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  1. Climate shocks, agriculture, and migration in Nepal
    disentangling the interdependencies
    Autor*in: Arslan, Aslıhan; Egger, Eva-Maria; Mane, Erdgin; Slavchevska, Vanya
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Climate change is expected to increase the risk in agricultural production due to increasing temperatures and rainfall variability. Smallholders can adjust by diversifying income sources, including through migration. Most existing studies investigate... mehr

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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    Climate change is expected to increase the risk in agricultural production due to increasing temperatures and rainfall variability. Smallholders can adjust by diversifying income sources, including through migration. Most existing studies investigate whether households send a migrant after experiencing weather shocks, but the literature lacks evidence on migration as an ex-ante measure. In this paper, we disentangle the direct effect of weather shocks on income from agriculture from the effect of changing weather patterns over a few years on migration as a diversification strategy. Using a novel household survey from Nepal combined with 35 years of rainfall and temperature data, we model migration and agricultural production using a simultaneous estimation methodology. The results confirm the simultaneity of these decisions and show that increasing uncertainty in weather patterns and a warming climate increase outmigration in rural Nepal. These results are in line with the hypothesis that migration acts as an income diversification strategy under climate change.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789292670719
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248345
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 131
    Schlagworte: Klimaänderung; Wirkung; Auswirkung; Landwirtschaft; Bauer; Internationale Migration; Binnenwanderung; climate change; migration; agriculture; simultaneous estimation; Nepal
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The socioeconomic impact of coal mining in Mozambique
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria; Keller, Michael; Mouco, Jorge
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study assesses the impact of four coal mines in Mozambique on the socioeconomic outcomes of the local population. We combine four waves of household surveys with coal mine locations data and employ a difference-in-difference model. The timing of... mehr

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    This study assesses the impact of four coal mines in Mozambique on the socioeconomic outcomes of the local population. We combine four waves of household surveys with coal mine locations data and employ a difference-in-difference model. The timing of the surveys allows us to control for pre-trends and to differentiate between the effects during the investment and production periods. The mines led to an increase in consumption and a decline in poverty, because of workers moving out of agriculture into higher-paid jobs in the mining and service sectors. This effect is especially strong for women, who gained wage jobs and reduced unpaid family work. Access to basic services, such as drinking water, electricity, and health services, improved. Primary education completion rates increased, while children's schooling was unaffected. Negative consequences were found related to the incidence of sickness and a decline in market access, which may be related to resettling programmes.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670481
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243434
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 108
    Schlagworte: mining; coal mines; difference-in-difference; poverty; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Horizontal and intersecting inequalities in Mozambique
    1997-2017
    Autor*in: Santos, Ricardo; Egger, Eva-Maria; Salvucci, Vincenzo
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study seeks to add to the research on inequality in least developed countries, namely in Mozambique, by measuring and mapping indicators of horizontal wealth inequality along geographic regions and ethnolinguistic identities. Using census data... mehr

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This study seeks to add to the research on inequality in least developed countries, namely in Mozambique, by measuring and mapping indicators of horizontal wealth inequality along geographic regions and ethnolinguistic identities. Using census data for 1997, 2007, and 2017, we identify possible intersecting inequalities, measuring between-group inequality along joint provincial-urban/rural-ethnolinguistic identities. Additionally, we find heterogeneous evolutions of group inequality between 1997 and 2017 among the country's eleven provinces. We find that, while there is a general improvement in the average household wealth indicators, there is a strong suggestion of increasing group inequalities between 1997 and 2017. Although this is manifest throughout the country, in general, there is evidence that the southern provinces may be experiencing a more equitable development. We find evidence that this evolution may be driven by an urban-rural decoupling, added to low internal migration. These are insights from correlates. No causal inference can be made from this analysis. However, the differences in average wealth between groups, if perceived, may feed grievances. They should be better understood so that underlying causes can be addressed.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670467
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243432
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 106
    Schlagworte: inequality; horizontal wealth inequality; intersecting inequalities; wealth; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The impact of COVID-19 on consumption poverty in Mozambique
    Autor*in: Barletta, Giulia; Castigo, Finório; Egger, Eva-Maria; Keller, Michael; Salvucci, Vincenzo; Tarp, Finn
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the state of emergency implemented by the Government of Mozambique on household consumption poverty. To predict changes in income and the associated effects on poverty and inequality, we... mehr

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    This study assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the state of emergency implemented by the Government of Mozambique on household consumption poverty. To predict changes in income and the associated effects on poverty and inequality, we rely on macroeconomic impacts estimated by Betho et al. (2021) using a social accounting multiplier model. We assume two main impact channels are at work leading to higher consumption poverty: direct income/wage and employment losses. To estimate the direct income/wage losses, we use the information from Betho et al. (2021) on the impact on wages, on gross domestic product by industry, and on household income; to estimate the employment losses, we use the information on the impact on employment from Betho et al. (2021). The two impact channels are then combined to assess the final impact on consumption and poverty. Our simulations suggest that consumption decreased by between 7.1 and 14.4 per cent, and that poverty increased by between 4.3 and 9.9 percentage points in 2020, depending on the specification. This corresponds to about 2 million people entering poverty in less than a year and to a reversal of the positive poverty reduction trend observed during the period 2008/09-2014/15. While the COVID-19 shock affected urban areas the most, our results indicate that rural areas experienced a higher increase in poverty rates due to the already low levels of consumption. Poverty most certainly increased in the pre-COVID 2015- 20 period due to other shocks, so Mozambique finds itself in an intense and deepening struggle against poverty.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670344
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243420
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 94
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; poverty; inequality; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in offfarm employment?
    evidence from 12 low- and middle-income countries
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria; Arslan, Aslıhan; Zucchini, Emanuele
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Gender gaps in labour force participation in developing countries persist despite income growth or structural change. We assess this persistence across economic geographies within countries, focusing on youth employment in off-farm wage jobs. We... mehr

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    Gender gaps in labour force participation in developing countries persist despite income growth or structural change. We assess this persistence across economic geographies within countries, focusing on youth employment in off-farm wage jobs. We combine household survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa with geospatial data on population density, and estimate simultaneous probit models of different activity choices across the rural-urban gradient. The gender gap increases with connectivity from rural to peri-urban areas, and disappears in high-density urban areas. In non-rural areas, child dependency does not constrain young women, and secondary education improves their access to off-farm employment. The gender gap persists for married young women independent of connectivity improvements, indicating social norm constraints. Marital status and child dependency are associated positively with male participation, and negatively with female participation; other factors such as education are show a positive association for both sexes. These results indicate entry points for policy.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292569372
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229404
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 3
    Schlagworte: gender gap; youth; off-farm employment; Asia; Latin America; sub-Saharan Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Welfare and the depth of informality
    evidence from five African countries
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria; Poggi, Cecilia; Gutierrez Rufrancos, Hector
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study explores the relationship between household poverty and depth of informality by proposing a new measure of informality at the household level. It is defined as the share of activities (hours worked or income earned) without social... mehr

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    This study explores the relationship between household poverty and depth of informality by proposing a new measure of informality at the household level. It is defined as the share of activities (hours worked or income earned) without social insurance for wage workers in the household. We apply cross-sectional regressions to five urban sub-Saharan African countries, showing that a household head informality dummy obscures a non-linear relationship between the depth of household informality and welfare outcomes. In some countries, a small share of income from formal jobs is associated with at least the same welfare as a fully formal portfolio. By assessing transitions between household portfolios with panel data for urban Nigeria, we also show that most welfare differences are explained by selection and that movements in and out of formality cannot sufficiently change welfare trajectories. The results call for better inclusion of informal profiles to social insurance programmes.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292569631
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    hdl: 10419/243351
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 25
    Schlagworte: informality; measurement; poverty; social protection; sub-Saharan Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Effects of the COVID-19 crisis on household food consumption and child nutrition in Mozambique
    Autor*in: Squarcina, Margherita; Egger, Eva-Maria
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This study investigates the short-term impacts of an aggregate socioeconomic shock on household food consumption and children's nutrition using the case of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique. In response to the economic downturn, households are... mehr

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    This study investigates the short-term impacts of an aggregate socioeconomic shock on household food consumption and children's nutrition using the case of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique. In response to the economic downturn, households are expected to adjust their food choices both in terms of quality, towards cheaper and unhealthier food, and quantity, reducing diet diversification and increasing the exposure to malnutrition, mainly for children. Empirical evidence on such immediate effects is still scarce, mainly due to a lack of data. This paper aims to fill the evidence gap by relying on household survey data from 2019-20, which includes a detailed consumption module and anthropometric measures for children under five. We use a repeated cross-sectional econometric analysis to look at the variation in household food consumption and child nutrition before and after the pandemic. The results show that there has been a significant reduction in household food consumption and per capita caloric intake and an increase in stunting, especially among newborn children.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673024
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/273963
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 169
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; food consumption; nutrition; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Determinants of gender gaps in youth employment in urban Mozambique
    Autor*in: Bischler, Jana; Egger, Eva-Maria; Jasper, Paul; Manhique, Ivan
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In this study, we explore the correlates of the employment gender gap among urban youth in Mozambique. Young people are confronted with simultaneous decisions about education, work and family life influenced by social norms around gender roles. Using... mehr

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    In this study, we explore the correlates of the employment gender gap among urban youth in Mozambique. Young people are confronted with simultaneous decisions about education, work and family life influenced by social norms around gender roles. Using data from a panel of individuals in 2017 and 2020, aged between 15-25 years in 2017, that covers information on education, employment, fertility, social life, gender norms and more, we observe an increase of 10 percentage points in the raw employment gender gap over time to the disadvantage of young women. Exploiting the longitudinal nature of our data, we apply two methods to assess the main correlates of this gap, an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition on first-differenced data and a data-driven individual-level fixed-effects LASSO approach. Both analyses reveal that young women face a significant trade-off between work and time spent with reproductive activities and that the labour market seems to reward better education only for men.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292672973
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    hdl: 10419/273943
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 164
    Schlagworte: gender gap; employment; decomposition; LASSO; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Migration out of poverty
    the case of post-war migration in Mozambique
    Autor*in: Ibraimo, Maimuna; Egger, Eva-Maria
    Erschienen: January 2023
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Internal migration plays an important role in the economic development of individuals, their families, and their country. This study describes Mozambique's most common migration patterns from 1992 until 2017 using data from three population censuses.... mehr

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    Internal migration plays an important role in the economic development of individuals, their families, and their country. This study describes Mozambique's most common migration patterns from 1992 until 2017 using data from three population censuses. We focus on the most important moves between regions, provinces, and rural and urban areas. Further, we document the characteristics of migrants to assess selection patterns. In the final step, we estimate the relationship between migration and multidimensional poverty by applying inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA). We find that migration in Mozambique was very high, especially between rural areas, after the war ended as people returned from displacement. Still, it is very low in the most recent period. Recently, migration has been the main contributor to the urbanization of the greater Maputo area (capital city). Migrants appear to be positively selected on education, and are, on average, less likely to be poor.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673246
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    hdl: 10419/283712
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 16
    Schlagworte: migration; Mozambique; poverty; IPWRA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The impact of COVID-19 on urban informal workers in Maputo
    Autor*in: Anaç, Nilifer; Egger, Eva-Maria; Jones, Sam; Santos, Ricardo; Warren-Rodriguez, Alex
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Informal self-employed traders in developing countries are vulnerable to shocks as they often lack access to social insurance or formal finance. This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these urban traders in the capital of... mehr

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    Informal self-employed traders in developing countries are vulnerable to shocks as they often lack access to social insurance or formal finance. This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these urban traders in the capital of Mozambique, Maputo. Drawing on longitudinal phone survey data over six months, we find they experienced significant negative shocks to earnings, leading to a reduction in savings as well as worsening food security and assets. Individuals simultaneously affected by a municipal policy to remove informal traders from a central market were hit particularly hard as they lost their clients and market stalls. We simulate that a cash transfer equivalent to the government's proposed COVID-19 response would have significantly buffered these shocks. The findings point to the need for a more shock-responsive social protection system, easy access to liquidity and provision of market infrastructure for informal traders.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673062
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    hdl: 10419/283694
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 173
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; informal; urban traders; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Africa's lockdown dilemma
    high poverty and low trust
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria; Jones, Sam; Justino, Patricia; Manhique, Ivan; Santos, Ricardo
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The primary policy response to suppress the spread of COVID-19 in high-income countries has been to lock down large sections of the population. However, there is growing unease that blindly replicating these policies might inflict irreparable damage... mehr

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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    The primary policy response to suppress the spread of COVID-19 in high-income countries has been to lock down large sections of the population. However, there is growing unease that blindly replicating these policies might inflict irreparable damage to poor households and foment social unrest in developing countries. We investigate this concern using Afrobarometer data from 2019 for 30 sub-Saharan African countries. We create a multidimensional index of lockdown readiness based on living conditions and explore its relationship with forms of trust and the potential for social unrest. The index reveals that just 6.8 per cent of households overall and 12.2 per cent in urban areas meet all conditions for a lockdown. We further show that weak readiness is not offset by high levels of social trust, which can be vital for effective public health interventions. As such, strict lockdown policies may not only be difficult to enforce, but also heighten the risks of conflict.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292568337
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    hdl: 10419/229300
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 76
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; Infektionskrankheit; Gesundheitspolitik; Konflikt; Soziale Sicherheit; Armut
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Evolution of multidimensional poverty in crisis-ridden Mozambique
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria; Salvucci, Vincenzo; Tarp, Finn
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Mozambique experienced important reduction in the poverty rate until recently, before two major natural disasters hit and the country started suffering from a hidden debt scandal with associated economic slowdown. As the last available national... mehr

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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    Mozambique experienced important reduction in the poverty rate until recently, before two major natural disasters hit and the country started suffering from a hidden debt scandal with associated economic slowdown. As the last available national household expenditure survey is from 2014/15, just before these crises unfolded, there is need for a poverty assessment based on alternative data sources, especially since the COVID-19 crisis is now hitting the country. In this paper, we study the evolution of multidimensional poverty in Mozambique using the Demographic and Health Surveys/Malaria Indicator Survey data. Using both the standard Alkire-Foster multidimensional poverty index and the first-order dominance (FOD) method, we find that the poverty reduction trend observed between 2009-11 and 2015 halted between 2015 and 2018. Meanwhile, the number of poor people increased, mainly in rural areas and in the central provinces. Importantly, the poorest provinces did not improve their rankings over time, and between 2015 and 2018, no progress took place for most areas and provinces, as measured by the FOD approach.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292568269
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229293
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 69
    Schlagworte: Krise; Wirtschaftskrise; Armut; Lebensstandard; Wirtschaftsindikator; Sozialer Indikator; Data gathering
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. "Ask not what your country can do for you"
    legacies of the Great Recession and the consequences of the "trust crisis"
    Autor*in: Aghajanian, Alia; Caeiro, Rute Martins; Egger, Eva-Maria; Justino, Patricia; Lo Bue, Maria C.
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper investigates how persistent changes in trust caused by the Great Recession have affected how governments and citizens across Europe responded to the next global crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that increases in individualism and... mehr

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    This paper investigates how persistent changes in trust caused by the Great Recession have affected how governments and citizens across Europe responded to the next global crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that increases in individualism and mistrust towards institutions caused by individual exposure to the 2007-08 global financial crisis across European regions shaped citizens' responses to public health policies to curtail the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic almost 15 years later. Contrary to expectations, affected individuals exhibited significantly greater declines in mobility during the initial period of lockdown than others. We attribute this effect to individuals prioritizing their own safety amid perceived breakdowns in the social contract and lack of trust that governments would protect them. Mistrust driven by exposure to the Great Recession has also led to increased discontent of citizens with more traditional European centrist governments. These results suggest that economic events that lead to changes in social trust have lasting legacies by affecting government and citizen responses to future crises.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292674199
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283807
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 111
    Schlagworte: trust; social contract; Great Recession; Europe; public health policies; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Inequality and voting in fragile countries
    evidence from Mozambique
    Autor*in: Bove, Margherita; Egger, Eva-Maria; Jones, Sam; Justino, Patricia; Santos, Ricardo
    Erschienen: February 2024
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The political consequences of economic inequality have been debated in academic and policy circles for centuries. The nature of this relationship seems highly dependent on specific contexts, with empirical studies showing mixed evidence on how... mehr

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    The political consequences of economic inequality have been debated in academic and policy circles for centuries. The nature of this relationship seems highly dependent on specific contexts, with empirical studies showing mixed evidence on how economic inequality affects voting and other forms of political participation. This evidence is largely driven by advanced democracies. We have to date limited knowledge on how economic inequality affects how individuals and groups vote in developing and weaker states even though such evidence is central to understanding how democracy might be consolidated in such settings. This paper addresses this question in the case of Mozambique, one of the poorest countries in the world. Contrary to initial theoretical predictions, we find evidence for a positive association between voter turnout and inequality in rural areas, in particular across the poorest localities and in localities where both wealth and inequality increased. While tempting to see this result as a political response of the poorest to inequality, reflections on the Mozambique context point towards elite capture as the most likely explanation for this result. We find no effect of inequality on political competition. In line with prior theoretical expectations, we find a negative association between inequality and voting for the incumbent party, in localities where wealth and inequality simultaneously increased and in the centre region.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292674670
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    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2024, 9
    Schlagworte: economic inequality; voting; elections; developing countries; Mozambique
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Internal migration and crime in Brazil
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Empirical evidence suggests that the social effects of internal migration may be substantially different from those associated with the arrival of international migrants. In this paper, I provide the first evidence of the effect of internal migration... mehr

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    Empirical evidence suggests that the social effects of internal migration may be substantially different from those associated with the arrival of international migrants. In this paper, I provide the first evidence of the effect of internal migration on crime with longitudinal data from Brazilian microregiões. Using local labour demand shocks in the manufacturing sector as an instrument for migratory flows, I find that a 10 per cent increase in the in-migration rate translates into a 6 per cent increase in the homicide rate in destinations. Exploring possible channels, I do not find that crime-prone migrants drive the results. The effect is only significant in locations with high past crime rates, indicating crime inertia, and in places with a small informal sector, suggesting that the impact of internal migration is conditioned by the ability of local labour markets to accommodate migrants.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567484
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2019/748-4
    hdl: 10419/229215
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 112
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Migrants leaving mega-cities
    where they move and why prices matter
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Traditional economic models predict rural to urban migration during the structural transformation of an economy. In middle-income countries, it is less clear which direction of migration to expect. In this paper I show that in Brazil as many people... mehr

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    Traditional economic models predict rural to urban migration during the structural transformation of an economy. In middle-income countries, it is less clear which direction of migration to expect. In this paper I show that in Brazil as many people move out of as into metropolitan cities, and they mostly move to mid-sized towns. I estimate the determinants of out-migrants' destination choice, accounting for differences in earnings, living costs, and amenities, and I test whether the migrants gain economically by accepting lower wages but enjoying lower living costs. The findings suggest that the destination choice of out-migrants minimizes the costs of moving. On average, city-leavers realize higher real wages, including lowskilled migrants who would lose out in nominal terms. The paper thus provides evidence on economic incentives to leave big cities in a middle-income country.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567491
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229216
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 113
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen