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Displaying results 1 to 25 of 38.

  1. Global recessions
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009. During each of these episodes, annual real per capita global GDP contracted, and this contraction was accompanied by weakening of... more

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    The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009. During each of these episodes, annual real per capita global GDP contracted, and this contraction was accompanied by weakening of other key indicators of global economic activity. The global recessions were highly synchronized internationally, with severe economic and financial disruptions in many countries around the world. The 2009 global recession, set off by the global financial crisis, was by far the deepest and most synchronized of the four recessions. As the epicenter of the crisis, advanced economies felt the brunt of the recession. The subsequent expansion has been the weakest in the post-war period in advanced economies as many of them have struggled to overcome the legacies of the crisis. In contrast, most emerging market and developing economies weathered the 2009 global recession relatively well and delivered a stronger recovery than after previous global recessions.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/227909
    Series: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; 2002 (February 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Debt and financial crises
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Emerging market and developing economies have experienced recurrent episodes of rapid debt accumulation over the past fifty years. This paper examines the consequences of debt accumulation using a three-pronged approach: an event study of debt... more

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    Emerging market and developing economies have experienced recurrent episodes of rapid debt accumulation over the past fifty years. This paper examines the consequences of debt accumulation using a three-pronged approach: an event study of debt accumulation episodes in 100 emerging market and developing economies since 1970; a series of econometric models examining the linkages between debt and the probability of financial crises; and a set of case studies of rapid debt buildup that ended in crises. The paper reports four main results. First, episodes of debt accumulation are common, with more than 500 episodes occurring since 1970. Second, around half of these episodes were associated with financial crises which typically had worse economic outcomes than those without crises- after 8 years output per capita was typically 6-10 percent lower and investment 15-22 percent weaker in crisis episodes. Third, a rapid buildup of debt, whether public or private, increased the likelihood of a financial crisis, as did a larger share of short-term external debt, higher debt service, and lower reserves cover. Fourth, countries that experienced financial crises frequently employed combinations of unsustainable fiscal, monetary and financial sector policies, and often suffered from structural and institutional weaknesses.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/227908
    Edition: This version: January 2020
    Series: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; 2001 (February 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Global macro-financial cycles and spillovers
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    We develop a new dynamic factor model that allows us to jointly characterize global macroeconomic and financial cycles and the spillovers between them. The model decomposes macroeconomic cycles into the part driven by global and country-specific... more

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    We develop a new dynamic factor model that allows us to jointly characterize global macroeconomic and financial cycles and the spillovers between them. The model decomposes macroeconomic cycles into the part driven by global and country-specific macro factors and the part driven by spillovers from financial variables. We consider cycles in macroeconomic aggregates (output, consumption, and investment) and financial variables (equity and house prices, and interest rates). We find that the global macro factor plays a major role in explaining G-7 business cycles, but there are also spillovers from equity and house price shocks onto macroeconomic aggregates. These spillovers operate mainly through the global macro factor rather than the country-specific macro factors (i.e., these spillovers affect business cycles in all G-7 economies) and are stronger in the period leading up to and following the global financial crisis. We find little evidence of spillovers from macroeconomic cycles to financial cycles.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/227911
    Edition: This version: February 2020
    Series: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; 2004 (March 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Global recessions
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009. During each of these episodes, annual real per capita global gross domestic product contracted, and this contraction was accompanied... more

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    The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009. During each of these episodes, annual real per capita global gross domestic product contracted, and this contraction was accompanied by weakening of other key indicators of global economic activity. The global recessions were highly synchronized internationally, with severe economic and financial disruptions in many countries around the world. The 2009 global recession, set off by the global financial crisis, was by far the deepest and most synchronized of the four recessions. As the epicenter of the crisis, advanced economies felt the brunt of the recession. The subsequent expansion has been the weakest in the post-war period in advanced economies, as many of them have struggled to overcome the legacies of the crisis. In contrast, most emerging market and developing economies weathered the 2009 global recession relatively well and delivered a stronger recovery than after previous global recessions

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9172
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Subdued potential growth
    sources and remedies
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Global potential output growth has been flagging. At 2.5 percent in 2013-17, post-crisis potential growth is 0.5 percentage point below its longer-term average and 0.9 percentage point below its average a decade ago. Compared with a decade ago,... more

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    Global potential output growth has been flagging. At 2.5 percent in 2013-17, post-crisis potential growth is 0.5 percentage point below its longer-term average and 0.9 percentage point below its average a decade ago. Compared with a decade ago, potential growth has declined 0.8 percentage point in advanced economies and 1.1 percentage point in emerging market and developing economies. The slowdown mainly reflected weaker capital accumulation but is also evidence of decelerating productivity growth and demographic trends that dampen labor supply growth. Unless countered, these forces are expected to continue and to depress global potential growth further by 0.2 percentage point over the next decade. A menu of policy options is available to help reverse this trend, including comprehensive policy initiatives to lift physical and human capital and to encourage labor force participation by women and older workers

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9177
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Can this time be different?
    policy options in times of rising debt
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Episodes of debt accumulation have been a recurrent feature of the global economy over the past fifty years. Since 2010, emerging and developing economies have experienced another wave of historically large and rapid debt accumulation. Similar past... more

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    Episodes of debt accumulation have been a recurrent feature of the global economy over the past fifty years. Since 2010, emerging and developing economies have experienced another wave of historically large and rapid debt accumulation. Similar past debt buildups have often ended in widespread financial crises in these economies. This paper examines the factors that are likely to determine the outcome of the most recent debt wave, and considers policy options to help reduce the likelihood that it ends again in widespread crises. It reports two main results. First, the rapid increase in debt has made emerging and developing economies more vulnerable to shifts in market sentiment, notwithstanding historically low global interest rates. Second, policy options are available to lower the likelihood of financial crises, and to help manage the adverse impacts of crises when they do occur. These include sound debt management, strong monetary and fiscal frameworks, and robust bank supervision and regulation. The post-crisis debt buildup has coincided with a period of subdued growth as well as the emergence of non-traditional creditors. As a result, policy priorities also need to ensure that debt is spent on productive purposes to improve growth prospects and that all debt-related transactions are transparently reported

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9178
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. A decade after the global recession
    lessons and challenges for emerging and developing economies
    Contributor: Kose, M. Ayhan (HerausgeberIn); Ohnsorge, Franziska (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Kose, M. Ayhan (HerausgeberIn); Ohnsorge, Franziska (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781464815287
    Subjects: Entwicklung; Finanzkrise; Globalisierung; Konjunktur; Wirtschaftswachstum; Wirtschaftskrise; Entwicklungsländer; Schwellenländer; Welt
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 409 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Global recessions
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009. During each of these episodes, annual real per capita global gross domestic product contracted, and this contraction was accompanied... more

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    The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009. During each of these episodes, annual real per capita global gross domestic product contracted, and this contraction was accompanied by weakening of other key indicators of global economic activity. The global recessions were highly synchronized internationally, with severe economic and financial disruptions in many countries around the world. The 2009 global recession, set off by the global financial crisis, was by far the deepest and most synchronized of the four recessions. As the epicenter of the crisis, advanced economies felt the brunt of the recession. The subsequent expansion has been the weakest in the post-war period in advanced economies, as many of them have struggled to overcome the legacies of the crisis. In contrast, most emerging market and developing economies weathered the 2009 global recession relatively well and delivered a stronger recovery than after previous global recessions

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9172
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Subdued potential growth
    sources and remedies
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Global potential output growth has been flagging. At 2.5 percent in 2013-17, post-crisis potential growth is 0.5 percentage point below its longer-term average and 0.9 percentage point below its average a decade ago. Compared with a decade ago,... more

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    Global potential output growth has been flagging. At 2.5 percent in 2013-17, post-crisis potential growth is 0.5 percentage point below its longer-term average and 0.9 percentage point below its average a decade ago. Compared with a decade ago, potential growth has declined 0.8 percentage point in advanced economies and 1.1 percentage point in emerging market and developing economies. The slowdown mainly reflected weaker capital accumulation but is also evidence of decelerating productivity growth and demographic trends that dampen labor supply growth. Unless countered, these forces are expected to continue and to depress global potential growth further by 0.2 percentage point over the next decade. A menu of policy options is available to help reverse this trend, including comprehensive policy initiatives to lift physical and human capital and to encourage labor force participation by women and older workers

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9177
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Can this time be different?
    policy options in times of rising debt
    Published: March 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Episodes of debt accumulation have been a recurrent feature of the global economy over the past fifty years. Since 2010, emerging and developing economies have experienced another wave of historically large and rapid debt accumulation. Similar past... more

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    Episodes of debt accumulation have been a recurrent feature of the global economy over the past fifty years. Since 2010, emerging and developing economies have experienced another wave of historically large and rapid debt accumulation. Similar past debt buildups have often ended in widespread financial crises in these economies. This paper examines the factors that are likely to determine the outcome of the most recent debt wave, and considers policy options to help reduce the likelihood that it ends again in widespread crises. It reports two main results. First, the rapid increase in debt has made emerging and developing economies more vulnerable to shifts in market sentiment, notwithstanding historically low global interest rates. Second, policy options are available to lower the likelihood of financial crises, and to help manage the adverse impacts of crises when they do occur. These include sound debt management, strong monetary and fiscal frameworks, and robust bank supervision and regulation. The post-crisis debt buildup has coincided with a period of subdued growth as well as the emergence of non-traditional creditors. As a result, policy priorities also need to ensure that debt is spent on productive purposes to improve growth prospects and that all debt-related transactions are transparently reported

     

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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9178
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Debt and financial crises
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Emerging market and developing economies have experienced recurrent episodes of rapid debt accumulation over the past fifty years. This paper examines the consequences of debt accumulation using a three-pronged approach: an event study of debt... more

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    Emerging market and developing economies have experienced recurrent episodes of rapid debt accumulation over the past fifty years. This paper examines the consequences of debt accumulation using a three-pronged approach: an event study of debt accumulation episodes in 100 emerging market and developing economies since 1970; a series of econometric models examining the linkages between debt and the probability of financial crises; and a set of case studies of rapid debt buildup that ended in crises. The paper reports four main results. First, episodes of debt accumulation are common, with more than 500 episodes occurring since 1970. Second, around half of these episodes were associated with financial crises which typically had worse economic outcomes than those without crises - after 8 years output per capita was typically 6-10 percent lower and investment 15-22 percent weaker in crisis episodes. Third, a rapid buildup of debt, whether public or private, increased the likelihood of a financial crisis, as did a larger share of short-term external debt, higher debt service cover, and lower reserves cover. Fourth, countries that experienced financial crises frequently employed combinations of unsustainable fiscal, monetary and financial sector policies, and often suffered from structural and institutional weaknesses

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9116
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Emerging and developing economies
    ten years after the Global Recession
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Although emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global economy. In many EMDEs, the room for... more

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    Although emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global economy. In many EMDEs, the room for monetary and fiscal policies to respond to shocks has eroded; underlying growth potential has slowed; and the momentum for improving policy frameworks, institutions, and business climates seems to have slackened. The experience of the 2009 global recession highlights once again the critical role of policy room in shielding economic activity during adverse shocks. The subsequent decade of anemic growth underlines the need for sound policy frameworks, institutions, and business environments to promote sustained growth. With the global growth outlook weakening and vulnerabilities rising, the policy priority for EMDEs is now to improve resilience to shocks and to lift long-term growth prospects

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9148
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Benefits and costs of debt
    the dose makes the poison
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Government debt has risen substantially in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) since the global financial crisis. The current environment of low global interest rates and weak growth may appear to mitigate concerns about elevated debt... more

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    Government debt has risen substantially in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) since the global financial crisis. The current environment of low global interest rates and weak growth may appear to mitigate concerns about elevated debt levels. Considering currently subdued investment, additional government borrowing might also appear to be an attractive option for financing growth-enhancing initiatives such as investment in human and physical capital. However, history suggests caution. Despite low interest rates, debt was on a rising trajectory in half of EMDEs in 2018. In addition, the cost of rolling over debt can increase sharply during periods of financial stress and result in financial crises; elevated debt levels can limit the ability of governments to provide fiscal stimulus during downturns; and high debt can weigh on investment and long-term growth. Hence, EMDEs need to strike a careful balance between taking advantage of low interest rates and avoiding the potentially adverse consequences of excessive debt accumulation

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9166
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. A decade after the global recession
    lessons and challenges for emerging and developing economies
    Contributor: Kose, M. Ayhan (HerausgeberIn); Ohnsorge, Franziska (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

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    Contributor: Kose, M. Ayhan (HerausgeberIn); Ohnsorge, Franziska (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781464815287
    Subjects: Entwicklung; Finanzkrise; Globalisierung; Konjunktur; Wirtschaftswachstum; Wirtschaftskrise; Entwicklungsländer; Schwellenländer; Welt
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 409 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Global macro-financial cycles and spillovers
    Published: 11 February 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP14404
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 83 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Emerging and developing economies
    ten years after the global recession
    Published: 13 February 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Format: Online
    Edition: This revision 13 February 2020
    Series: Array ; DP14405
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. A decade after the global recession
    lessons and challenges for emerging and developing economies
    Contributor: Kose, M. Ayhan (HerausgeberIn); Ohnsorge, Franziska (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 284286
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Kose, M. Ayhan (HerausgeberIn); Ohnsorge, Franziska (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9781464815270
    Other identifier:
    Subjects: Entwicklung; Finanzkrise; Globalisierung; Konjunktur; Wirtschaftswachstum; Wirtschaftskrise; Entwicklungsländer; Schwellenländer; Welt
    Scope: xxiv, 409 Seiten, Illustrationen
  18. Understanding the global waves of debt
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, [London]

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    Format: Online
    Series: Policy insight ; no. 99 (March 2020)
    Subjects: Öffentliche Schulden; Schuldenkrise; Entwicklungsländer; Schwellenländer; Welt
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 8 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Global macro-financial cycles and spillovers
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (26798)
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26798
    Subjects: Internationaler Finanzmarkt; Finanzkrise; Konjunkturzusammenhang; G7-Staaten
    Scope: 79 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe

  20. Subdued potential growth
    sources and remedies
    Published: 24 March 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP14527
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Can this time be different? policy options in times of rising debt
    Published: 24 March 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP14528
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  22. Global macro-financial cycles and spillovers
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We develop a new dynamic factor model that allows us to jointly characterize global macroeconomic and financial cycles and the spillovers between them. The model decomposes macroeconomic cycles into the part driven by global and country-specific... more

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    We develop a new dynamic factor model that allows us to jointly characterize global macroeconomic and financial cycles and the spillovers between them. The model decomposes macroeconomic cycles into the part driven by global and country-specific macro factors and the part driven by spillovers from financial variables. We consider cycles in macroeconomic aggregates (output, consumption, and investment) and financial variables (equity and house prices, and interest rates). We find that the global macro factor plays a major role in explaining G-7 business cycles, but there are also spillovers from equity and house price shocks onto macroeconomic aggregates. These spillovers operate mainly through the global macro factor rather than the country-specific macro factors (i.e., these spillovers affect business cycles in all G-7 economies) and are stronger in the period leading up to and following the global financial crisis. We find little evidence of spillovers from macroeconomic cycles to financial cycles.

     

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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/216312
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13000
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  23. Benefits and costs of debt
    the dose makes the poison
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Government debt has risen substantially in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) since the global financial crisis. The current environment of low global interest rates and weak growth may appear to mitigate concerns about elevated debt... more

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    Government debt has risen substantially in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) since the global financial crisis. The current environment of low global interest rates and weak growth may appear to mitigate concerns about elevated debt levels. Considering currently subdued investment, additional government borrowing might also appear to be an attractive option for financing growth-enhancing initiatives such as investment in human and physical capital. However, history suggests caution. Despite low interest rates, debt was on a rising trajectory in half of EMDEs in 2018. In addition, the cost of rolling over debt can increase sharply during periods of financial stress and result in financial crises; elevated debt levels can limit the ability of governments to provide fiscal stimulus during downturns; and high debt can weigh on investment and long-term growth. Hence, EMDEs need to strike a careful balance between taking advantage of low interest rates and avoiding the potentially adverse consequences of excessive debt accumulation.

     

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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227913
    Series: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2006 (March 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Emerging and developing economies
    ten years after the global recession
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Although emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global economy. In many EMDEs, the room for... more

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    Although emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global economy. In many EMDEs, the room for monetary and fiscal policies to respond to shocks has eroded; underlying growth potential has slowed; and the momentum for improving policy frameworks, institutions, and business climates seems to have slackened. The experience of the 2009 global recession highlights once again the critical role of policy room in shielding economic activity during adverse shocks. The subsequent decade of anemic growth underlines the need for sound policy frameworks, institutions, and business environments to promote sustained growth. With the global growth outlook weakening and vulnerabilities rising, the policy priority for EMDEs is now to improve resilience to shocks and to lift long-term growth prospects.

     

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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227912
    Series: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; 2005 (March 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Benefits and costs of debt
    the dose makes the poison
    Published: 24 February 2020
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP14439
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen