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  1. Cities and public health in Latin America
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper presents an overview of how health outcomes vary across cities in Latin America and discusses some of the known drivers of this variation. There are large disparities in outcomes across cities and across neighborhoods of the same city.... mehr

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    This paper presents an overview of how health outcomes vary across cities in Latin America and discusses some of the known drivers of this variation. There are large disparities in outcomes across cities and across neighborhoods of the same city. Because health is closely related to the socioeconomic conditions of individuals, part of the spatial variation reflects residential segregation by income. Local characteristics also have a direct effect on health outcomes, shaping individuals' access to health services and the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles. In addition, urban environments affect health through natural atmospheric conditions, through local infrastructure - in particular water, sanitation, and urban transit - and through the presence of urban externalities such as traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and the spread of transmissible diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates many of these patterns, since the impact of the disease has differed sharply across cities, and much of this variation can be explained by observable local characteristics - particularly population, connectivity with other cities and countries, income levels, and residential overcrowding.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245873
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1236
    Schlagworte: Public health; Latin America; Cities; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Gender, electoral incentives, and crisis response
    preliminary evidence from Brazilian mayors
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo; Tricaud, Clemence
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Inter-American Development Bank ; no IDB-DP-886
    Schlagworte: Amtsträger; Frau; Evaluation; Krisenmanagement; COVID-19; Pandemie
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (78 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 35-38

    Gesehen am 17.11.2021
  3. Why does COVID-19 affect some cities more than others?
    evidence from the first year of the pandemic in Brazil
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper investigates what explains the variation in impacts of COVID-19 across Brazilian cities. I assemble data from over 2,500 cities on COVID-19 cases and deaths, population mobility, and local policy responses. I study how these outcomes... mehr

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    This paper investigates what explains the variation in impacts of COVID-19 across Brazilian cities. I assemble data from over 2,500 cities on COVID-19 cases and deaths, population mobility, and local policy responses. I study how these outcomes correlate with pre-pandemic local characteristics, drawing comparisons with existing US estimates when possible. As in the United States, the connections between city characteristics and outcomes in Brazil can evolve over time, with some early correlations fading as the pandemic entered a second wave. Population density is associated with greater local impact of the disease in both countries. However, in contrast to the United States, the pandemic in Brazil took a greater toll in cities with higher income levels consistent with the fact that higher incomes correlate with greater mobility in Brazil. Socioeconomic vulnerabilities, such as the presence of slums and high residential crowding, correlate with higher death rates per capita. Cities with such vulnerabilities in Brazil suffered higher COVID-19 death rates despite their residents' greater propensity to stay home. Policy responses do not appear to drive these connections.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245876
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1251
    Schlagworte: Gesundheit; Stadt; Viruskrankheit; COVID-19; Pandemie; Wirtschaftsindikator; Sozialer Indikator; Soziales Feld; Einflussgröße; Korrelation; Wirtschaftsmodell; COVID-19; Coronavirus,Brazil; Cities; Developing countries
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Gender and electoral incentives
    evidence from crisis response
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo; Tricaud, Clemence
    Erschienen: 14 February 2023
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17904
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Sterblichkeit; Krisenmanagement; Führungsstil; Politiker; Geschlechterunterschiede; Wahl; Anreiz; Regressionsanalyse; Brasilien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 108 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Rural-urban migration at high urbanization levels
    Autor*in: Busso, Matias; Chauvin, Juan Pablo; Herrera L., Nicolás
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This study assesses the empirical relevance of the Harris-Todaro model at high levels of urbanization a feature that characterizes an increasing number of developing countries, which were largely rural when the model was created 50 years ago. Using... mehr

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    This study assesses the empirical relevance of the Harris-Todaro model at high levels of urbanization a feature that characterizes an increasing number of developing countries, which were largely rural when the model was created 50 years ago. Using data from Brazil, the paper compares observed and model-based predictions of the equilibrium urban employment rate of 449 cities and the rural regions that are the historic sources of their migrant populations. Little support is found in the data for the most basic version of the model. However, extensions that incorporate labor informality and housing markets have much better empirical traction. Harris-Todaro equilibrium relationships are relatively stronger among workers with primary but no high school education, and those relationships are more frequently found under certain conditions: when cities are relatively larger; and when associated rural areas are closer to the magnet city and populated to a greater degree by young adults, who are most likely to migrate.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/237468
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1173
    Schlagworte: Harris-Todaro; Rural-urban migration; Urban unemployment; Developing countries
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The younger age profile of COVID-19 deaths in developing countries
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo; Fowler, Annabelle; Herrera L., Nicolás
    Erschienen: November 2020
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper examines why a larger share of COVID-19 deaths occurs among young and middle-aged adults in developing countries than in high-income countries. Using novel data at the country, city, and patient levels, we investigate the drivers of this... mehr

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    This paper examines why a larger share of COVID-19 deaths occurs among young and middle-aged adults in developing countries than in high-income countries. Using novel data at the country, city, and patient levels, we investigate the drivers of this gap in terms of the key components of the standard Susceptible-Infected-Recovered framework. We obtain three main results. First, we show that the COVID-19 mortality age gap is not explained by younger susceptible populations in developing countries. Second, we provide indirect evidence that higher infection rates play a role, showing that variables linked to faster COVID-19 spread such as residential crowding and labor informality are correlated with younger mortality age profiles across cities. Third, we show that lower recovery rates in developing countries account for nearly all of the higher death shares among young adults, and for almost half of the higher death shares among middle-aged adults. Our evidence suggests that lower recovery rates in developing countries are driven by a higher prevalence of preexisting conditions that have been linked to more severe COVID-19 complications, and by more limited access to hospitals and intensive care units in some countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237451
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1154
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Mortality; Developing countries
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Long-term effects of weather-induced migration on urban labor and housing markets
    Autor*in: Busso, Matias; Chauvin, Juan Pablo
    Erschienen: January 2023
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper explores the effects of weather-induced rural-urban migration on urban labor and housing markets in Brazil. In order to identify causal effects, it uses weather shocks to the rural municipalities of origin of migrants. We show that larger... mehr

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    This paper explores the effects of weather-induced rural-urban migration on urban labor and housing markets in Brazil. In order to identify causal effects, it uses weather shocks to the rural municipalities of origin of migrants. We show that larger migration shocks led to an increase in employment growth and a reduction in wage growth of 4 and 5 percent, respectively. The increased migration flows also affected the housing market in destination cities. On average, it led to 1 percent faster growth of the housing stock, accompanied by 5 percent faster growth in housing rents. These effects vary sharply by housing quality. We find a substantial positive effect on the growth rates of the most precarious housing units (with no effect on rents) and a negative effect on the growth of higher-quality housing units (with a positive effect on rents). This suggests that rural immigration growth slowed down housing-quality upgrading in destination cities.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289974
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1422
    Schlagworte: Weather-induced migration; Rural-urban migration; Urban labor markets,Urban housing markets; Developing countries
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. What is different about urbanization in rich and poor countries?
    cities in Brazil, China, India and the United States
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo; Glaeser, Edward L.; Ma, Yueran; Tobio, Kristina
    Erschienen: February 2016
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 22002
    Schlagworte: Urbanisierung; Ballungsraum; Räumliches Gleichgewichtsmodell; Stadtwachstum; Humankapital; Schätzung; Vergleich; Industrieländer; Entwicklungsländer; USA; Brasilien; China; Indien
    Umfang: 61 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  9. Local education spending and migration
    evidence from a large redistribution program
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo
    Erschienen: April 2024
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper studies the effects of changes in local public education budgets on individual schooling attainment and migration, as well as on local labor market outcomes. I leverage the introduction of FUNDEF, a large federal program that redistributed... mehr

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    This paper studies the effects of changes in local public education budgets on individual schooling attainment and migration, as well as on local labor market outcomes. I leverage the introduction of FUNDEF, a large federal program that redistributed public education finance across Brazilian municipalities in the late 1990s, as a source of exogenous variation. Using a cohort-exposure design, I find that, at the individual level, doubling the program-related public education budget led to a 1.4 percentage point increase in the likelihood of completing primary school, and a 0.5 percentage point decrease in the likelihood of staying in the local labor market among exposed cohorts, on average. The mobility effects are concentrated among individuals educated in municipalities that received a positive budget shock as a result of the program, which were also characterized by relatively worse local labor market conditions. At the local labor market level, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that higher public education budgets were associated with lower employment rates and average wages, suggesting that the "brain drain" effect depressed local labor demand in the long run.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / [Inter-American Development Bank] ; no IDB-WP-1567
    Schlagworte: school spending; schooling attainment; migration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Gender and electoral incentives
    evidence from crisis response
    Autor*in: Chauvin, Juan Pablo; Tricaud, Clemence
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    While there is evidence of gender differences in leaders' behavior, less is known about what drives these gaps. This paper uncovers the role of electoral incentives. Using a close election regression discontinuity design in Brazil, we first show that... mehr

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    While there is evidence of gender differences in leaders' behavior, less is known about what drives these gaps. This paper uncovers the role of electoral incentives. Using a close election regression discontinuity design in Brazil, we first show that female mayors handled the COVID-19 crisis differently over the year 2020, which ended with new municipal elections. We find that having a female mayor led to more deaths per capita at the beginning of the pandemic - a period characterized by uncertainty about the severity of the threat - but to fewer deaths per capita later in the year - a period where this uncertainty was reduced. We provide additional evidence that female mayors were less likely to close non-essential businesses early on, and more likely to do so at the end, and that residents in female-led municipalities were more likely to stay at home in the weeks surrounding the election. We then show that these results can be rationalized by a simple political agency model where politicians seek re-election and where voters assess female and male politicians' actions differently. Consistent with this interpretation, we show that the gender differences we find are driven exclusively by mayors who were not term-limited and thus allowed to run for re-election, and that the effects are stronger in municipalities with greater gender discrimination. Taken together, the results suggest that female and male leaders face different electoral incentives and adapt their policy decisions to voters' expectations.

     
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    hdl: 10419/290023
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1373
    Schlagworte: Gender; Electoral incentives; Public health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten), Illustrationen