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  1. Routinization and employment
    evidence for Latin America
    Autor*in: Gasparini, Leonardo; Lombardo, Carlo; Brambilla, Irene; César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    We study changes in employment by occupations characterized by different degree of exposure to routinization in the six largest Latin American economies over the last two decades. We combine our own indicators of routine task content based on... mehr

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    DS 165
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    We study changes in employment by occupations characterized by different degree of exposure to routinization in the six largest Latin American economies over the last two decades. We combine our own indicators of routine task content based on information from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIACC) with labor market microdata from harmonized national household surveys. We find that the increase in jobs was decreasing in the automatability of the tasks typically performed in each occupation, and increasing in the initial wage, a pattern more consistent with the traditional skill-biased technological change than with the polarization hypothesis.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250365
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 276 (marzo, 2021)
    Schlagworte: jobs; employment; technology; automation; routinization; Latin America
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The risk of automation in Latin America
    Autor*in: Brambilla, Irene; César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Gasparini, Leonardo; Lombardo, Carlo
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    In this paper we characterize workers’ vulnerability to automation in the near future in the six largest Latin American economies as a function of the exposure to routinization of the tasks that they perform and the potential automation of their... mehr

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    In this paper we characterize workers’ vulnerability to automation in the near future in the six largest Latin American economies as a function of the exposure to routinization of the tasks that they perform and the potential automation of their occupation. We combine (i) indicators of potential automatability by occupation and (ii) worker’s information on occupation and other labor variables. We find that the ongoing process of automation is likely to significantly affect the structure of employment. In particular, unskilled and semi-skilled workers are likely to bear a disproportionate share of the adjustment costs. Automation will probably be a more dangerous threat for equality than for overall employment.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250370
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 281 (junio, 2021)
    Schlagworte: jobs; employment; income distribution; automation; routinization; Latin America
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The risk of automation in Argentina
    Autor*in: Gasparini, Leonardo; Brambilla, Irene; César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Lombardo, Carlo
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    In this paper we characterize workers’ vulnerability to automation in the near future in Argentina as a function of the exposure to routinization of the tasks that they perform and the potential automation of their occupation. In order to do that we... mehr

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    In this paper we characterize workers’ vulnerability to automation in the near future in Argentina as a function of the exposure to routinization of the tasks that they perform and the potential automation of their occupation. In order to do that we combine (i) indicators of potential automatability by occupation and (ii) worker’s information on occupation and other labor variables. We find that the ongoing process of automation is likely to significantly affect the structure of employment. In particular, unskilled and semi-skilled workers are likely to bear a disproportionate share of the adjustment costs. Automation will probably be a more dangerous threat for equality than for overall employment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250349
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: January 29, 2020
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 260 (abril, 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Trade shocks and social mobility
    the intergenerational effect of import competition in Brazil
    Autor*in: César, Andrés; Ciaschi, Matías; Falcone, Guillermo; Neidhöfer, Guido
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    This paper investigates whether the impact of trade shocks on employment and wages persists across generations. Using survey data with retrospective information on parental employment, we study the causal effect of increased Chinese import... mehr

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    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    This paper investigates whether the impact of trade shocks on employment and wages persists across generations. Using survey data with retrospective information on parental employment, we study the causal effect of increased Chinese import competition in Brazilian industries on individuals with differently exposed fathers. Results show that several years after the shock, children of more exposed fathers have lower education and earnings, lower chances of formal jobs, and are more likely to rely on social assistance. These effects are substantially stronger for children from disadvantaged background, indicating that the shock had a negative impact on intergenerational mobility.

     
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    hdl: 10419/279786
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 23, 042 (10/2023)
    Schlagworte: Import competition; Education; Social Mobility; Incomes; Brazil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Organizational hierarchies and export destinations
    Autor*in: Brambilla, Irene; César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Porto, Guido G.
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    This paper proposes a new link relating export destinations and the organization of the firm. We claim that the production of higher-quality varieties exported to rich destinations induces firms to re-structure their production processes, becoming... mehr

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    This paper proposes a new link relating export destinations and the organization of the firm. We claim that the production of higher-quality varieties exported to rich destinations induces firms to re-structure their production processes, becoming organizationally more complex. We introduce a theoretical model with these features and we explore the mechanisms using a panel of Chilean manufacturing plants. Our identification strategy relies on falling tariffs on Chilean products across destinations caused by the signature of Free Trade Agreements with high-income countries (the European Union, the United States, and South Korea). We find that Chilean plants that were induced by these tariff reductions to start exporting to high-income destinations increased the number of hierarchical layers and upgraded the quality of their products. This involved the addition of qualified supervisors that facilitated the provision of higher product quality. These effects took place at new high-income exporting firms.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/289878
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 297 (Mayo, 2022)
    Schlagworte: Exports; Export destinations; Organizational change; Quality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Costs and benefits of trade shocks
    evidence from Chilean local labor markets
    Autor*in: César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Gasparini, Leonardo
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    We study Chile’s labor market responses to trade shocks during 1996-2006, exploiting spatial and time variations in trade exposure arising from initial differences in industry specialization across local labor markets and the evolution of shocks... mehr

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    We study Chile’s labor market responses to trade shocks during 1996-2006, exploiting spatial and time variations in trade exposure arising from initial differences in industry specialization across local labor markets and the evolution of shocks across industries. We take advantage of China’s supply and demand’s worldwide shocks to instrument for Chinese import competition and demand for Chilean exports. Our main finding is that increasing manufacturing import competition implied a significant rise in labor informality in more exposed local markets, especially among young and unskilled workers. These groups also suffered significant relative wage losses. Meanwhile, locations that benefited most from the increased demand for primary products experienced a relative increase in employment, particularly among young individuals, and reallocation from self-employment towards salaried jobs in the formal sector, along with relative wage gains among old-age workers. Interestingly, these areas experienced a smaller increase in tertiary education enrollment rates than less exposed areas.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289881
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 300 (Julio, 2022)
    Schlagworte: Trade Shocks; Local Labor Markets; Employment; Informality; Chile
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Robots, exports and top income inequality
    evidence for the U.S.
    Autor*in: César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Garriga, Pablo
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    The last decades have witnessed a revolution in manufacturing production characterized by increasing technology adoption and a strong expansion of international trade. Simultaneously, the income distribution has exhibited both polarization and... mehr

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    The last decades have witnessed a revolution in manufacturing production characterized by increasing technology adoption and a strong expansion of international trade. Simultaneously, the income distribution has exhibited both polarization and concentration among the richest. Combining datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, the International Federation of Robotics, EU KLEMS, and COMTRADE, we study the causal effect of industrial automation on income inequality in the U.S. during 2010–2015. We exploit spatial and time variations in exposure to robots arising from past differences in industry specialization across U.S. metropolitan areas and the evolution of robot adoption across industries. We document a robust positive impact of robotics on income for only the top 1 percent of taxpayers, which is largest for top income fractiles. Therefore, industrial automation fuels income inequality and, particularly, top income inequality. According to our estimates, one more robot per thousand workers results in relative increments of the total taxable income accruing to fractiles P99 to P99.9, P99.9 to P99.99 and P99.99 to P100, of 2.1 percent, 3.5 percent and 5.9 percent, respectively. We also find that robotization leads to increased exports to high-income and upper-middle-income economies, and that this is one of the key mechanisms behind the surge in top income inequality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289888
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 307 (Diciembre, 2022)
    Schlagworte: Robots; Automation; Metropolitan areas; United States; Exports; Income inequality; Top incomes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The impact of robots in Latin America
    evidence from local labor markets
    Autor*in: Brambilla, Irene; César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Gasparini, Leonardo
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    We study the effect of robots on labor markets in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, the major robot users in Latin America, during the period 2004{2016. We exploit spatial and time variations in exposure to robots arising from initial differences in... mehr

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    We study the effect of robots on labor markets in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, the major robot users in Latin America, during the period 2004{2016. We exploit spatial and time variations in exposure to robots arising from initial differences in industry specialization across geographic locations and the evolution of robot adoption across industries, to estimate a causal effect of robots on local labor market outcomes. We find that district’s exposure to robots causes a relative deterioration in labor market indicators such us unemployment and labor informality. We document that robots mainly replace formal salaried jobs, affecting young and semi-skilled workers to a greater extent, and that informal employment acts as a buffer that prevents a larger increase in unemployment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289893
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 312 (Abril, 2023)
    Schlagworte: Robot Adoption; Local Labor Markets; Latin America; Unemployment; Informality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Trade shocks and social mobility
    the intergenerational effect of import competition in Brazil
    Autor*in: César, Andrés; Ciaschi, Matías; Falcone, Guillermo; Neidhöfer, Guido
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    This paper investigates whether the impact of trade shocks on employment and wages persists across generations. Using survey data with retrospective information on parental employment and instrumental variables, we study the effect of increased... mehr

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 165
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    This paper investigates whether the impact of trade shocks on employment and wages persists across generations. Using survey data with retrospective information on parental employment and instrumental variables, we study the effect of increased Chinese import competition in Brazilian industries on individuals with differently exposed fathers. Results show that several years after the shock, children of more exposed fathers have lower education and earnings, lower chances of formal jobs, and are more likely to rely on social assistance. These effects are substantially stronger for children from disadvantaged background, indicating that the shock had a negative impact on intergenerational mobility.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289897
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 316 (Julio, 2023)
    Schlagworte: Import competition; Education; Social Mobility; Incomes; Brazil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Automation trends and labor markets in Latin America
    Autor*in: Brambilla, Irene; César, Andrés; Falcone, Guillermo; Gasparini, Leonardo
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper studies the effects of automation of production on labor market outcomes, and whether there is an effect of automation on functional and personal inequality in Latin America. The paper combines several data sources and empirical strategies... mehr

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    This paper studies the effects of automation of production on labor market outcomes, and whether there is an effect of automation on functional and personal inequality in Latin America. The paper combines several data sources and empirical strategies in order to approach the issues from different perspectives and to cover different dimensions of labor markets. The main issues that we focus on are: i) the hypothesis that industries with a higher share of workers performing routine tasks are more likely to be affected by automation, using indexes of task routinization by occupation; and ii) the effects of automation on industry and local labor share, employment, wages, personal inequality and poverty. We focus on seven Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru, during the period 1992-2015.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289911
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1371
    Schlagworte: automation; labor share; labor markets; functional inequality; personal inequality,Latin America
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Trade reforms and industry wage premium
    evidence from Argentina
    Autor*in: Falcone, Guillermo; Galeano, Luciana
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales, [La Plata, Argentina]

    This paper studies the impact of Argentina trade liberalization during the nineties on the industry wage premium structure. We find that accounting for unobserved time invariant industry characteristics is crucial. When we do not control for industry... mehr

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    This paper studies the impact of Argentina trade liberalization during the nineties on the industry wage premium structure. We find that accounting for unobserved time invariant industry characteristics is crucial. When we do not control for industry fixed effects, we find that workers in protected sectors receive lower wages. However, introducing industry fixed effects reverses the results; tariff protection creates sector specific rents that are in part translated to workers in terms of greater wages. Since Argentina's tariff structure during this period protected relatively more sectors employing higher proportions of skilled workers, nineties trade policy may have had an adverse effect on Argentina’s income distribution.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/177437
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; nro. 212 (mayo, 2017)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen