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Displaying results 1 to 25 of 45.

  1. Innovation dynamics in space
    local actors and local factors
    Author: Kangasharju, Aki; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    This paper addresses the issue of technogenesis and its geographical pattern. It aims to offer both a general analysis framework and a test on innovation data from several European cities. This framework is mainly built on the product life-cycle and... more

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    DS 432 (1997,62)
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    This paper addresses the issue of technogenesis and its geographical pattern. It aims to offer both a general analysis framework and a test on innovation data from several European cities. This framework is mainly built on the product life-cycle and the incubation approach. On the basis of this framework, it is argued that the phases of an industrial life-cycle have several firm-specific effects. First, these phases influence innovativeness and thus profit levels, output and employment of firms in a spatially distinct way. Second, the phases of the life-cycle mirror the importance of local factors for innovations, and third, they affect strategic decisions of firms, inter alia by influencing the source of the competitive edge. Furthermore, this paper also aims to model effects of relevant local factors on innovativeness bymeans of logit analysis, subsequent to a qualitative impact approach based on the recently developed rough set analysis. Our empirical results from various European cities show that the successive phases of the industrial life-cycle tend to create spatially recognizable impacts on innovativeness of firms.Accordingly, the evolution of the importance of local factors for innovations is also found to reflect a distinct time path. Among more than 20 local factors, the interviewed firms appear to consider support measures for skills training particularly important for innovations. Accordingly, the results of our logit models reveal that in particular skills training links with a local university contribute significantly to the propensity to innovate.

     
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85695
    Series: Array ; 1997,062
    Scope: Online-Ressource (28 S.), graph. Darst.
  2. The role of transalpine freight transport in a common European market
    analyses and empirical applications
    Author: Reggiani, Aura; Nijkamp, Peter; Bolis, Simona
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    The paper focuses on the Trans Alpine Freight Transport systems in the light of the future integration of single national transport systems into the European transport network. The environmental, social and institutional peculiarities of this... more

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    The paper focuses on the Trans Alpine Freight Transport systems in the light of the future integration of single national transport systems into the European transport network. The environmental, social and institutional peculiarities of this 'region' have favoured - in the past - the development of strong nationally-oriented policies, which are largely in contrast with the goals promoted by the European Union. The present analysis aims to highlight opportunities and limits inherent in the implementation of various new network projects, with a particular view on the planned changes of the Alpine transportsystem. In this framework, a concise description of the existing and 'planned' situation will be offered.In addition, some new forecasting analyses for road transport will be offered on the basis of environmentally-based transport scenarios. In particular, given the high dimension of our data-base on European transport flows, two different approaches will be compared, viz. the logit model and the neural network model. Logit models are well-known in the literature; however, applications of logitanalysis to large samples are more rare. Neural networks are nowadays receiving a considerable attention as a new approach that is able to capture major patterns of spatial flows, on the basis of fuzzy and incomplete information. The tentative results of both approaches in this context may then be usedas a benchmark for judging the results of other transport flow models and offer also a more 'flexible' range of results to policy actors. Furthermore, our study will present the assessment of trans-European freight flows based on interesting future scenarios related to further congestion and the introduction of eco-taxes on transport in Europe.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85606
    Series: Array ; 1997,065
    Scope: Online-Ressource (18, [5] S.), graph. Darst.
  3. Decisive conditions for an effective and efficient multi-modal freight transport network in Europe
    a meta-analytic perspective
    Author: Bithas, Konstantinos; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    The paper addresses the issue of intermodality in European transport policy. Its aim is to derive critical factors for an effective and efficient multimodal freight transport network in Europe. The results of a survey among European transport experts... more

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    The paper addresses the issue of intermodality in European transport policy. Its aim is to derive critical factors for an effective and efficient multimodal freight transport network in Europe. The results of a survey among European transport experts are presented, while a new meta-analytic technique - roughset analysis - is deployed to infer testable conclusions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/85631
    Series: Array ; 1997,066
    Scope: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
  4. A decision support system for regional sustainable development
    the Flag model
    Author: Nijkamp, Peter; Ouwersloot, Hans
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of spatial sustainability, with a particular view on agriculture. After a methodological introduction, a new tool - the so-called Flag model - is introduced in order to assess the degree of... more

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    This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of spatial sustainability, with a particular view on agriculture. After a methodological introduction, a new tool - the so-called Flag model - is introduced in order to assess the degree of sustainability of various policy alternatives. The model is tested by means of a case study for the island of Lesvos, Greece.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85688
    Series: Array ; 1997,074
    Scope: Online-Ressource (28 S.), graph. Darst.
  5. The adoption of energy efficiency enhancing technologies
    Author: Verhoef, Erik T.; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    This paper analyses the adoption of energy-efficiency enhancing technologies by heterogeneous firms. The fact that energy use does not only cause external environmental costs through pollution, but also directly affects the profitability of the firm... more

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    This paper analyses the adoption of energy-efficiency enhancing technologies by heterogeneous firms. The fact that energy use does not only cause external environmental costs through pollution, but also directly affects the profitability of the firm and hence its behaviour on input and output markets is taken for granted. It is demonstrated that the consideration of such market processes may have important implications for the efficiency of environmental policies concerned with energy use. The analysis focuses in particular on the efficiency of the market-led adoption and diffusion process under variouspolicy regimes. It is shown that the promotion of energy-efficiency enhancing technologies might have unexpected effects in that it could lead to an increase in energy use, while the use of energy taxes might actually reduce the attractiveness of energy-saving technologies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/85757
    Series: Array ; 1997,077
    Scope: Online-Ressource (35 S.), graph. Darst.
  6. Network industries, economic stability and spatial integration
    Author: Button, Kenneth John; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    The evidence on the implications of transport for regionaleconomic and political integration is mixed. This is not surprisingsince transport is one element of a complex web of factors thatdetermine the extent to which spatial areas become... more

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    The evidence on the implications of transport for regionaleconomic and political integration is mixed. This is not surprisingsince transport is one element of a complex web of factors thatdetermine the extent to which spatial areas become integrated.There are also good reasons to expect the optimal level ofcohesion to vary between groups of regions and variations inthe degree of integration. Much of the recent attention in Europeregarding the use of transport as an instrument of integrationhas centered upon the creation of an appropriate infrastructureas illustrated by the TENs Programmes of the European Union.Notwithstanding questions concerning the suitability of thisapproach to bring about greater cohesion through investmentstrategies, there are also issues concerning the way operationsand use of transport networks can contribute to greater spatialeconomic integration. The focus of recent policies has beenthe liberalization of transport markets and the greaterinvolvement of the private sector in providing actualtransport services. There are theoretical grounds for suggesting thiscan enhance both the technical and dynamic efficiency of supplyand these tend to be supported by the emerging empirical findings.The difficulties with relying on market and competitive forcesto provide network services is the nature of supply and demandcharacteristics associated with networks may not produce a stablesolution. At the extreme they can result in deficiencies in outputand, under less theoretically rigid conditions, can lead tovolatility in supply. The result is that even where transportmay have the potential to enhance spatial cohesion this potentialwill not be completely realized. This paper, drawing in particularon the theories of Edgeworth, looks at the underlying nature of thispotential problem, examines the empirical evidence with respect tosome European transport networks and considers appropriate policyresponses.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85723
    Series: Array ; 1997,047
    Scope: Online-Ressource (27 S.), graph. Darst.
  7. Exogenous and endogenous spatial growth models
    Author: Bal, Frans; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    In this paper, we investigate the impact on aggregate regional utility as a result of both exogenous growth and endogenous growth in a spatial system. We will first analyze the case of two closed regions, followed by the case of two open regions. The... more

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    In this paper, we investigate the impact on aggregate regional utility as a result of both exogenous growth and endogenous growth in a spatial system. We will first analyze the case of two closed regions, followed by the case of two open regions. The main instrument used in our approach to study the changes in collective regional welfare is Dynamic Programming. The traditional exogenous Solow growth model forms the basis of our paper. The analysis of this model will be extended to a comparison of two closed regions with exogenous growth. By introducing a case of a common labour market, we are able to investigate exogenous growth between two open regions. For the analysis of endogenous growth, we adopt the same structure as the one used for the investigation of exogenous growth models. In this framework, an investment in knowledge is considered as the endogenous driving force. Finally, we take a closer look at the timing of cost-reducing investments. In total, seven related but distinct cases are identified and studied in more detail.

     
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    hdl: 10419/85727
    Series: Array ; 1997,022
    Scope: Online-Ressource (27 S.)
  8. European freight transport analysis using neural networks and logit models
    Author: Reggiani, Aura; Nijkamp, Peter; Tsang, Wai Fai
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    The present paper aims to analyse interregional freight transport movements in Europe in order to forecast spatio-temporal patterns of new transport economic scenarios.In view of the high dimension of our data-base on transport flows, two different... more

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    The present paper aims to analyse interregional freight transport movements in Europe in order to forecast spatio-temporal patterns of new transport economic scenarios.In view of the high dimension of our data-base on transport flows, two different approaches are compared, viz. the logit model and the neural network model. Logit models are well-known in the literature; however, applications of logit analysis to large samples are more rare. Neural networks are nowadays receiving a considerable attention as a new approach that is able to capture major patterns of flows, on the basis of fuzzy and incomplete information. Inthis context an assessment of this method on the basis of a large amount of data is an interesting research endeavour.The paper will essentially deal with a research experiment, oriented towards both calibration/learning procedures and spatial forecasting, in order to compare the two above methodologies as well as to investigate the potential/limitations of the two above mentioned different, but related assessment methods. The first results in this framework highlight the factthat the two models adopted, although methodologically different, are both able to provide a reasonable spatial mapping of the interregional transport flows under consideration.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85430
    Series: Array ; 1997,032
    Scope: Online-Ressource (18 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  9. Explanatory meta-analysis of tourist income multipliers
    an application of comparative research to island economies
    Author: Baaijens, Sef R.; Nijkamp, Peter; Montfort, Kees van
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    This paper aims to demonstrate the potential of quantitative research synthesis, i.e. meta-analysis, as a methodology for comparative and explorative research, with a particular view on tourism research. The attention is focused on regional tourist... more

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    This paper aims to demonstrate the potential of quantitative research synthesis, i.e. meta-analysis, as a methodology for comparative and explorative research, with a particular view on tourism research. The attention is focused on regional tourist multipliers which measure the effects of tourist expenditure on the economy of a region. On the basis of a sample of studies on tourist multipliers, differences among tourist income multipliers are ex post examined. The preliminaries of this investigation are discussed in order to show some important issues a meta-analyst is confronted with. Besides, the results of the comparative analysis of previous studies are transferred to the Greek island of Lesvos. This area was estimated to have an average tourist income multiplier falling in between 0.55 and 0.67.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85552
    Series: Array ; 1997,017
    Scope: Online-Ressource (17 S.)
  10. Optimal growth, coordination and sustainability in the spatial economy
    Author: Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M. van den; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    Until recently, the interaction between environmental quality, economic activity and growth is predominantly considered in an a-spatial context. Traditional neoclassical growth theory following Solow/Swan has mainly addressed questions about... more

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    Until recently, the interaction between environmental quality, economic activity and growth is predominantly considered in an a-spatial context. Traditional neoclassical growth theory following Solow/Swan has mainly addressed questions about environmental and resource limits to growth. Recently, much attention is also devoted to the environment-growth interface from an endogenous growth perspective. However, an important element that is missing in both the neoclassical and endogenous growth approaches is a multiregional perspective. The present theoretical study tries to present one of the first attempts to fill this gap. The analysis is based on a model of two interactive regions, with possible interaction between the regional environments via the global environment. The implications of this type of analysis are manifold. One is that endogeneity of growth is not only due to technology and knowledge formation but also to the effects of trade, resource scarcity and environmental degradation. Another implication is that a coordinated environmental policy of regions should address long-term sustainability, and take account of the positive technological and negative environmental dynamic externalities.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85603
    Series: Array ; 1997,104
    Scope: Online-Ressource (18 S.), graph. Darst.
  11. Winners and losers in spatial duopoly markets
    the relevance of a value transfer approach
    Author: Bal, Frans; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    The effect of economic behaviour of different actors on the size of a market area is a classical subject of study in regional economics and over the years many studies have been published on this subject. Regional market differences are not only... more

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    DS 432 (1998,4)
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    The effect of economic behaviour of different actors on the size of a market area is a classical subject of study in regional economics and over the years many studies have been published on this subject. Regional market differences are not only relevant in (location-) allocation theory, but they may also offer intriguing research opportunities for value transfer analysis. In our study a fresh look will be taken at the key forces determining the size of a market area and its implications and possibilities for value transfer. We will address in particular the combination of price competition (modelled by using a modified Bertrand duopoly model) and transport costs.In the paper, Hotelling's duopolistic allocation model will act as the basis for further theorizing. The reasons for the emergence of regional duopoly markets will be investigated by using the willingness-to-pay of households. A modified duopolistic model to analyze also the effects of choice behaviour under conditions of congestion will be placed in the context of earlier research on these types of models, while its implications for value transfer will be traced.Throughout the paper, a strictly formal approach will be adopted in order to identify the general conditions under which value transfer is feasible.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85459
    Series: Array ; 1998,004
    Subjects: Duopol; Räumlicher Wettbewerb; Theorie
    Scope: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
  12. In search of valid results in a complex economic environment
    Author: Bal, Frans; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    The rapidly increasing dissemination of scientific results exhibits features of complex systems and brings also to light (seemingly) inconsistencies among research findings. At the same time, there is a fast growing interest in comparative studies... more

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    The rapidly increasing dissemination of scientific results exhibits features of complex systems and brings also to light (seemingly) inconsistencies among research findings. At the same time, there is a fast growing interest in comparative studies and related research tools such as meta-analysis and value transfer. Recently, several studies have been published in the economicliterature with the aim to test the performance of value transfer in a direct way. The results from previously independently undertaken studies are then compared with the results generated by value transfer: one of the independent studies is chosen as a study site and serves as a benchmark for value transfer, while the other site is treated as the policy site. Distinct studies show that the values obtained for the policy site via value transfer do not necessarilycomply with the results obtained from the independently undertaken study at that site. This paper will offer a critical methodological contribution to the discovery of sources of difficulties underlying the application of value transfer and the creation of new knowledge. The paper offers new insights by considering value transfer in the light of modern quantitative economicanalysis as well as a formal framework for the applicability of value transfer in economic research. Throughout the paper, simple cases will serve as illustrations for our arguments.

     
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85742
    Series: Array ; 1998,005
    Scope: Online-Ressource (17 S.)
  13. Time pioneers and travel behaviour
    an investigation into the viability of slow motion
    Author: Baaijens, Sef R.; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  Tinbergen Inst., Rotterdam [u.a.]

    This paper positions time in the centre of spatial economic analysis, with a particular view on transport behaviour. The conventional assumption is that there is for most people in our society a constant travel time budget, so that higher speeds tend... more

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    This paper positions time in the centre of spatial economic analysis, with a particular view on transport behaviour. The conventional assumption is that there is for most people in our society a constant travel time budget, so that higher speeds tend to lead to longer travel distance. Thisdevelopment is at odds with the notion of sustainable transport, which would require lower levels of mobility. Recently, the scientific construct of a so-called "time pioneer" has been introduced. Such a time pioneer is prepared to give up part of his scarce time for other, as yet unknown purposes. This attitude might generate "slow motion" behaviour.The paper aims to critically review the concept of a time pioneer from a broadperspective on the socio-economic meaning of time in our globalizing society. It investigates the environmental burden of various travel modes against the background of their time consumption.The viability of time pioneering behaviour is next empirically tested by means of an extensive survey among travellers in the Netherlands. Several modelling experiments, such as logit analysis and rough set analysis, are carried out. It is concluded that, while "slow motion" is seemingly an appealing socio-psychological travel mode, the share of time pioneers amongactual travellers is disappointingly low.

     
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/85697
    Series: Array ; 1997,132
    Scope: Online-Ressource (22 S.), graph. Darst.
  14. A decision support system for regional sustainable development
    the Flag model
    Author: Nijkamp, Peter; Ouwersloot, Hans
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 899 (97.74)
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; 97,74
    Array ; 97,74 : 3, Labor, region and environment
    Subjects: Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Management-Informationssystem; Regionalökonomik; Theorie
    Scope: 24 S. : graph. Darst
  15. Innovation dynamics in space
    local actors and local factors
    Author: Kangasharju, Aki; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 899 (97.62)
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Array ; 97,62
    Array ; 97,62 : 3, Labour, region and environment
    Subjects: Innovationsdiffusion; Europa
    Scope: 27 S. : graph. Darst
  16. Hierarchies of spatial network systems
    Author: Medda, Francesca; Nijkamp, Peter; Rietveld, Piet
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 899 (97.60)
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    Series: Array ; 97,60
    Array ; 97,60 : 3, Labour, region and environment
    Subjects: Regionalökonomik; Netzwerk; Theorie
    Scope: 12 S. : Ill
  17. Spatial perspectives on new theories of economic growth
    Author: Nijkamp, Peter; Poot, Jacques
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 899 (97.56)
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Array ; 97,56
    Array ; 97,56 : 3, Labour, region and environment
    Subjects: Regionale Wachstumstheorie; Theorie
    Scope: 35 S
  18. Decisive conditions for an effective and efficient multi-modal freight transport network in Europe
    a meta-analytic perspective
    Author: Bithas, Konstantinos; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    W 899 (97.66)
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Array ; 97,66
    Array ; 97,66 : 3, Labour, region and environment
    Subjects: Verkehrsinfrastruktur; Güterverkehr; Netzwerk; Europa
    Scope: 20 S
  19. Network industries, economic stability and spatial integration
    Author: Button, Kenneth John; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 899 (97.47)
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    Series: Array ; 97,47
    Array ; 97,47 : 3, Labour, region and environment
    Subjects: Infrastruktur; Netzwerk; Konjunktur; Politische Integration; Regionalökonomik; Theorie
    Scope: 23 S. : graph. Darst
  20. Neural network and spatial interactions analysis of European commodity flows
    Author: Reggiani, Aura; Nijkamp, Peter; Tsang, Wai Fai
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 18 (1997,68)
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Serie research memoranda / Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie ; 1997,68
    Subjects: Güterverkehr; Neuronale Netze; Experiment; Theorie; Europa
    Scope: 10 S., graph. Darst.
  21. A meta-approach to investigate the variance in transport cost elasticities
    a cross-national European comparison
    Author: Nijkamp, Peter; Pepping, Gerard
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 18 (1997,71)
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    Series: Serie research memoranda / Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie ; 1997,71
    Subjects: Transportkosten; Preiselastizität; Norwegen; Finnland; Niederlande; Großbritannien
    Scope: 17 S.
  22. Local opportunities and innovative behaviour
    a meta-analytic study on European cities
    Author: Nijkamp, Peter; Kangasharju, Aki; Geenhuizen, Marina S. van
    Published: 1997

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    W 18 (1997,72)
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Serie research memoranda / Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie ; 1997,72
    Subjects: Innovation; Standort; Stadt; Theorie
    Scope: 21 S., graph. Darst.
  23. Environmental security and sustainability in natural resource management
    a decision support framework
    Author: Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    W 18 (1997,63)
    Inter-library loan:
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Serie research memoranda / Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie ; 1997,63
    Subjects: Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Umweltschutz; Ressourcenökonomik; Theorie
    Scope: 21 S., graph. Darst.
  24. Environmental rehabilitation
    efficiency and effectiveness in soil remediation
    Author: Beinat, Euro; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    W 18 (1997,62)
    Inter-library loan:
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Serie research memoranda / Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie ; 1997,62
    Subjects: Regionale Revitalisierung; Altlastensanierung; Welt
    Scope: 15 S., graph. Darst.
  25. Land use planning and sustainable development
    Author: Beinat, Euro; Nijkamp, Peter
    Published: 1997

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    W 18 (1997,60)
    Inter-library loan:
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Serie research memoranda / Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie ; 1997,60
    Subjects: Landnutzung; Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Welt
    Scope: 12 S., graph. Darst., Kt.