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  1. On some problems of using the Human Development Index in economic history
    Autor*in: Amendola, Nicola; Gabbuti, Giacomo; Vecchi, Giovanni
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    We argue against the use of composite indices, such as the Human Development Index (HDI), in economic history. We show that the HDI can be interpreted as a formal representation of the analyst’s ethical system. We support our claim by introducing a... mehr

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    We argue against the use of composite indices, such as the Human Development Index (HDI), in economic history. We show that the HDI can be interpreted as a formal representation of the analyst’s ethical system. We support our claim by introducing a new class of paternalistic social welfare functions (Graaff 1957, Mas-Colell, 1995) which encompasses all the HDI formulas put forth by the literature. The theoretical framework is illustrated by an empirical investigation of the long-run evolution of Italians’ living standards and civic liberties. We conclude that any history based on composite indices is one where both data and history play a minor role, if any.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259537
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 42 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: Human development index; economic wellbeing; composite indices; living standards; CES; social welfare functions; Italy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. On some problems of using the Human Development Index in economic history
    Autor*in: Amendola, Nicola; Gabbuti, Giacomo; Vecchi, Giovanni
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEIS Tor Vergata, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: CEIS Tor Vergata research paper series ; vol. 19, issue 9 = no. 527 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: Human development index; economic wellbeing; composite indices; living standards; CES; social welfare functions; Italy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Wealth, inheritance, and concentration
    an "old" new perspective on Italy and its regions from unification to the Great War
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo; Morelli, Salvatore
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Despite its relevance in 19th-century economics, wealth -its accumulation, composition, and distribution- has largely been neglected in Italian economic history. Filling this gap, we show that between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, Italy... mehr

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    Despite its relevance in 19th-century economics, wealth -its accumulation, composition, and distribution- has largely been neglected in Italian economic history. Filling this gap, we show that between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, Italy presented a historically high value of total private wealth but had relatively small relevance in total bequests flows in proportion to national income. Then, we present novel estimates of wealth concentration between 1863 and 1914, combining national tabulations of inheritance tax records and microdata archives for Milan and Naples. During this period, wealth concentration in Italy was in line with the highest levels ever recorded since the late Middle Ages. Contrary to the evidence of declining income inequality in the period -traditionally considered the industrial 'take-off' phase of Italy- we find no clear signs of trends in wealth concentration or structural changes in wealth composition. This picture is confirmed and enriched by novel findings about wealth concentration at provincial and regional levels in the early 20th century. We show a great deal of heterogeneity beyond national aggregates but find no evidence of the classic North-South divide when looking at concentration. Likewise, we find no clear link between concentration levels and asset composition or economic development. Although contemporary inequality is much lower than early 20th-century figures, the 'real' wealth of present 'millionaires' seems much higher than that of historically rich individuals. Overall, the paper lays the basis for a very long-run view of wealth in Italy and reconsiders the impact of its industrialization at the end of the Liberal period.

     
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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: November 27, 2023
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 43 (November 2023)
    Schlagworte: inequality; inheritance; wealth; Liberal Italy; Southern Question
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Wealth, inheritance, and concentration
    an "old" new perspective on Italy and its regions from unification to the great war
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo; Morelli, Salvatore
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance, Department of Economics, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance ; no. 695
    Schlagworte: inequality; inheritance; wealth; Liberal Italy; Southern Question
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The other halves of fascist Italy
    income inequality from dynamic social tables, 1900-1950
    Autor*in: Gomez-Leon, Maria; Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  UPNA, Universidad Pública de Navarra, [Pamplona]

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: July 19th
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Universidad Pública de Navarra, Departamento de Economía ; D.T. 2104
    Schlagworte: Einkommensverteilung; Geschichte; Italien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Wars, depression, and Fascism
    income inequality in Italy, 1900-1950
    Autor*in: Gómez León, Maria; Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper shows yearly estimates of income inequality in Italy from 1900 to 1950. By constructing dynamic social tables, we comprehensively assess inequality across all components of Italian society. In a context of declining inequality across... mehr

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    This paper shows yearly estimates of income inequality in Italy from 1900 to 1950. By constructing dynamic social tables, we comprehensively assess inequality across all components of Italian society. In a context of declining inequality across Europe, interwar Italy reveals a singular trajectory with a rise in inequality during WW1, markedly reversed during 1918-1922, resumed after the March on Rome and with a further increase during WW2. While consolidating the reinterpretation of inequality in interwar Europe, by showing so far overlooked short-term distributive shocks in Italy, our findings confirm the regressive nature of Italian Fascism.

     
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    hdl: 10419/273628
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 26 (September 2022)
    Schlagworte: Fascist Italy; income inequality; interwar Europe; dynamic social tables
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Those who were better off
    capital and top incomes in Fascist Italy
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    In the centennial of the March on Rome, this paper contributes to the political economy of Italian Fascism by addressing in quantitative terms the fortunes of Italian economic elites during the interwar period. Macro-economic indicators indicate... mehr

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    In the centennial of the March on Rome, this paper contributes to the political economy of Italian Fascism by addressing in quantitative terms the fortunes of Italian economic elites during the interwar period. Macro-economic indicators indicate capital accumulation and high profits, in a period characterised by international economic turmoil, alongside increasing concentration. New fiscal evidence is adopted to show the increasing relative position of the rich, including new series of top income shares. A discussion of taxation at the top and its evasion makes it possible to place these developments within the regressive economic policies of the Fascist regime.

     
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    hdl: 10419/273633
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: October 15th, 2022
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 31 (October 2022)
    Schlagworte: Fascist Italy; income inequality; interwar Europe; top incomes; capital
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. ''Non-competing social groups''?
    the long debate on social mobility in Italy (c. 1890-1960)
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    In the light of the recent literature on the intellectual history of inequality, this paper offers the first survey and a tentative classification of the Italian literature addressing issues related to social mobility, from late-19th century to the... mehr

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    In the light of the recent literature on the intellectual history of inequality, this paper offers the first survey and a tentative classification of the Italian literature addressing issues related to social mobility, from late-19th century to the 'Economic Miracle' of the 1950s. During these decades, the foremost Italian economists and statisticians (among others, Pareto, Gini, Einaudi and Pantaleoni) worked on issues, from the role of inheritance to the intergenerational transmission of status, which are very related to the modern understanding of social mobility. While reflecting the evolution and debates in Italian society, these authors participated to a broader international debate, that should lead us to reconsider the lack of interest for inequality by economists in this period.

     
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    hdl: 10419/273634
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: October 16th, 2022
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 32 (October 2022)
    Schlagworte: Social mobility; equality of opportunity; inheritance; Italian economic thought
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  9. A noi!
    income inequality and Italian fascism : evidence from labour and top income shares
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  University of Oxford, [Oxford, United Kingdom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Oxford economic and social history working papers ; number 177 (February 2020)
    Schlagworte: Politische Einstellung; Einkommensverteilung; Faschismus; Radikalismus; Arbeitslosigkeit; Italien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Wealth and ideology in Italy
    the 1923 "quasi abolition" of inheritance tax and Fascists' "middle class politics"
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    In summer 1923, pursuant to the 'full powers' granted him by the Parliament to balance the budget, Alberto De Stefani - appointed in October 1922 as Mussolini's Treasury Minister - announced the abolition of inheritance tax. The most iconic act of... mehr

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    In summer 1923, pursuant to the 'full powers' granted him by the Parliament to balance the budget, Alberto De Stefani - appointed in October 1922 as Mussolini's Treasury Minister - announced the abolition of inheritance tax. The most iconic act of Fascist 'financial restauration' of 1922-25, the abolition was never proposed before its sudden implementation. Admittedly against 'the universal tendencies of the times,' it provoked surprise and interest, in the country and abroad, but was overlooked by historians. By combining surviving archival evidence, international and Italian media, and a wide survey of other printed sources, the paper offers the first historical reconstruction of this episode - one that clarifies better than other the 'laissez-faire' nature of early Fascism. This new evidence reveals the lobbying activity carried on by pressure groups such as the bankers' association, and a young, proactive association of notaries. The debate surrounding the abolition, and the relevance attributed to it by Fascists before the 1924 election, qualify the episode as an early case of 'middle-class politics'. Indeed, within the recent historiographical revaluation of the early phase of Mussolini's power, the paper argues for the importance of 1920s fiscal policies in coalizing economic elites with the middle classes.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 04 (January 2023)
    Schlagworte: inheritance tax; Fascist Italy; interwar Europe; fiscal policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Incomes and employment of Italian women, 1900-1950
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo; Gómez León, María
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    In this paper, we aim to address a major gap in the economic history of interwar Italy, by discussing the evolution of women's incomes and employment during this crucial period of Italian and European history. After examining the available... mehr

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    In this paper, we aim to address a major gap in the economic history of interwar Italy, by discussing the evolution of women's incomes and employment during this crucial period of Italian and European history. After examining the available statistical evidence, we build on recently reconstructed dynamic social tables for Italy, from 1900 to 1950, to chart trends in both gender wage gap and female labour force participation, disaggregated by major sectors. Our methodology greatly contributes to the understanding of history of women's work for pay, placing it within the broader dynamics of income inequality. This approach also allows us to shed light on the growing gap between Fascist claims and the reality of women's work: despite discriminatory laws, throughout these decades women increased their presence and visibility in all sectors, with the only exception of agriculture. Conversely, the March on Rome marked the beginning of a strong reversal in terms of gender wage gaps. We are thus able to confirm the important role played by female work in the Fascist accumulation model, characterized by wage squeezes and reduced private consumption.

     
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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: October 31, 2023
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 39 (November 2023)
    Schlagworte: Fascist Italy; female labour force participation; wage gaps; dynamic social tables
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Fiscal sources and the distribution of income in Italy
    the Italian Historical Taxpayers' Database
    Autor*in: Gabbuti, Giacomo
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper documents the ongoing construction of the Italian Historical Taxpayers' Database (IHTD), currently consisting of 1,593,563 micro-records of income declarations filed by Italian autonomous workers in 1889, 1922 and 1933. Such a database... mehr

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    This paper documents the ongoing construction of the Italian Historical Taxpayers' Database (IHTD), currently consisting of 1,593,563 micro-records of income declarations filed by Italian autonomous workers in 1889, 1922 and 1933. Such a database results from the digitisation of a so far overlooked source, the printed lists of taxpayers' declarations for some categories of the Imposta di ricchezza mobile, the most important Italian direct tax on income until the early 1970s. To contribute to the 'rediscovery' of these sources (and Italian fiscal sources in general), the paper surveys the history of the taxpayers' lists in post-unification Italy, as well as the 'classic' arguments against the reliability of fiscal sources, in the light of available evidence. This makes possible to discuss how, while inevitably affected by biases and limitations, these sources offer historians a new perspective on the incomes of important social groups, and do so with an unparalleled level of granularity in terms of activities, geography, and gender, contributing in this way to the history of inequality during the Fascist period, and potentially to the broader economic history of post-unification Italy.

     
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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This draft: May 15, 2023
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 24 (June 2023)
    Schlagworte: income inequality; fiscal sources; Fascist Italy; Imposta di ricchezza mobile
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen