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  1. Compras públicas centralizadas em situações de emergência e calamidade pública
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Santos, Felippe Vilaça Loureiro; Lopes, Virginia Bracarense; Medeiros, Bernardo Abreu de; Santos, Franklin Brasil
    Erschienen: agosto de 2020
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    The Covid-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of institutional supply arrangements to the world and sparked predatory competition among buyers. In this context, the rationalization of demand and use of medical inputs and the centralized management o... mehr

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    The Covid-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of institutional supply arrangements to the world and sparked predatory competition among buyers. In this context, the rationalization of demand and use of medical inputs and the centralized management o these acquisitions are recommended strategies, and transposing them to the Brazilian scenario requires an appreciation of the challenges and opportunities available to public managers. Collaborative or joint purchases are one of the most effective instruments to reduce costs in healthcare systems, but neither cost reduction should be the sole objective, nor is the mere aggregation of purchases a necessary condition for such reduction. The state of public calamity instituted in February 2020 led to the rapid emergence of a provisional Law with a view to meeting more quickly and effectively the urgent needs for acquisitions and contracts, among which we highlight the provision for the use of bidding waivers in awarding frame contracts (Brazilian Price Registration System), the expansion of the use of the (more flexible) Differentiated Contracting Regime, introduction of advanced payments, and the temporary increase of the upper value threshold of the bidding waiver. However, progress may not be sufficient yet and it appears necessary to structure an innovative system for public procurement, such as the adoption of multi-supplier framework agreements. In this article, we outline three strategies to render them feasible, in addition to offering three operational deployment scenarios, according to the platform to be used (Siasg/Comprasnet or marketplace or both). The pandemic can be a great opportunity to accelerate convergence for these coordinated purchases

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2575
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 138 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Time series econometrics in a post-acquisition antitrust analysis
    the Brazilian iron ore market
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Tito, Fabiana F. M.
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    In Brazil, mergers and acquisitions are usually analyzed by the Antitrust Authorities ex post, following a SCP framework close to the Merger Guidelines applied in the USA. However, this framework was unable to address a set of acquisitions of four... mehr

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    In Brazil, mergers and acquisitions are usually analyzed by the Antitrust Authorities ex post, following a SCP framework close to the Merger Guidelines applied in the USA. However, this framework was unable to address a set of acquisitions of four mining companies by the newly privatized national champion CVRD. The present article reports an econometric exercise undertaken by the Brazilian Ministry of Justice, which came to reinforce the definition of the relevant geographic market and to test for structural breaks in the price series. Though international prices Grangercaused domestic prices in Brazil, they explain less than a third of the variance. A price surge on the acquired miners' series was observed above the export price increase not long after the acquisitions, such that a structural break could not be rejected.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220270
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 182 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Relevant market delineation and horizontal merger simulation
    a unified approach
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    While often times the Hypothetical Monopolist Test (HMT) utilized in relevant market delineation is implemented with uniform price increases throughout all the goods in the candidate relevant market, since 1984 the versions of the U.S. Merger... mehr

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    While often times the Hypothetical Monopolist Test (HMT) utilized in relevant market delineation is implemented with uniform price increases throughout all the goods in the candidate relevant market, since 1984 the versions of the U.S. Merger Guidelines have emphasized that these small but significant and non-transitory increase in prices (SSNIP) should be profit-maximizing, what would result in uniform increases only under very particular conditions. Such increases could then be analyzed - sufficient data existing for such - in the same manner as the simulations of unilateral effects of mergers, introduced in the 1980s and further developed in the 1990s. Thus, in this article, building on structural models of demand and supply and on recent contributions to the literature, we propose a unified framework for merger simulations and for the so-called HMT in its diversity of versions implemented in various countries along the years, and we better detail their differences. To illustrate those differences, we report the results of a Monte Carlo experiment using three demand specifications: isoelastic, linear and linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), all of them in a two-stage budget setting. We conclude that the choice of the test version and of the demand specification may affect significantly the size of the relevant market found, depending on the distribution and magnitude of cross and own price elasticities in the potential market.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 185 (January 2015)
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  4. Estimations of generic drug entry in Brazil using count versus ordered models
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Caballero, Barbara
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced... mehr

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    Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced bioequivalence tests and facilitated generic drugs' substitution for the pioneer drugs at dispensing. Genuine generic drug entry may be dated back to 2000, when the first applications were approved. Price controls were gradually resumed in the turn of the century. The present article estimates entry of generic versions of off-patent drugs into various therapeutic classes using both count data and ordered multinomial models. Results point out that a simple Poisson model fits the data poorly, calling for further modelling of overdispersion or of excess zeros by applying Negative Binomial and zero-inflated count models. Ordered models seem to provide a worse fit, even though the explaining variables display the same pattern of significance and signs. Most of theexplaining variables utilized are significant, in particular a proxy for potential market (lagged revenues of the drug), market concentration, and age of the pioneer drug. Multiple brands (rather than simply own-generics) and evergreening strategies seem to be effective in deterring entry.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220274
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 186 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Estimation of the Brazilian consumer demand system
    Autor*in: Asano, Seki; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: maio de 2001
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    In this study we estimate the Brazilian consumer demand system through family expenditure data, which cover all consumption categories. The model is estimated from family-level expenditures on seven consumption categories, and a new set of regional... mehr

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    In this study we estimate the Brazilian consumer demand system through family expenditure data, which cover all consumption categories. The model is estimated from family-level expenditures on seven consumption categories, and a new set of regional cost-of-living indexes. The sources for expenditures are the national expenditure surveys conducted in 1986/87 and 1995/96, which collected data from 11 metropolitan areas. Corresponding price indexes were constructed from detailed commodity prices, also from each metropolitan area. The salient features of our study are: a) price variations come from both time and regional differences, which allows us to estimate price elasticities with high precision; b) we have large variations in income (total expenditures) which is rarely available in aggregated data; and c) we can control for time specific factors by exploiting the panel structure of the data set. Contrary to the rule of thumb in empirical studies of demand systems, the estimation results display consistency with demand theory, and elasticity estimates are close to economic common sense. The estimated system will serve as a microeconomic basis for evaluating various policy-related issues.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 793
    Schlagworte: Nachfragesystem; Privater Konsum; Brasilien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Estimation of the Brazilian consumer demand system
    Autor*in: Asano, Seki; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    In this study we estimate the Brazilian consumer demand system through family expenditure data, which cover all consumption categories. The model is estimated from family-level expenditures on seven consumption categories, and a new set of regional... mehr

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    In this study we estimate the Brazilian consumer demand system through family expenditure data, which cover all consumption categories. The model is estimated from family-level expenditures on seven consumption categories, and a new set of regional cost-of-living indexes. The sources for expenditures are the national expenditure surveys conducted in 1986/87 and 1995/96, which collected data from 11 metropolitan areas. Corresponding price indexes were constructed from detailed commodity prices, also from each metropolitan area. The salient features of our study are: a) price variations come from both time and regional differences, which allows us to estimate price elasticities with high precision; b) we have large variations in income (total expenditures) which is rarely available in aggregated data; and c) we can control for time specific factors by exploiting the panel structure of the data set.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220188
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 99 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Automobile demand and supply in Brazil
    effects of tax rebates and trade liberalization on price-marginal cost markups in the 1990s
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    This work is a pioneer effort to estimate supply and demand of automobiles in Brazil with a Discrete Choice model in a differentiated product oligopolistic market. We apply a Nested Logit model to the demand side and assume differentiated product... mehr

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    This work is a pioneer effort to estimate supply and demand of automobiles in Brazil with a Discrete Choice model in a differentiated product oligopolistic market. We apply a Nested Logit model to the demand side and assume differentiated product price-setting firms on the supply side to evaluate the severe transformations undergone by the Brazilian automobile industry in the 1990s, especially policy events such as the tax rebates created for the so-called popular models (introduced in 1993) and the trade liberalization (initiated in 1991 and partially reversed in 1995 under the so-called Automotive Regime). We find that, although domestic cars still enjoyed considerably higher price-marginal cost markup rates than their imported counterparts (net of VATs and duties) in all market segments at the end of our sample (1997), these rates had dropped drastically and permanently during the 1995 import boom, not only because of import, but also from fiercer domestic competition. A perhaps striking finding is that, as opposed to what was verified in studies for other countries, popular and compacts enjoy the highest price-marginal cost markup rates, as they are significantly less threatened by imported competitors than the larger and luxurious models. These rates do not translate into higher pricecost margins in money units, but due to their high sales volumes these models account for great shares of the firms' profits.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220208
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 119 (January 2015)
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  8. Distributional effects of optimal commodity taxes combined with minimum income programs in Brazil
    Autor*in: Barbosa, Ana Luiza Neves de Holanda; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Scharth, Marcel; Asano, Seki
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Commodity taxes play an important role in Brazil and raise around 60% of the total tax revenue. This heavy reliance renders commodity taxation one of the main tools available to the government for collecting revenue and securing redistribution. In... mehr

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    Commodity taxes play an important role in Brazil and raise around 60% of the total tax revenue. This heavy reliance renders commodity taxation one of the main tools available to the government for collecting revenue and securing redistribution. In fact, Brazilian income inequity is one of the highest in the world: the wealthiest 1% of population, equivalent to 1.6 million people, earn together as much as the 50% poorest, around 80 million. The purpose of this paper is a partial equilibrium numerical micro-simulation of the distributional effects of optimal commodity taxation combined with minimum income transfers made by the government to households. The approach used to measure households welfare is a money metric indirect utility or equivalent income [King (1983)], obtained from an Almost Ideal Demand System set of parameter estimates. We plug it into the equivalent variation formula to evaluate the equity effects specified in terms of the equivalent income. The data source is a 1995-1996 national household expenditure survey, though estimated parameters come from a sample comprising a 1987-1988 wave as well. We find that our proposed minimum income programs combined with selectiveness in commodity tax structure would be useful as redistribution income instrument among households in Brazil. These results can provide some valuable contribution in the context of the increasing discussion about minimum income programs in Brazil associated with demographic characteristics such as education and family size.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220214
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 125 (January 2015)
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  9. Efficient and equitable commodity taxation
    micro-simulations based on an estimated Brazilian consumer demand system
    Autor*in: Asano, Seki; Barbosa, Ana Luiza Neves de Holanda; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    In this study we calculate the optimal commodity tax structure for Brazil. The micro-simulations are based on a complete demand system estimated with a flexible functional form [Almost Ideal Demand System, by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980)]. The data... mehr

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    In this study we calculate the optimal commodity tax structure for Brazil. The micro-simulations are based on a complete demand system estimated with a flexible functional form [Almost Ideal Demand System, by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980)]. The data source is a 1995/96 national household budget survey. Preference parameters' estimates are consistent with microeconomic demand theory and allow for a highly accurate optimal commodity tax simulation. The model features the maximization of a social welfare function, subject to a balanced government budget requirement. It is assumed that the only tax policy instrument available to the government is consumption goods' and services' taxation. The trade-off between equity and efficiency is taken into account by introducing the government's aversion to inequality into the social welfare function. We also extend our analysis by allowing for a uniform per capita lumpsum payment to be made by the government to all households. Our results show that the commodity tax structure is characterized by selective tax rates. More specifically, we found that the commodities in which the lower household's expenditure classes spend most, such as food and housing, should be subsidized. As expected, the degree of selectivity is more significant for higher inequality aversion parameters. Moreover, as the tax revenue goal increases, so do all commodity tax rates. By introducing a uniform lump-sum transfer, however, this result is reversed when the central planner's degree of aversion to inequality is high enough. On the other hand, poll transfer levels are unreasonably high; when we cap them with a binding ceiling, the former pattern is restored. We believe that our empirical findings provide a valuable contribution for the current tax policy debate in Brazil, where distributive goals have a great importance in the agenda.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 107 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Efficient and equitable commodity taxation: micro-simulations based on an estimated Brazilian consumer demand system
    Autor*in: Asano, Seki; Barbosa, Ana Luiza Neves de Holanda; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  Serviço Ed., Rio de Janeiro [u.a.]

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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 835
    Schlagworte: Verbrauchsteuer; Optimale Besteuerung; Nachfragesystem; Brasilien
    Umfang: 23 S, graph. Darst
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    Zsfassung in portug. Sprache
  11. Bens credenciais e poder de mercado: um estudo econométrico da indústria farmacêutica brasileira
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Lisboa, Marcos de Barros
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  Serviço Ed., Rio de Janeiro [u.a.]

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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 846
    Schlagworte: Pharmaindustrie; Brasilien
    Umfang: 73 S, graph. Darst
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    Literaturverz. S. 71 - 73

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  12. Automobile demand and supply in Brazil: effects of tax rebates and trade liberalization on price-marginal cost markups in the 1990s
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: 2002

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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 916
    Schlagworte: Kfz-Markt; Kfz-Industrie; Kraftfahrzeug; Nachfrage; Brasilien
    Umfang: 58 S, graph. Darst
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    Zsfassung in portug. Sprache
  13. Measuring the effects of environmental regulation in oligopolistic markets with differentiated products
    Autor*in: Ferraz, Claudio; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Motta, Ronaldo Serôa da
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  Internat. Inst. for Environment and Development [u.a.], London

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    Schriftenreihe: CREED working paper series ; 36
    Schlagworte: Umweltstandard; Mikroökonometrie; Statistischer Test; Brasilien; Fahrzeugtechnik; Environmental law; Oligopolies; Product differentiation
    Umfang: 25 S
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    Zsfassung in franz. und span. Sprache
  14. Estimation of the Brazilian consumer demand system
    Autor*in: Asano, Seki; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  Serviço Ed., Rio de Janeiro [u.a.]

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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 793
    Schlagworte: Nachfragesystem; Privater Konsum; Brasilien
    Umfang: 28 S, graph. Darst
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    Zsfassung in portug. Sprache
  15. Bens credenciais e poder de mercado
    um estudo econométrico da indústria farmacêutica brasileira
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Lisboa, Marcos de Barros
    Erschienen: novembro de 2001
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    The Brazilian pharmaceutical industry has always been targeted by the society, due to the ethical drugs' high weight in the families' consumption budgets (especially within the poorer ones) and price raises traditionally above inflation (when the... mehr

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    The Brazilian pharmaceutical industry has always been targeted by the society, due to the ethical drugs' high weight in the families' consumption budgets (especially within the poorer ones) and price raises traditionally above inflation (when the government does not run a price control). The present article aims to organize the debate on regulation for this industry. We review the literature on market failures and regulation solutions adopted for this industry worldwide and try to relate empirically drug prices to some explaining variables, based on original microdata. We find that, similarly to previous U.S. estimations, Brazilian leading brand name drugs - before a 1999 law, which created officially the generic drug defined by its bioequivalence to the reference drug, and a massive advertisement campaign for spreading use of generic drugs, run by the Ministry of Health - accommodated entry and share growth of the followers by raising their prices and retreating to a more inelastic market segment. On the other hand, followers reduce relative prices when they lose market. Therefore, a fall of the concentration index in a particular segment has ambiguous effects: if it is due to reduced leader power, followers raise their relative prices; if it is due to a tougher competition within the fringe, relative prices tend to go down.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 846
    Schlagworte: Pharmaindustrie; Brasilien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Efficient and equitable commodity taxation
    micro-simulations based on an estimated Brazilian consumer demand system
    Autor*in: Asano, Seki; Barbosa, Ana Luiza Neves de Holanda; Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: outubro de 2001
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    In this study we calculate the optimal commodity tax structure for Brazil. The micro-simulations are based on a complete demand system estimated with a flexible functional form [Almost Ideal Demand System, by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980)]. The data... mehr

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    In this study we calculate the optimal commodity tax structure for Brazil. The micro-simulations are based on a complete demand system estimated with a flexible functional form [Almost Ideal Demand System, by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980)]. The data source is a 1995/96 national household budget survey. Preference parameters' estimates are consistent with microeconomic demand theory and allow for a highly accurate optimal commodity tax simulation. The model features the maximization of a social welfare function, subject to a balanced government budget requirement. It is assumed that the only tax policy instrument available to the government is consumption goods' and services' taxation. The trade-off between equity and efficiency is taken into account by introducing the government's aversion to inequality into the social welfare function. We also extend our analysis by allowing for a uniform per capita lumpsum payment to be made by the government to all households. Our results show that the commodity tax structure is characterized by selective tax rates. More specifically, we found that the commodities in which the lower household's expenditure classes spend most, such as food and housing, should be subsidized. As expected, the degree of selectivity is more significant for higher inequality aversion parameters. Moreover, as the tax revenue goal increases, so do all commodity tax rates. By introducing a uniform lump-sum transfer, however, this result is reversed when the central planner's degree of aversion to inequality is high enough. On the other hand, poll transfer levels are unreasonably high; when we cap them with a binding ceiling, the former pattern is restored. We believe that our empirical findings provide a valuable contribution for the current tax policy debate in Brazil, where distributive goals have a great importance in the agenda.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 835
    Schlagworte: Verbrauchsteuer; Optimale Besteuerung; Nachfragesystem; Brasilien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. A agenda perdida das compras públicas
    rumo a uma reforma abrangente da lei de licitações e do arcabouço institucional
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Medeiros, Bernardo Abreu de
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    Raising the public administration's efficiency is, without any doubt, one of the greatest challenges nowadays in Brazil. The State's technical and allocative efficiency dimensions necessarily require efficiency of public agencies in the acquisition... mehr

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    Raising the public administration's efficiency is, without any doubt, one of the greatest challenges nowadays in Brazil. The State's technical and allocative efficiency dimensions necessarily require efficiency of public agencies in the acquisition of inputs for their production and supply functions of public goods and services to the population. However, unlike private firms, the State generally follows stricter criteria in selecting suppliers and pricing their purchases, as their purchases must abide to such criteria as impartiality, equality and publicity, and must follow strict legal rules. The Brazilian public procurement legislation is now 21 years old and shows clear signs of exhaustion the main Public Procurement Act is both too detailed and outdated with respect to the best practices. The institutional framework and human capital involved should also be reviewed and strengthened. Invited by the Brazilian Senate to contribute to the reform of this institutional framework, IPEA submitted proposals that are exposed here in greater depth of analysis and with a better grounding based on sound economic theory and evidence and on a broad international benchmarking of institutional frameworks. They can be summarized as follows: i) consolidation of the multiple laws existing today in one piece of legislation; ii) creation of normative and executive agencies for public procurement, with appropriate personal career profiles and equipped with adequate incentives; iii) gradual transition of the current regulation of bidding formats and other rules to the new normative agency regulations.

     
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    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/121631
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1990
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (155 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  18. Relevant market delineation and horizontal merger simulation
    a unified approach
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    While often times the Hypothetical Monopolist Test (HMT) utilized in relevant market delineation is implemented with uniform price increases throughout all the goods in the candidate relevant market, since 1984 the versions of the U.S. Merger... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    While often times the Hypothetical Monopolist Test (HMT) utilized in relevant market delineation is implemented with uniform price increases throughout all the goods in the candidate relevant market, since 1984 the versions of the U.S. Merger Guidelines have emphasized that these small but significant and non-transitory increase in prices (SSNIP) should be profit-maximizing, what would result in uniform increases only under very particular conditions. Such increases could then be analyzed-sufficient data existing for such-in the same manner as the simulations of unilateral effects of mergers, introduced in the 1980s and further developed in the 1990s. Thus, in this article, building on structural models of demand and supply and on recent contributions to the literature, we propose a unified framework for merger simulations and for the so-called HMT in its diversity of versions implemented in various countries along the years, and we better detail their differences. To illustrate those differences, we report the results of a Monte Carlo experiment using three demand specifications: isoelastic, linear and linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), all of them in a two-stage budget setting. We conclude that the choice of the test version and of the demand specification may affect significantly the size of the relevant market found, depending on the distribution and magnitude of cross and own price elasticities in the potential market.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91403
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1467
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (32 S.), graph. Darst.
  19. Delimitação de mercado relevante e simulação de fusões horizontais
    uma abordagem unificada
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    While often times the Hypothetical Monopolist Test (HMT) utilized in relevant market delineation is implemented with uniform price increases throughout all the goods in the candidate relevant market, since 1984 the versions of the U.S. Merger... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    While often times the Hypothetical Monopolist Test (HMT) utilized in relevant market delineation is implemented with uniform price increases throughout all the goods in the candidate relevant market, since 1984 the versions of the U.S. Merger Guidelines have emphasized that these small but significant and non-transitory increase in prices (SSNIP) should be profit-maximizing, what would result in uniform increases only under very particular conditions. Such increases could then be analyzed-sufficient data existing for such-in the same manner as the simulations of unilateral effects of mergers, introduced in the 1980s and further developed in the 1990s. Thus, in this article, building on structural models of demand and supply and on recent contributions to the literature, we propose a unified framework for merger simulations and for the so-called HMT in its diversity of versions implemented in various countries along the years, and we better detail their differences. To illustrate those differences, we report the results of a Monte Carlo experiment using three demand specifications: isoelastic, linear and linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), all of them in a two-stage budget setting. We conclude that the choice of the test version and of the demand specification may affect significantly the size of the relevant market found, depending on the distribution and magnitude of cross and own price elasticities in the potential market.

     
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/90942
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1467
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (33 S.), graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  20. Estimations of generic drug entry in Brazil using count versus ordered models
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Caballero, Barbara
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Inst. de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
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    Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced bioequivalence tests and facilitated generic drugs’ substitution for the pioneer drugs at dispensing. Genuine generic drug entry may be dated back to 2000, when the first applications were approved. Price controls were gradually resumed in the turn of the century. The present article estimates entry of generic versions of off-patent drugs into various therapeutic classes using both count data and ordered multinomial models. Results point out that a simple Poisson model fits the data poorly, calling for further modelling of overdispersion or of excess zeros by applying Negative Binomial and zero-inflated count models. Ordered models seem to provide a worse fit, even though the explaining variables display the same pattern of significance and signs. Most of the explaining variables utilized are significant, in particular a proxy for potential market (lagged revenues of the drug), market concentration, and age of the pioneer drug. Multiple brands (rather than simply own-generics) and evergreening strategies seem to be effective in deterring entry.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91169
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussao / Instituto de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada ; 1511a
    Schlagworte: Generika; Brasilien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 47, XI S., 522 KB), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in portug. Sprache
  21. Estimações de entrada de medicamentos genéricos no Brasil usando modelos de contagem versus modelos ordenados
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Caballero, Barbara
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Inst. de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 194 (1511)
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    Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced bioequivalence tests and facilitated generic drugs' substitution for the pioneer drugs at dispensing. Genuine generic drug entry may be dated back to 2000, when the first applications were approved. Price controls were gradually resumed in the turn of the century. The present article estimates entry of generic versions of off-patent drugs into various therapeutic classes using both count data and ordered multinomial models. Results point out that a simple Poisson model fits the data poorly, calling for further modelling of overdispersion or of excess zeros by applying Negative Binomial and zero-inflated count models. Ordered models seem to provide a worse fit, even though the explaining variables display the same pattern of significance and signs. Most of the explaining variables utilized are significant, in particular a proxy for potential market (lagged revenues of the drug), market concentration, and age of the pioneer drug. Multiple brands (rather than simply own-generics) and evergreening strategies seem to be effective in deterring entry.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91433
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussao / Instituto de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada ; 1511
    Schlagworte: Generika; Brasilien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 50, XI S., 560 KB), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  22. Reflexões sobre os mecanismos de universalização do acesso disponíveis para o setor de telecomunicações no Brasil
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.; Neri, Marcelo Cortes
    Erschienen: 1998
    Verlag:  Serviço Ed., Rio de Janeiro [u.a.]

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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 573
    Schlagworte: Telekommunikationssektor; Telekommunikationssektor; Regulierung; Brasilien
    Umfang: 64 S. : graph. Darst
  23. Automobile demand and supply in Brazil
    effects of tax rebates and trade liberalization on price-marginal cost markups in the 1990s
    Autor*in: Fiuza, Eduardo P. S.
    Erschienen: novembro de 2002
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This work is a pioneer effort to estimate supply and demand of automobiles in Brazil with a Discrete Choice model in a differentiated product oligopolistic market. We apply a Nested Logit model to the demand side and assume differentiated product... mehr

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    This work is a pioneer effort to estimate supply and demand of automobiles in Brazil with a Discrete Choice model in a differentiated product oligopolistic market. We apply a Nested Logit model to the demand side and assume differentiated product price-setting firms on the supply side to evaluate the severe transformations undergone by the Brazilian automobile industry in the 1990s, especially policy events such as the tax rebates created for the so-called popular models (introduced in 1993) and the trade liberalization (initiated in 1991 and partially reversed in 1995 under the so-called Automotive Regime). We find that, although domestic cars still enjoyed considerably higher price-marginal cost markup rates than their imported counterparts (net of VATs and duties) in all market segments at the end of our sample (1997), these rates had dropped drastically and permanently during the 1995 import boom, not only because of import, but also from fiercer domestic competition. A perhaps striking finding is that, as opposed to what was verified in studies for other countries, popular and compacts enjoy the highest price-marginal cost markup rates, as they are significantly less threatened by imported competitors than the larger and luxurious models. These rates do not translate into higher pricecost margins in money units, but due to their high sales volumes these models account for great shares of the firms' profits.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 916
    Schlagworte: Kfz-Markt; Kfz-Industrie; Kraftfahrzeug; Nachfrage; Brasilien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen