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  1. Desigualdade no Brasil de 2016 a 2017
    um exercício de decomposição e análise de mercado de trabalho de pouca mudança (o que é uma boa notícia)
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: outubro de 2018
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This article uses recently released data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua), Brazilian household survey to calculate changes in inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient from 2016 to 2017. A Shorrocks... more

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    This article uses recently released data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua), Brazilian household survey to calculate changes in inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient from 2016 to 2017. A Shorrocks decomposition by factor components is also undertaken, as well as a limited analysis of the wage inequality and the labor market contribution to household inequality. The main results are: i) the Gini coefficient fell 0.18 point from 2016 to 2017, going from 54.1 to 53.8, which is a very small reduction in inequality; ii) this reduction is due to the interplay between labor and social protection incomes; and iii) the labor market by itself is playing against reductions in inequality, which shows the relevance of the (still limited and not very progressive) Brazilian social protection system.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/211369
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2408
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Proteção efetiva no Brasil: 2000 a 2015
    Author: Bloch, Carolina; Soares, Sergei
    Published: novembro de 2018
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This paper calculates effective tariffs by industrial sector for Brazil from 2000 to 2015. Effective tariff differs from nominal tariff in that it takes into consideration the protection given to industrial inputs so that a sector whose products are... more

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    This paper calculates effective tariffs by industrial sector for Brazil from 2000 to 2015. Effective tariff differs from nominal tariff in that it takes into consideration the protection given to industrial inputs so that a sector whose products are protected by high tariffs may also be burdened by high tariffs on its inputs, leading to a lower effective tariff. Two series are calculated: 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2015. The reason for this is that the National Accounts changed their classification of economic sectors in 2010. Results indicate that: i) effective rates of protection are highly varied in Brazil, according to sector; ii) effective rates of protection have fallen slightly in the 15 years from 2000 to 2015; and iii) some sectors have seen their rates of protection vary considerably over this fifteen-year period, but in most sectors the ERP did not vary much.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/211382
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2432
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. O impacto distributivo do salário mínimo
    a distribuição individual dos rendimentos do trabalho
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: abril de 2002
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    The objective of this discussion paper is to estimate the impact that changes in the value of the minimum wage will have upon the distribution of individual labor income. Two complementary approaches will be used. The first approach is to use non... more

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    The objective of this discussion paper is to estimate the impact that changes in the value of the minimum wage will have upon the distribution of individual labor income. Two complementary approaches will be used. The first approach is to use non parametric estimators to estimate the individual income labor distribution. The estimator used is the kernel estimator with a bandwidth of 0.08 and the data come from the five PNADs since the Real Plan. The results are visual and qualitative but show a strong concentration of individuals at or around the minimum wage. More or less 10% of individuals with positive labor income are in this minimum wage spike. Although this is less than the 15% of individuals with positive labor income who earn less than one minimum wage, the kernel estimators show that the spike follows increases in the minimum wage. This shows that minimum wage increases should have a significant effect on labor income distribution. The next approach in the paper is quantify the elasticity of labor income with relation to minimum wage increases. The data come from the monthly PMEs since the Real Plan and the methodology is to use various comparison groups to net out the minimum wage effect. Although all three comparison groups used are imperfect, the results are more or less coherent. They show that labor income elasticities with relation to minimum wage increases are low (around 0.2) for the lowest centiles in the labor income distribution, higher (around 0.6) for the centiles where the minimum wage is effective, and then drop to zero for the two highest quintiles. In conclusion, the minimum wage has a significant effect upon the individual labor income distribution, but it is not very large.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 873
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Mindestlohn; Brasilien
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. O perfil da discriminação no mercado de trabalho
    homens negros, mulheres brancas e mulheres negras
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: novembro de 2000
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This text decomposes the earnings differential between white men, on the one hand, and black men, white women, and black women, on the other. A difference in earnings may arise due to at least three causes: difference in human capital, different... more

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    This text decomposes the earnings differential between white men, on the one hand, and black men, white women, and black women, on the other. A difference in earnings may arise due to at least three causes: difference in human capital, different insertions in the labor market, or pure difference in wages. The text decomposes the differential of each category above into these three components. Both means and the full distributions of black males and black and white females are decomposed. The methodology is an extension of the Oaxaca decomposition for means. The results indicate that while the earnings differential for women is due exclusively to a pure wage differential, black males have lower earnings mainly due to differences in human capital, although they also suffer heavy wage and insertion discrimination. Black women suffer the pure wage differential of white women, plus the wage differential of black men, plus an insertion differential, plus a huge qualification differential (although it is smaller than that of black males).

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 769
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Proteção efetiva e desigualdade intrassetorial
    Author: Bloch, Carolina; Soares, Sergei
    Published: julho de 2019
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    In this paper, we estimate the distributive impacts of trade openness on within sector income distribution. The empirical approach is to estimate the econometric relation between effective rates of protection and various indicators of within sector... more

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    In this paper, we estimate the distributive impacts of trade openness on within sector income distribution. The empirical approach is to estimate the econometric relation between effective rates of protection and various indicators of within sector inequality: the Gini and Theil indices of wage inequality in each economic sector, the ratio between wages of production and nonproduction workers, and the ratio between the wage bill and value added for each sector. The econometric specification is a fixed effects model in which each sector is compared to itself in various moments in time. The results show a significant but small effect of trade openness upon wage inequality as measured by Gini and Theil Coefficients and also small effects in the opposite direction between trade openness and the wage bill to value added ratio. This means that a substantive reduction in effective rates of protection will lead to small reductions in wage inequality and even smaller increases in the functional inequality in each sector.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/211443
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2492
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Os efeitos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a pobreza e a desigualdade
    um balanço dos primeiros quinze anos
    Author: Souza, Pedro H. G. Ferreira de; Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro; Paiva, Luis Henrique; Soares, Sergei
    Published: agosto de 2019
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    The goal of the study is to evaluate the targeting of the Bolsa Família Programme and its impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality. To that end, we have used data from the 2001-2015 standard National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa... more

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    The goal of the study is to evaluate the targeting of the Bolsa Família Programme and its impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality. To that end, we have used data from the 2001-2015 standard National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD) and from the 2016 and the 2017 longitudinal PNAD. The results support the findings of previous studies. Bolsa Família is by far the most progressive transfer ever enacted by the federal government. Its excellent targeting explains why, despite its small budget (0.5 per cent of GDP) and its limited representation in household income as reflected by PNAD (0.7 per cent), the programme has such a significant impact on poverty reduction: its transfers reduce poverty by 15 per cent and extreme poverty by 25 per cent. Dynamic decompositions of the Gini coefficient suggest that the programme was responsible for the 10 per cent of the reduction in inequality between 2001 and 2015. From 2001 to 2006 (the period during which the programme grew most significantly), Bolsa Família accounted for almost 17 per cent of the observed reduction in inequality. Findings suggest that the targeting of the Programme is already very good and that the main restraining factor of the Programme’s impact on poverty is not targeting, but rather the low value of the transfers.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
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    hdl: 10419/211450
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2499
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Uma proposta para a unificação dos benefícios sociais de crianças, jovens e adultos pobres e vulneráveis
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Bartholo, Letícia; Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro
    Published: agosto de 2019
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    Social protection policy in Brazil is a historically built patchwork of programs that pay different values to people in the same situation, leaves many unprotected (in particular, 17 million children), is fraught with duplications and other... more

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    Social protection policy in Brazil is a historically built patchwork of programs that pay different values to people in the same situation, leaves many unprotected (in particular, 17 million children), is fraught with duplications and other inefficiencies. This note proposes an approach within which can join all transfers to individuals vulnerable to poverty and children within a single framework. The budgets of the Bolsa Família, Abono Salarial, Salário-Família programs and the child income tax deduction together add up to R$ 52 billion (about USD 15 billion). With these resources, it is possible to propose a new transfer program based on a Universal Child Benefit and targeted Extreme Poverty Grant whose impacts on poverty and inequality are twice those of the four programs above.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/211456
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2505
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Simulando - do mundo maravilhoso das distribuições contrafatuais
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: fevereiro de 2001
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This discussion paper presents a methodology to visualize the effects of various influences on the income distribution. The methodology, although not new, has become very popular in the past few years. It is the method of counterfactual simulations.... more

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    This discussion paper presents a methodology to visualize the effects of various influences on the income distribution. The methodology, although not new, has become very popular in the past few years. It is the method of counterfactual simulations. In other words, it is the use of "what if …" questions in the study of income distribution. The method is applied to Brazil to visualize the effects of type of employment status, region, economic activity sector, and educational endowment on the income distribution of 1998.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; no 780
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Theorie; Brasilien
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. O valor de mercado da educação pública
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: dezembro de 2019
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Publicly provided education is both an important public expenditure and a relevant in-kind transfer, often to the poorest households. This paper compares three methods to value education services and their distributive impact. The methods are: i) The... more

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    Publicly provided education is both an important public expenditure and a relevant in-kind transfer, often to the poorest households. This paper compares three methods to value education services and their distributive impact. The methods are: i) The first method is cost of provision, according to which education is worth what it costs the state to provide it; ii) The second method is to value educational services using the labor market as the measure of their worth; iii) The third is to match private educational expenditures, paid for by students or their parents, with equivalent public education services, and then value the latter according to the price of the former. The results from all three approaches do not fall far from each other. The imputed income from publicly provided education reduces inequality by between 3 and 4 Gini points and increases incomes by about 6%. My conclusion is that the value of public education in Brazil is close to 6% of household income and it is quite distributive, whatever the valuation method used.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/240727
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2532
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Impactos distributivos do financiamento dos regimes previdenciários no Brasil
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Bloch, Carolina
    Published: janeiro de 2020
    Publisher:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This paper seeks to estimate the distributive impact of the taxes and other fiscal contributions that finance social security in Brazil. Making a certain number of strong hypotheses relative to the fiscal incidence of social security financing, we... more

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    This paper seeks to estimate the distributive impact of the taxes and other fiscal contributions that finance social security in Brazil. Making a certain number of strong hypotheses relative to the fiscal incidence of social security financing, we compute a measure of incidence that aggregates the distributive effect of the different taxes that compose tax revenues. For this, we use concentration coefficients computed by Silveira and Passos (2017) weighted by the importance of each tax in funding social security (basically by distinguishing individual social security contributions from taxes collected by the states and the Union). Our results indicate that the financing of social security in Brazil is only slightly progressive, given that the concentration coefficient of these taxes is not much lower than the Gini coefficient nor than the concentration coefficient of social security benefits.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/240731
    Series: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2536
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. O impacto distributivo salário mínimo: a distribuição individual dos rendimentos do trabalho
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: 2002

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1389 (873)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 873
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Mindestlohn; Brasilien
    Scope: 51 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  12. Os jovens adultos de 18 a 25 anos
    retrato de uma dívida da política educacional
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Carvalho, Luiza; Kipnis, Bernardo
    Published: 2003

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    W 1389 (954)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 954
    Subjects: Jugendliche; Bildungschancen; Junge Arbeitskräfte; Brasilien
    Scope: 26 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  13. A participação feminina no mercado de trabalho
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Izaki, Rejane Sayuri
    Published: 2002

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    W 1389 (923)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 923
    Subjects: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Frauenbildung; Brasilien
    Scope: 22 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  14. A mensuração da educação nas PNADs da década de 1990
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Lima, Adriana Fernandes
    Published: 2002

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    Language: Portuguese
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    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 928
    Subjects: Bildungsniveau; Brasilien
    Scope: 12 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  15. Metodologia e resultados da avaliação do programa de erradicação do trabalho infantil
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Pianto, Donald M.
    Published: 2003

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    W 1389 (994)
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
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    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 994
    Subjects: Kinderarbeit; Brasilien
    Scope: 16 S
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  16. O Programa Bolsa Família
    desenho institucional, impactos e possibilidades futuras
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Sátyro, Natália
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This text discusses the Bolsa Família Program, its institutional design, implementation issues, its impacts and possibilities for future evolution. We discuss the institutional division of responsibilities, benefits, conditionalities and federative... more

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    This text discusses the Bolsa Família Program, its institutional design, implementation issues, its impacts and possibilities for future evolution. We discuss the institutional division of responsibilities, benefits, conditionalities and federative arrangements. With regards to implementation issues, we discuss the vitally important Single Registry of Beneficiaries, targeting, coverage and the discussion about exit strategies for beneficiary families. We also briefly review the literature on Bolsa Família`s impacts upon inequality, poverty, nutrition, labor supply, and political participation. We conclude that at present Bolsa Família is neither entirely a social protection program nor a program for the generation of opportunities. In the near future, a definition will be necessary because the two objectives are incompatible in a single program.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91006
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1424
    Scope: Online-Ressource (37 S.), graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  17. O ritmo de queda na desigualdade no Brasil é adequado?
    Evidências do contexto histórico e internacional
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: 2008
    Publisher:  IPEA, Brasília

    The following study uses two approaches to judge whether inequality in Brazil is falling fast enough. The first is to compare the variation of the Gini coefficient in Brazil with what was observed in several countries that today belong to the... more

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    The following study uses two approaches to judge whether inequality in Brazil is falling fast enough. The first is to compare the variation of the Gini coefficient in Brazil with what was observed in several countries that today belong to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) - France, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States - while they built their social welfare systems during the last century. The second approach is to calculate for how long Brazil must keep up the fall in the Gini coefficient to attain the same levels of inequality of three OECD countries that can be used as a reference: Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The data indicate that the Gini coefficient in Brazil is falling 0.7 point per year and that this is superior to the rhythm of all the OECD countries analyzed while they built their welfare systems but Spain, whose Gini fell 0.9 point per year during the 1950s. The time needed to attain various benchmarks in inequality are: six years to Mexico, twelve to the United States and 24 to Canadian inequality levels. The general conclusion is that the speed with which inequality is falling is adequate, but the challenge will be to keep inequality falling at the same rate for another two or three decades.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91356
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1339
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Gini-Koeffizient; Brasilien; OECD-Staaten; Sozioökonomischer Wandel; Einkommensverteilung; Bildung; Erziehung; Preisentwicklung; Arbeitsmarkt; Internationaler Vergleich
    Scope: 21 S.
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  18. O Programa Bolsa Família
    desenho institucional, impactos e possibilidades futuras
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Sátyro, Natália
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This text discusses the Bolsa Família Program, its institutional design, implementation issues, its impacts and possibilities for future evolution. We discuss the institutional division of responsibilities, benefits, conditionalities and federative... more

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    DS 194 (1424)
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    This text discusses the Bolsa Família Program, its institutional design, implementation issues, its impacts and possibilities for future evolution. We discuss the institutional division of responsibilities, benefits, conditionalities and federative arrangements. With regards to implementation issues, we discuss the vitally important Single Registry of Beneficiaries, targeting, coverage and the discussion about exit strategies for beneficiary families. We also briefly review the literature on Bolsa Família`s impacts upon inequality, poverty, nutrition, labor supply, and political participation. We conclude that at present Bolsa Família is neither entirely a social protection program nor a program for the generation of opportunities. In the near future, a definition will be necessary because the two objectives are incompatible in a single program.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91006
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1424
    Scope: Online-Ressource (37 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  19. Análise do impacto do Programa Bolsa Família e do Benefício de Prestação Continuada na Redução da desigualdade nos estados brasileiros
    2004 a 2006
    Author: Sátyro, Natalia; Soares, Sergei
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    The objective of this text is to analyze the changes in inequality of household per capita income distribution in Brazilian states between 2004 and 2006 and estimate how much of the change is due to non-contributory income transfers from the federal... more

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    The objective of this text is to analyze the changes in inequality of household per capita income distribution in Brazilian states between 2004 and 2006 and estimate how much of the change is due to non-contributory income transfers from the federal government: Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) and Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC). The methodology used is decomposition of the Gini coefficient by factor components. The Gini coefficient is merely the sum of the concentration coefficients of each income source weighted by the relevance of each income source in total income. Our results are as follows. Between 2004 and 2006 the Gini coefficient fell by one Gini point (x100). This tendency was followed by all states bar seven, and increases in inequality in Alagoas and Maranhão are especially worrisome. A clear regional pattern can be found in the causes of the reduction in the internal inequality of the states. In the Northern and Northeaster states, income transfers, principally the PBF, were undoubtedly the driving force behind inequality reduction. In these regions BPC and PBF were responsible for half of total inequality reduction, on average (unweighted). The unweighted average in the Northeast was 88%. In the states of the South, Southwest and Center-West, BPC and PBF were important, but their contribution to the reduction in inequality was 24% on average (unweighted). In these areas labor income was the driving force behind inequality reduction, accounting for 53% of the unweighted average fall.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91453
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1435
    Scope: Online-Ressource (38 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  20. Volatilidade de renda e a cobertura do Programa Bolsa Família
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This text argues that the criteria used to define Bolsa Família benefits and the criteria used to establish coverage targets are inconsistent. While individual concession criteria are that beneficiaries should be paid for two years if they do not... more

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    This text argues that the criteria used to define Bolsa Família benefits and the criteria used to establish coverage targets are inconsistent. While individual concession criteria are that beneficiaries should be paid for two years if they do not suffer large upward income mobility, the coverage targets are estimated using a household surveys that interview a cross-section of individuals and thus do not follow them through time. If poor individuals suffer income volatility the two criteria are inconsistent and Bolsa Família will always have an eligible public that outnumbers its coverage targets. The monthly employment survey (PME) follows a four month panel of individuals and its thus used to estimate the income volatility of those whose profile is close to the Bolsa Familia profile. My conclusions are that income volatility is high and that four month longitudinal poverty is about 2/3 higher than one month crosssection poverty. The conclusion is that the methodology used to estimate Bolsa Família coverage targets should be changed.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
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    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/91119
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1459
    Scope: Online-Ressource (18 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  21. Erradicar a pobreza extrema
    um objetivo ao alcance do Brasil
    Author: Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro; Soares, Sergei; Souza, Pedro Herculano Guimarães Ferreira de
    Published: 2011
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília, DF

    In this text we address measurement, monitoring and cost issues relating to the eradication of extreme poverty in Brazil. We argue that, for the purpose of ending extreme poverty, income poverty is the relevant concept, and that an administrative... more

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    In this text we address measurement, monitoring and cost issues relating to the eradication of extreme poverty in Brazil. We argue that, for the purpose of ending extreme poverty, income poverty is the relevant concept, and that an administrative extreme poverty line, decided upon politically, is the best criterion. For computational purposes, we use a R$ 67 extreme poverty line. The extreme poverty line should be updated using food inflation (INPC-alimentos) and progress should be assessed using the upcoming quarterly continuous household survey. We finally argue that families report incomes strategically, that even if correctly reported, all incomes are measured with error, and that those of poor people are also highly volatile. Given these limitations, the only way to ensure the end of extreme poverty is to give to extremely poor families a benefit close to the poverty line itself. We finally propose an incremental strategy that will cost less that 0,5% of GDP, using a R$ 67 line.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91026
    Series: Texto para discussão ; 1619
    Subjects: Armutsbekämpfung; Brasilien
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 58 S., 665 KB), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  22. O benefício infantil universal
    uma proposta de unificação do apoio monetário à infância
    Author: Souza, Pedro Herculano Guimarães Ferreira de; Soares, Sergei
    Published: 2011
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília, DF

    This text examines the present monetary transfer setup for children aged 15 or less in Brazil. This setup is today composed of Bolsa Família's variable benefit, the Salário Família, and the child deduction in our Personal Income Tax. We analyze the... more

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    This text examines the present monetary transfer setup for children aged 15 or less in Brazil. This setup is today composed of Bolsa Família's variable benefit, the Salário Família, and the child deduction in our Personal Income Tax. We analyze the value of each of the above benefits, as well as their coverage, targeting, and fiscal cost. We conclude that the present system is fragmented, is uncoordinated, excludes 1/3 of our children, and transfers higher values to wealthier children. We propose its substitution by a single Universal Child Benefit. The resources devoted to the present system could fund a R$ 14,62 benefit to all children under 16 in Brazil. The additional budgetary outlay for this benefit to reach R$ 25 - which would leave poor children no worse off than today - would be about R$ 6,4 billion, which amounts to about 0,2% of 2009 GDP.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91347
    Series: Texto para discussão ; 1636
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 53 S., 782 KB), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  23. Evolucão do desempenho cognitivo do Brasil de 2000 a 2009 face aos demais países
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Nascimen, Paulo A. Meyer M.
    Published: 2011
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília, DF

    This text analyzes the evolution of the cognitive abilities of Brazilian youth as measured by Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa). Our results are quite positive. In spite of an increase of youth eligible for the PISA universe and,... more

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    This text analyzes the evolution of the cognitive abilities of Brazilian youth as measured by Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa). Our results are quite positive. In spite of an increase of youth eligible for the PISA universe and, therefore, a reduction in selectivity, Brazil's average score increased 33 points over the last decade. Brazil's position also improved when compared to that of other countries as its average score increased from 75% to 80% of the average of the original Pisa 2000 country group. In distributive terms, the greatest score increases were observed at the lower tail of the cognitive ability distribution. The upper tail of the mathematics distribution saw its average score increase by nearly 30 points, while at the lower tail the increase was close to 70 points.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/90986
    Series: Texto para discussão ; 1641
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 26 S., 1,99 MB), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  24. Metodologias para estabelecer a linha de pobreza
    objetivas, subjetivas, relativas e multidimensionais
    Author: Soares, Sergei
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    The objective of this text is to compare various approaches to defining poverty lines. The Cost of Basic Needs approach has been the most widely used method in Brazil and Latin America, there are various alternatives. In addition to the Cost of Basic... more

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    The objective of this text is to compare various approaches to defining poverty lines. The Cost of Basic Needs approach has been the most widely used method in Brazil and Latin America, there are various alternatives. In addition to the Cost of Basic Needs and Food Energy Intake methods, the text also discusses multidimensional poverty lines, not widely used in Brazil but quite popular in the rest of Latin America. Administrative poverty lines, such as half of a minimum wage or a dollar a day in purchasing power parity terms, are also discussed. Finally, the text also discusses relative and subjective poverty lines, widely used in the European OECD countries. The text's main conclusion is that although some approaches are better than others, this depends on the context. There is no perfect and criticism-proof method for defining who is and who is not poor.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91156
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1381
    Scope: Online-Ressource (50 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  25. Focalização e cobertura do Programa Bolsa-Família
    qual o significado dos 11 milhões de famílias?
    Author: Soares, Sergei; Ribas, Rafael Pérez; Soares, Fabio Veras
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    In 2006, the Bolsa Família Program completed its expansion, expecting to cover 11 million beneficiary families. The objective of this article is to evaluate whether this implied in deterioration in the program's efficient targeting and whether the... more

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    In 2006, the Bolsa Família Program completed its expansion, expecting to cover 11 million beneficiary families. The objective of this article is to evaluate whether this implied in deterioration in the program's efficient targeting and whether the target of 11 million families in fact covers the entirety of Bolsa Família's eligible target population. Our results are twofold. First, the increase in the coverage was followed by a slightly fall in the targeting. However, we do not find evidences that the coverage increase caused a worse targeting by itself. In addition, that coverage target is insufficient to cover the eligible population due to targeting errors and the size of the program. Taking into consideration the inevitable targeting errors, we estimate that the program should expand up to 15 millions of beneficiary families.Additionally, we show that a considerable part of the so-called inclusion error may be explained by the income volatility of poor families that makes the real target population of Bolsa Família (those families that are or soon will be below R$ 120 per capita) considerably larger that that calculated using a cross-section estimate of the income distribution in a given moment.

     
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    Language: Portuguese
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91293
    Series: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1396
    Scope: Online-Ressource (48 S.), graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache