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  1. Late colonial antecedents of modern democracy
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Rode, Martin
    Erschienen: July 2020
    Verlag:  Economic Research Southern Africa, [Cape Town]

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    Schriftenreihe: ERSA working paper ; 824
    Schlagworte: Political regimes; Democratization; Colonialism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten)
  2. Unconstitutional states of emergency
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Voigt, Stefan; Khesali, Mahdi
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft, [Hamburg]

    Nine out of ten modern constitutions contain explicit emergency provisions, describing who can call a state of emergency (and under which conditions) and the additional powers government enjoys under a state of emergency. As states of emergency... mehr

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    Nine out of ten modern constitutions contain explicit emergency provisions, describing who can call a state of emergency (and under which conditions) and the additional powers government enjoys under a state of emergency. As states of emergency typically allocate additional powers to the executive, they lend themselves easily to abuse and provide political incentives to declare emergencies. In this paper, we analyze under what conditions government behavior under a state of emergency deviates from constitutional provisions and a de jure/de facto gap thus emerges. Such a gap can be caused by the unlawful declaration of an emergency, the noncompliance with constitutional provisions in the course of an emergency, or the perpetuation of a state of emergency beyond the constitutionally defined length. Based on a novel dataset comprising 853 emergency declarations, 115 are identified as unlawful. We find that events caused by political turmoil are more likely to be followed by an unlawful emergency than natural disasters. Autocratic governments are more likely to renege against the constitution than democratic governments. Focusing on the 97 emergencies declared as reactions to domestic events, we also find that bicameral systems are more likely to suffer from unlawful states of emergencies than unicameral ones, as are countries hit by recessions, and countries where the constitution justifies emergencies under more numerous conditions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237375
    Schriftenreihe: Institute of Law and Economics working paper series ; no. 51 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Constitutional political economy; constitutional emergency provisions; de jure/de facto gap; emergencies; public choice
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Academic freedom, institutions and productivity
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: September 21, 2021
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    The issue of what explains differences in the wealth of nations is one of the most classic in economics. We propose de facto academic freedom as an explanatory variable. The main idea is that such freedom allows for the development of new useful... mehr

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    The issue of what explains differences in the wealth of nations is one of the most classic in economics. We propose de facto academic freedom as an explanatory variable. The main idea is that such freedom allows for the development of new useful knowledge through research unconstrained by powerholders in business and politics. Using a new global panel-data set, encompassing up to 127 countries over the period 1960-2015, we show that there is indeed a positive relationship between de facto academic freedom and both labor and total-factor productivity growth. However, this effect only appears as long as the quality of the legal system is sufficiently high. We suggest that this is because such institutional quality offers protection that stimulates entrepreneurs to make use of the new knowledge produced in academia in innovative activities, which in turn benefits productivity growth.

     
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    hdl: 10419/247887
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1405 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Institutions; Academic freedom; Freedom of speech; Productivity; Growth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. This time is different?
    on the use of emergency measures during the corona pandemic
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Voigt, Stefan
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft, [Hamburg]

    The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused thousands to die and millions to lose their jobs, it has also prompted more governments to simultaneously to declare a state of emergency than ever before. States of emergency usually imply the extension of... mehr

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    The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused thousands to die and millions to lose their jobs, it has also prompted more governments to simultaneously to declare a state of emergency than ever before. States of emergency usually imply the extension of executive powers that diminishes the powers of other branches of government, as well as to the civil liberties of individuals. Here, we analyze whether the use of emergency provisions during the COVID-19 pandemic is an exception, and find that this is not the case. In fact, some measures point at long-term dangers to the rule of law and democracy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/221822
    Schriftenreihe: Institute of Law and Economics working paper series ; no. 36 (2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Political institutions and academic freedom: evidence from across the world
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: May 19, 2021
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    There is scant systematic empirical evidence on what explains variation in academic freedom. Making use of a new indicator and panel data covering 64 countries 1960-2017, we investigate how de facto academic freedom is affected by, in particular,... mehr

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    There is scant systematic empirical evidence on what explains variation in academic freedom. Making use of a new indicator and panel data covering 64 countries 1960-2017, we investigate how de facto academic freedom is affected by, in particular, political institutions. We find that moving to electoral democracy is positive, as is moving to electoral autocracy from other autocratic systems, suggesting the importance of elections. Communism has a strongly detrimental effect. Legislatures that are bicameral are associated with more academic freedom, while legislatures that become more diverse and more ideologically to the right also seem to stimulate this type of freedom. Presidentialism and coups do not appear to matter much, while more proportional electoral systems strengthen academic freedom. More judicial accountability stimulates academic freedom, and richer countries experience more of it. The results suggest that the political sphere exerts a clear but complex influence on the degree to which scholarly activities are free.

     
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    hdl: 10419/240531
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1388 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Academic freedom; Politics; Democracy; Institutions; Ideology
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The economics of change and stability in social trust
    evidence from (and for) Catalan secession
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Borrella Mas, Miguel Ángel; Rode, Martin
    Erschienen: November 4, 2019
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Consequences of social trust are comparatively well studied, while its societal determinants are often subject to debate. This paper studies both in the context of Catalan attempts to secede from Spain: First, we test if Catalonia enjoys higher... mehr

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    Consequences of social trust are comparatively well studied, while its societal determinants are often subject to debate. This paper studies both in the context of Catalan attempts to secede from Spain: First, we test if Catalonia enjoys higher levels of social capital that it is prevented from capitalizing on. Second, the paper examines whether secessionist movements create animosity and political divisions within society that undermine trust. Employing the eight available waves of the European Social Survey for Spain, we show that social trust levels are not higher in Catalonia than in the rest of the country. However, we find indications of a significant regional increase after secession became a real option in 2014. We argue that this finding is a likely result of the mental process of nation building, indicating that the formation of social trust may best be thought of as a stable punctuated equilibrium.

     
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    hdl: 10419/210942
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1301 (2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Terrorism and emergency constitutions in the Muslim world
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Voigt, Stefan
    Erschienen: September 2019
    Verlag:  Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft, [Hamburg]

    The Middle East is the most terror-prone region of the world. It is almost exclusively governed by autocratic regimes that often explicitly refer to Islam to justify some of their policies. In this paper, we analyse government reactions to terrorist... mehr

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    The Middle East is the most terror-prone region of the world. It is almost exclusively governed by autocratic regimes that often explicitly refer to Islam to justify some of their policies. In this paper, we analyse government reactions to terrorist events in the states that are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. We find that the respective emergency constitutions, despite the political characteristics of the region, do channel their behaviour. Emergency constitutions that make it relatively cheap for governments to declare a state of emergency are more likely to lead to such declarations. Our evidence thus suggests that emergency constitutions also impact on the behaviour of largely autocratic governments.

     
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    hdl: 10419/204668
    Schriftenreihe: Institute of Law and Economics working paper series ; no. 27 (2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Does legal freedom satisfy?
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: August 31, 2022
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Much political conflict in the world revolves around the issue of how much freedom to accord people. Liberal democracies are characterized by, e.g., the rule of law and a strong protection of civil rights, giving individuals a great deal of legally... mehr

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    Much political conflict in the world revolves around the issue of how much freedom to accord people. Liberal democracies are characterized by, e.g., the rule of law and a strong protection of civil rights, giving individuals a great deal of legally guaranteed freedom to lead their lives as they see fit. However, it is not known whether legal freedom suffices to make people satisfied with freedom. Our study explores that issue by relating seven indicators of legal freedom to the satisfaction people express with their freedom of choice. Using a sample of 133 countries over the period 2008-2018, and taking a panel-data approach, we find no robust baseline relationship. However, when exploring conditional associations by interacting the indicators with social trust and income inequality, the rule of law is positively and increasingly related to satisfaction with freedom above and below a threshold level. Freedom of assembly is more positive for satisfaction with freedom the higher the GDP per capita and in democracies. Thus, for some types of legal freedom, formal legal institutions are complementary with culture, income and the political system in generating satisfaction with freedom.

     
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    hdl: 10419/269189
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1436 (2022)
    Schlagworte: Freedom; satisfaction; well-being; happiness; civil rights; rule of law
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Corruption, judicial accountability and inequality
    unfair procedures may benefit the worst-off
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: December 16, 2019
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960.2014. We relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability... mehr

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    We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960.2014. We relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. The estimates are particularly pronounced in democracies and arguably causal, as we find that the full effect only occurs after institutional stability has been established; The findings suggest that "unfair procedures" - corruption and deviations from judicial accountability - may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite.

     
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    hdl: 10419/210952
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1311 (2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Economic freedom and the CO2 Kuznets Curve
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: April 20, 2020
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Politicians and international organisations advocate for increased regulation and government control of industry in order to handle climate change and reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions. However, it remains an open question how economic freedom... mehr

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    Politicians and international organisations advocate for increased regulation and government control of industry in order to handle climate change and reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions. However, it remains an open question how economic freedom is associated with environmental damage and whether deregulation is harmful to the environment or incentivises the use of green technology. On one hand, more government control and regulation may force firms and individuals to reduce their emissions. On the other hand, more economic freedom is likely to enable innovation and the adoption of green technological development. In this paper, I therefore combine data on growth in greenhouse gas emissions and GDP per capita with the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World indices in order to test if economic freedom affects emissions. I do so in the context of estimating a standard Environmental Kuznets Curve in which economic freedom can both reduce overall levels as well as shift the shape of the curve. The results suggest that economic freedom reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also shifts the top point of the Kuznets Curve to the left. Part of this effect may be due to the effect of economic freedom on the adoption of renewable energy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/240474
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1331 (2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Nonresponse bias in trust surveys
    Autor*in: Bergh, Andreas; Bjørnskov, Christian; Öhrvall, Richard
    Erschienen: February 23, 2023
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Social trust is typically measured using surveys that ask people if they agree that most people can be trusted. A potential problem is that falling response rates plague these surveys. If nonresponses are systematic, comparisons of social trust over... mehr

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    Social trust is typically measured using surveys that ask people if they agree that most people can be trusted. A potential problem is that falling response rates plague these surveys. If nonresponses are systematic, comparisons of social trust over time will be biased. We examine social and legal trust among non-respondents by conducting a classroom survey where the first part included questions on social and institutional trust and is answered during class, whereas a second part of the survey is handed in by respondents later. Surveys from 300 Danish and Swedish university students suggest that if anything, social trust among survey responders is somewhat lower than among non-responders. Using two waves of the Swedish National Election Study, we also show that conditional on education, social trust is uncorrelated to dropping out of the panel survey.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1455 (2023)
    Schlagworte: Social trust; legal trust; survey data; nonresponse bias
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Does capitalism disfavor women?
    evidence from life satisfaction
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: August 28, 2023
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    There is widespread concern, especially in certain feminist circles, that a market-oriented economic system, or capitalism, disfavors women. This could take many forms, such as lower wages for the same type of work, reduced career opportunities,... mehr

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    There is widespread concern, especially in certain feminist circles, that a market-oriented economic system, or capitalism, disfavors women. This could take many forms, such as lower wages for the same type of work, reduced career opportunities, disparities in ownership and the upholding of traditional gender roles. In all, this could influence overall life satisfaction such that capitalism confers more life satisfaction on men than on women. We test empirically whether this concern is justified. Using the epidemiological approach to rule out reverse causality, we first confirm previous findings that most areas of economic freedom (legal quality in particular, but also monetary stability, openness and regulation) are beneficial for general life satisfaction. When looking at women and men separately, we find virtually no statistically significant differences, and in the cases we do, the estimates reveal a more beneficial outcome for women. Hence, we conclude that capitalism does not seem to favor men more than women in terms of life satisfaction.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1471 (2023)
    Schlagworte: Economic freedom; Capitalism; Market economy; Life satisfaction; Gender; Happiness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Coups and economic crises
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: December 19, 2022
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    This paper explores whether coups cause increased crisis risk, and if some types of coups are associated with stronger risk. I use a worldwide sample with data on more than 1200 onsets of economic crisis between 1950 and 2019, treat separate effects... mehr

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    This paper explores whether coups cause increased crisis risk, and if some types of coups are associated with stronger risk. I use a worldwide sample with data on more than 1200 onsets of economic crisis between 1950 and 2019, treat separate effects of military and civilian coup attempts, and distinguish between failed and successful coups. The data reveal that economic crises are primarily induced by successful coups, and by coups that result in regime change towards civilian autocracy from both democracy and military dictatorship.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1449 (2022)
    Schlagworte: Democracy; Autocracy; Regime Types; Crisis
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Does economic freedom boost growth for everyone?
    Autor*in: Bergh, Andreas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: May 2, 2019
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    While the association between economic freedom and long-run economic growth is well documented, the parallel research literature on the distributional consequences of economic freedom is full of conflicting findings. In this paper, we take a step... mehr

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    While the association between economic freedom and long-run economic growth is well documented, the parallel research literature on the distributional consequences of economic freedom is full of conflicting findings. In this paper, we take a step towards reconciling the two literatures by exploring the within-quintile growth consequences of changes in three different types of economic freedom: the size of government, institutional quality and policy quality. While the associations are theoretically ambiguous, we find evidence that economic freedom affects all parts of the income distribution equally, and some indications that the growth effects are largest for the poorest and richest quintiles.

     
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    hdl: 10419/210917
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1276 (2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Coups, regime transitions, and institutional change
    Autor*in: Bennett, Daniel L.; Bjørnskov, Christian; Gohmann, Stephen F.
    Erschienen: May 27, 2019
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Coups and regime transitions are events that typically are intended to change the basic institutional framework of a country. Which specific policies change and the consequences of these changes nevertheless remains largely unknown. Change after a... mehr

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    Coups and regime transitions are events that typically are intended to change the basic institutional framework of a country. Which specific policies change and the consequences of these changes nevertheless remains largely unknown. Change after a coup or transition implies that some form of political or judiciary barrier has been erected or removed. We therefore focus on what happens to the quality of judicial institutions and political corruption around coup attempts and other types of regime transitions. We hypothesize that when coups are conducted by members of the incumbent political elite, they are likely to remove barriers to change while coup makers outside of the ruling elite are more likely to do the opposite and thus protect themselves from what remains of the elite in the political system. Using the Bjørnskov-Rode coup data, our results suggest that successful coups are associated with degradation of institutions, with successful military coups in particular having a significant negative effect. Results are more varied for civilian coups where we find indications of differences depending on whether the coup makers are part of a political elite or not.

     
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    hdl: 10419/210922
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1281 (2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The economics of international development
    foreign aid versus freedom for the world's poor
    Autor*in: Easterly, William
    Erschienen: 2016
    Verlag:  Institute of Economic Affairs, London

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  17. Freedom of expression and social conflict
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Mchangama, Jacob
    Erschienen: September 21, 2023
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    The association between freedom of expression - freedom of speech and the freedom of the media - and social conflict is theoretically ambiguous and politically highly contested. On one side of the debate, people argue that freedom of speech and... mehr

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    The association between freedom of expression - freedom of speech and the freedom of the media - and social conflict is theoretically ambiguous and politically highly contested. On one side of the debate, people argue that freedom of speech and freedom of the media create social conflict by giving people and organized interests the opportunity to disagree in public, creating visible conflicts and enabling people to insult and incite hatred against other groups and attempt to marginalize them. On the other side of the political debate, the proponents of the freedom of expression argue that free speech and free media act as safety valves that allow substantial disagreement to be expressed in a peaceful manner instead of turning into violence, enabling deliberation among different groups, and furthering the understanding and potential acceptance of substantially different points of view. In this paper, we therefore take the association to the test. We combine data on freedom of expression from the V-Dem database and conflict data from the Banks dataset with additional data on economic performance and political institutions. In a large panel dataset, we find evidence of a negative association between the freedom of expression and social conflict. Further tests suggest that this association is specific to countries with democratic political institutions while the empirical association in autocracies is ambiguous.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1473 (2023)
    Schlagworte: Freedom of expression; Freedom of speech; Freedom of the media; Civil rights; Violence; Unrest; Conflict
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Coups, regime transition, and the dynamics of press freedom
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Freytag, Andreas; Gutmann, Jerg
    Erschienen: August 2018
    Verlag:  Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft, [Hamburg]

    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may... mehr

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    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may have similar incentives to protect the power of the governing regime. A priori it is, nevertheless, not clear whether democracies or autocracies react more harshly - by silencing or controlling the media - to an attempt to overthrow the government. We estimate the dynamics of press freedom around both failed and successful coups and find that although press freedom is quite stable, successful coups lead to a substantial reduction in press freedom. This is, however, only the case when the coup is directed against a democratically elected government.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Institute of Law and Economics working paper series ; no. 15 (2018)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Economic freedom and academic freedom across nations
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: April 15, 2024
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Academic freedom is a cornerstone of modern academic life. It is not only implied by basic liberal principles but also contributes to scientific progress and economic growth. It is therefore important to better understand what affects how free... mehr

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    Academic freedom is a cornerstone of modern academic life. It is not only implied by basic liberal principles but also contributes to scientific progress and economic growth. It is therefore important to better understand what affects how free scholarly pursuits are, and to that end, we ask whether economic freedom can help explain variation in academic freedom across countries. In our case, relating the Economic Freedom of the World index and its five areas to V-Dem's index of academic freedom and its five areas reveals that the rule of law is positively and robustly related to academic freedom in all its forms. This suggests that the rule of law, in its general and broad sense, can arguably serve as a guarantor of academic freedom. Where the rule of law is weakened, academic freedom can be at risk. There are some indications that regulatory freedom is similarly related to academic freedom, but less robustly so, maybe indicating that interventionism in one policy area (economics) can breed interventionism in another (academia).

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1486 (2024)
    Schlagworte: Freedom; markets; rule of law; legal system; academic freedom
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Coups, regime transition, and the dynamics of press freedom
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Freytag, Andreas; Gutmann, Jerg
    Erschienen: August 20, 2018
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may... mehr

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may have similar incentives to protect the power of the governing regime. A priori it is, nevertheless, not clear whether democracies or autocracies react more harshly - by silencing or controlling the media - to an attempt to overthrow the government. We estimate the dynamics of press freedom around both failed and successful coups and find that although press freedom is quite stable, successful coups lead to a substantial reduction in press freedom. This is, however, only the case when the coup is directed against a democratically elected government.

     
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    hdl: 10419/183454
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1225 (2018)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Coups, regime transition, and the dynamics of press freedom
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Freytag, Andreas; Gutmann, Jerg
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich

    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may... mehr

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    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may have similar incentives to protect the power of the governing regime. A priori it is, nevertheless, not clear whether democracies or autocracies react more harshly - by silencing or controlling the media - to an attempt to overthrow the government. We estimate the dynamics of press freedom around both failed and successful coups and find that although press freedom is quite stable, successful coups lead to a substantial reduction in press freedom. This is, however, only the case when the coup is directed against a democratically elected government.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/185396
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; no. 7198
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Coups, regime transition, and the dynamics of press freedom
    Autor*in: Bjørnskov, Christian; Freytag, Andreas; Gutmann, Jerg
    Erschienen: August 2018
    Verlag:  Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft, [Hamburg]

    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may... mehr

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This paper explores the dynamics of press freedom around events that threaten or oust the incumbent regime of a country. While democracies on average grant the press more freedom, our theoretical starting point is that democracies and autocracies may have similar incentives to protect the power of the governing regime. A priori it is, nevertheless, not clear whether democracies or autocracies react more harshly - by silencing or controlling the media - to an attempt to overthrow the government. We estimate the dynamics of press freedom around both failed and successful coups and find that although press freedom is quite stable, successful coups lead to a substantial reduction in press freedom. This is, however, only the case when the coup is directed against a democratically elected government.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/181228
    Schriftenreihe: Institute of Law and Economics working paper series ; no. 15 (2018)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Regulation and government debt
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: October 10, 2018
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Government debt is high in most developed countries, and while it may reflect short-term attempts to kick-start the economy in times of crisis through fiscal stimulus, the longer-term consequences risk being detrimental to investment and growth. This... mehr

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    Government debt is high in most developed countries, and while it may reflect short-term attempts to kick-start the economy in times of crisis through fiscal stimulus, the longer-term consequences risk being detrimental to investment and growth. This makes it important to identify factors that are associated with debt. While previous studies have related government debt to economic and political variables, they have not incorporated the degree to which the economy is regulated. Using regulatory freedom (absence of detailed regulation of labor, business and credit) from the Economic Freedom of the World index, we conduct an empirical analysis covering up to 67 countries in the period 1975-2010. The main finding is that regulatory freedom, especially for credit, affects debt development negatively. The effect is more pronounced when the political system is fractionalized and characterized by strong veto institutions, indicating policy stability and credibility, and when governments have a right-wing ideology.

     
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    hdl: 10419/183468
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1239 (2018)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Regulation and government debt
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bjørnskov, Christian
    Erschienen: October 10, 2018
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    We study to what degree authors who publish in the five most prestigious journals in economics have previously published there and in which world region they are based. Al­though still high, the concentration of U.S.-based and previously published... mehr

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    We study to what degree authors who publish in the five most prestigious journals in economics have previously published there and in which world region they are based. Al­though still high, the concentration of U.S.-based and previously published top-five authors has decreased. This trend is driven by increased co-authorship between U.S. and non-U.S. scholars and between scholars with and without previous top-five articles. Only around 5 percent of all articles each year are written solely by first-time authors from outside the U.S., and this share has not increased since the mid-1990s. Against this background, we argue that European institutions should be wary of putting too much emphasis on publishing in these five journals. Both the advancement and diversity of the economics discipline may otherwise suffer.

     
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    hdl: 10419/183469
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1240 (2018)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. How persistent is life satisfaction?
    evidence from European immigration
    Autor*in: Berggren, Niclas; Bergh, Andreas; Bjørnskov, Christian; Tanaka, Shiori
    Erschienen: April 4, 2018
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    This paper asks to what extent life satisfaction among immigrants remains similar to that in their country of origin and to what extent it adapts to that in their country of residence. We employ data from 29,000 immigrants in the European Social... mehr

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    This paper asks to what extent life satisfaction among immigrants remains similar to that in their country of origin and to what extent it adapts to that in their country of residence. We employ data from 29,000 immigrants in the European Social Survey to estimate the relative importance of these influences. We find evidence that the persistence of life satisfaction from the country of origin is strong for migrants from developed countries and close to zero for migrants from formerly communist countries. We also find that persistence for second-generation immigrants is similar but weaker than for their parents.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/183435
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1206 (2018)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen