes to a different conclusion: the EU economy is likely to be a net loser if the balance between holders and implementers is changed. Moreover, there is a general and fundamental interest for Europe to preserve a system of standards and SEPs that allows it to punch above its weight in international policies and practices in standards and patents.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2023, 04
    Schlagworte: Patent; Internationales Patentrecht; Standardisierung; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. In support of market-driven standards
    Autor*in: Bauer, Matthias; Erixon, Fredrik; Guinea, Oscar; Sharma, Vanika
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    The EU published its new Standardisation Strategy in 2022. The strategy contains some good ideas to improve the way European standards are set. However, in its attempt to gain more control over technical standards, the EU risks killing the goose that... mehr

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    The EU published its new Standardisation Strategy in 2022. The strategy contains some good ideas to improve the way European standards are set. However, in its attempt to gain more control over technical standards, the EU risks killing the goose that lays the golden egg. The primary motivation behind the strategy is the belief that the process governing the way CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI - the three European Standardisation Organisations - take decisions over EU standards favours non-EU multinationals. To address this perceived imbalance, EU National Standardisation Bodies will have the exclusive power to accept standardisation requests, and adopt, revise and withdraw European technical standards. These changes are particularly significant for ETSI, Europe's Standardisation Body in charge of telecommunication standards and one of Europe's most successful organisations. ETSI is a prime example of EU normative power since it hosts companies from more than 60 countries, while retaining a large membership of EU firms.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; no. 2023, 01
    Schlagworte: Standardisierung; EU-Forschungspolitik; Informationstechnik
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  20. EU and Mercosur in the twenty-first century: taking stock of the economic and cultural ties
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Sharma, Vanika
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    This policy brief examines the latest developments in the EU-Mercosur economic relationship and outlines the existing non-economic relationship in order to contextualise the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement and its potential for strengthening common... mehr

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    This policy brief examines the latest developments in the EU-Mercosur economic relationship and outlines the existing non-economic relationship in order to contextualise the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement and its potential for strengthening common bonds between both regions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/256829
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE policy brief ; no. 2021, 15
    Schlagworte: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; Internationale Beziehungen; Außenhandel; Auslandsinvestition; Mercosur-Staaten; EU-Staaten
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  21. Globalization comes to the rescue: how dependency makes us more resilient
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Forsthuber, Florian
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels, Belgium

    A new consensus is growing across the European Union - and other parts of the world too: that globalization has gone too far. The argument goes as follows: as an exchange for higher efficiency and lower prices, Europe has sacrificed its ability to... mehr

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    A new consensus is growing across the European Union - and other parts of the world too: that globalization has gone too far. The argument goes as follows: as an exchange for higher efficiency and lower prices, Europe has sacrificed its ability to take care of itself and protect its own citizens. The Covid-19 crisis has revealed how much Europe depends on the rest of the world for products like medical goods and medicines. Therefore, if Europe does not want to live through another shortage of essential supplies, the lesson of the Covid-19 crisis is that the EU has to produce these products itself. This conclusion may sound intuitive but it is fundamentally wrong. Europe is not overly dependent on the rest of the world because most trade in the EU is done within its own borders. New evidence presented in this paper shows that there were only 112 products, making just 1.2% of the value of EU total imports, for which the four largest suppliers were non-EU countries as compared to more than two thousand products for which the four largest suppliers were from EU member states. And while not every product is equally important in the face of a global pandemic, there is not a single Covid-19 related good for which all EU imports only came from non-EU countries. This paper debunks the idea that the EU is too reliant on other countries. Instead, our analysis shows that imports from the rest of the world make every EU member state more resilient by diversifying its sources of supply.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE occasional paper ; 2020, 06
    Schlagworte: Globalisierung; Auslandsverlagerung; Coronavirus; Nationale Sicherheit; Diversifikation; Coping-Strategie; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Should the EU pursue a strategic ginseng policy?
    trade dependency in the brave new world of geopolitics
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Sharma, Vanika
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    Political leaders all over the world are calling for strategic autonomy. The removal of critical trade dependencies has become a guiding principle in most policy proposals, including the EU's new industrial strategy. In making these decisions, it is... mehr

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    Political leaders all over the world are calling for strategic autonomy. The removal of critical trade dependencies has become a guiding principle in most policy proposals, including the EU's new industrial strategy. In making these decisions, it is important for policymakers to understand the reasons behind why shortages of critical goods and technologies have emerged in the first place. The instruments that new policies cerate should respond to real problems, not invented ones. For instance, if shortages are due to temporary mismatches of supply and demand, most of them will be fixed without the need of any policy intervention. On the other hand, shortages can also be engineered by countries using their dominance in the production of certain goods to coerce other countries. As the EU experienced first-hand after the Russian war on Ukraine in 2022, the concentration of market power in the production of any product carries geopolitical risks. For that purpose, it is crucial to understand the nature of trade dependencies. This policy brief presents indicators and a conceptual framework to measure trade dependency.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280803
    Schriftenreihe: ECIPE policy brief ; no. 2022, 05
    Schlagworte: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; Rohstoffversorgung; Rohstoffpolitik; Autonomie; EU-Industriepolitik; EU-Staaten; trade dependence
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. European economic security and access to critical raw materials
    trade, diversification, and the role of Mercosur
    Autor*in: Guinea, Oscar; Sharma, Vanika
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels, Belgium

    Access to secure and stable supply of critical raw materials (CRMs) is vital for Europe's economic security. These raw materials, which are indispensable inputs for Europe's modernisation, are supplied by a handful of countries. Among them, China and... mehr

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    Access to secure and stable supply of critical raw materials (CRMs) is vital for Europe's economic security. These raw materials, which are indispensable inputs for Europe's modernisation, are supplied by a handful of countries. Among them, China and Russia are two of the most important European suppliers of CRMs. This dependency leaves the EU exposed to Chinese and Russian policies that may harm Europe's economic and political interests.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280816
    Schriftenreihe: Policy brief / ECIPE ; no. 2023, 09
    Schlagworte: Kritische Metalle; Rohstoffversorgung; Wirtschaftliche Sicherheit; Wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit; Mercosur-Staaten; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource