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  1. Simulation of options to replace the special COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress grant and close the poverty gap at the food poverty line
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We use a fiscal incidence model based on the South African 2014/15 Living Conditions Survey to simulate the poverty reduction impacts of a selection of medium-to-long-term social grant options with the goal of replacing the existing special COVID-19... mehr

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 248
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    We use a fiscal incidence model based on the South African 2014/15 Living Conditions Survey to simulate the poverty reduction impacts of a selection of medium-to-long-term social grant options with the goal of replacing the existing special COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress grant upon its expiry and closing the extreme (food poverty line) poverty gap. Our key findings are that the introduction of a household-targeted family poverty grant is theoretically able to reduce extreme poverty most efficiently; however, it faces stark implementation challenges. The basic income grant has the largest impact on poverty with its large budget and is possibly easier to implement through the tax system, but ties for the least efficient scenario. A redesigned special COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress grant is similar in budget size to the family poverty grant and presents a middle-ground in terms of efficiency and implementation challenges. Finally, topping up the child support grant is more efficient than implementing a public works programme, but both are small in size, and the former would exclude households without children, while the latter has operational constraints and competing goals, diluting its short-term poverty reduction impact. We find some sensitivity to the poverty line chosen and size of the budget, and strongly recommend that further research be conducted on the implementation aspects of new grants which may substantively change the theoretical results and ranking of options presented here. In addition, the sociological consequences of a possible shift towards a household-based social grants system may prove important.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292671051
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248379
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 165
    Schlagworte: fiscal incidence; social protection; social spending; poverty; South Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The impact of taxes and transfers of poverty and income distribution in South Africa 2014/2015
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  ACEIR, SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Beteiligt: David, Anda (MitwirkendeR)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / African Centre of Excellence for Inequality Research (ACEIR) ; no. 7 (January 2021)
    Schlagworte: Fiscal policy; fiscal incidence; social spending; inequality; poverty; taxes; transfers; education; health; housing; South Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Social distress and (some) relief
    estimating the impact of pandemic job loss on poverty in South Africa
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Up-to-date, nationally representative household income/expenditure data are crucial to estimating poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic and to policy-making more broadly, but South Africa lacks such data. We present new pandemic poverty estimates,... mehr

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    Up-to-date, nationally representative household income/expenditure data are crucial to estimating poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic and to policy-making more broadly, but South Africa lacks such data. We present new pandemic poverty estimates, simulating incomes in prepandemic household surveys using contemporary labour market data to account for job losses between 2020 Q1 and 2021 Q4. Improving on much of the existing literature, we use observed rather than simulated shocks and allow for uneven impacts of the pandemic by employment sector and demographic characteristics. We present three updating methods, using the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) Wave 5, the Living Conditions Survey 2014/15, and the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS). Giving primacy to NIDS Wave 5 produces the largest estimate of pandemicperiod job-loss-induced poverty: a headcount ratio increase at the upper-bound poverty line of 5.2 percentage points (3.1 million people/13 per cent) and poverty gap increase of 3.8 percentage points (21 per cent). Giving primacy to QLFS data produces the lowest estimated change: a headcount ratio increase of 3.0 percentage points (1.8 million people/7 per cent) and poverty gap increase of 2.5 percentage points (12 per cent). Simulating receipt of the Special COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress social grant substantially mitigates poverty effects, with a poverty headcount increase of 1.1-3.4 percentage points and a poverty gap increase of 0.2-1.5 percentage points.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292672119
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/267829
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 80
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; job loss; poverty; social grants; labour market; simulation; South Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Impact of fiscal policy on poverty and inequality in Uganda
    fiscal incidence analysis using the UNHS 2016/17
    Erschienen: October 2019
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice, [Washington, DC, USA]

    This study analyzes the incidence of public revenues (tax collection) and expenditures (including direct and indirect transfers, indirect subsidies, and in-kind transfers) on the level of poverty and inequality in Uganda, using the internationally... mehr

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    This study analyzes the incidence of public revenues (tax collection) and expenditures (including direct and indirect transfers, indirect subsidies, and in-kind transfers) on the level of poverty and inequality in Uganda, using the internationally recognized methodology developed by the Commitment to Equity institute. The results show that Uganda's fiscal policy is moderately equalizing and lowers the Gini coefficient by 3.2 points. The personal income tax, followed by education in-kind transfers, are the biggest contributors to reducing inequality. Although equalizing, fiscal policy is poverty-inducing in Uganda. Direct transfers are pro-poor in distribution but are not large enough to counteract the purchasing power reductions from indirect taxes; the poverty headcount ratio increases by 2.3 percentage points. Going forward, the combination of raising additional revenue by broadening the personal income tax base and removing valued-added tax exemptions while using the additional resources to increase the size and coverage of pro-poor direct transfers programs may alleviate poverty and reduce inequality

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 9051
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Impact of fiscal policy on poverty and inequality in Uganda
    fiscal incidence analysis using the UNHS 2016/17
    Erschienen: October 2019
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice, [Washington, DC, USA]

    This study analyzes the incidence of public revenues (tax collection) and expenditures (including direct and indirect transfers, indirect subsidies, and in-kind transfers) on the level of poverty and inequality in Uganda, using the internationally... mehr

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    Verlag (lizenzpflichtig)
    Verlag (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe
    Universität Potsdam, Universitätsbibliothek
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    This study analyzes the incidence of public revenues (tax collection) and expenditures (including direct and indirect transfers, indirect subsidies, and in-kind transfers) on the level of poverty and inequality in Uganda, using the internationally recognized methodology developed by the Commitment to Equity institute. The results show that Uganda's fiscal policy is moderately equalizing and lowers the Gini coefficient by 3.2 points. The personal income tax, followed by education in-kind transfers, are the biggest contributors to reducing inequality. Although equalizing, fiscal policy is poverty-inducing in Uganda. Direct transfers are pro-poor in distribution but are not large enough to counteract the purchasing power reductions from indirect taxes; the poverty headcount ratio increases by 2.3 percentage points. Going forward, the combination of raising additional revenue by broadening the personal income tax base and removing valued-added tax exemptions while using the additional resources to increase the size and coverage of pro-poor direct transfers programs may alleviate poverty and reduce inequality

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 9051
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Redistribution via VAT and cash transfers
    an assessment in four low and middle income countries
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    As in high-income countries, reduced rates of VAT and VAT exemptions ("preferential VAT rates") are a common feature of indirect tax systems in LMICs. Many of the goods and services that are granted preferential rates - such as foodstuffs and... mehr

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 141 (2018,11)
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    As in high-income countries, reduced rates of VAT and VAT exemptions ("preferential VAT rates") are a common feature of indirect tax systems in LMICs. Many of the goods and services that are granted preferential rates - such as foodstuffs and kerosene - seem likely to receive such treatment on the grounds that they provide a means for the government to indirectly target poorer households, for whom such expenditures may take up a large proportion of their total budget. We use microsimulation methods to estimate the impact of preferential VAT rates in four LMIC countries, considering their effect on revenues, poverty, inequality, and across the consumption distribution. We consider whether other policy tools might be better suited for the pursuit of distributional objectives by estimating the impact of existing cash transfer schemes and a hypothetical scenario where the revenue raised from broadening the VAT base is used to fund a Universal Basic Income (UBI) in each country. We find that although preferential VAT rates reduce poverty, they are not well targeted towards poor households overall. Existing cash transfer schemes are better targeted but would not provide a suitable means of compensation for a broader VAT base given issues related to coverage and targeting mechanisms. Despite being completely untargeted, a UBI funded by the revenue gains from a broader VAT base would create large net gains for poor households and reduce inequality and most measures of extreme poverty in each of the countries studied - even if only 75% of the additional VAT revenue was disbursed as UBI payments. This is the first draft of a paper examining the distributional impacts of VAT exemptions and reduced rates and direct cash (and near-cash) transfer schemes in a series of low and middle income (LMIC) countries. All results presented are preliminary; it is being shared in order to elicit comments and provide early sight of findings we consider robust.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/200300
    Schriftenreihe: IFS working paper ; W18, 11
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen