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  1. The role of inclusive education in governance for inclusive economic participation
    gender evidence from sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  University of South Africa, [Pretoria]

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    Format: Online
    Series: UNISA economic research working paper series ; 2021, 29 (December 2021)
    Subjects: Africa; Gender; Inclusive development
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten)
  2. ICT dynamics for gender inclusive intermediary education
    minimum poverty and inequality thresholds in developing countries
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Amari, Mouna; Jarboui, Anis; Mouakhar, Khaireddine
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study examines linkages between information and communication technology (ICT) dynamics, inequality and poverty in order to establish critical masses of poverty and inequality that should not be exceeded in order for ICT dynamics to promote... more

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    This study examines linkages between information and communication technology (ICT) dynamics, inequality and poverty in order to establish critical masses of poverty and inequality that should not be exceeded in order for ICT dynamics to promote gender inclusive education in 57 developing countries for the period 2012-2016. Poverty is measured with the poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of the population) while inequality is proxied by the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio. The ICT dynamics are measured with 'internet access in school', 'virtual social network', 'personal computers' 'mobile phone penetration', 'internet penetration' and 'fixed broadband subscriptions'. The empirical evidence is based on interactive Generalized Method of Moments estimators from which thresholds are computed contingent on the validity of tested hypotheses. First, the Gini coefficient should not exceed 0.5618 in order for 'internet access in school' to positively affect inclusive education. Second, the poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of the population) should remain below 33.6842% in order for 'internet access in school' to favorably influence inclusive education. Third, the Palma ratio should not exceed 3.3766 in order for internet penetration to favorably affect inclusive education. Fourth, for personal computers to increase inclusive education, the Gini coefficient, Palma ratio and poverty headcount (% of the population) should not exceed 0.4781, 3.5294 and 17.7272, respectively. The study confirms the significant role technological deepening plays in advancing inclusive education by means of policies that reduce poverty and income inequality, with potentially wider applicability to other developing economies. The study has provided poverty and inequality levels that should not be exceeded in order for personal computers, internet penetration and 'internet access in school' to promote gender inclusive education.

     
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    hdl: 10419/244187
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 012
    Subjects: Inclusive; Education; Inequality; Technology; Thresholds
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  3. The rise and fall of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve
    evidence from Africa
    Author: Shobande, Olatunji Abdul; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Purpose - This paper provides an analysis of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve hypothesis (CKC) using a second-generation panel methodology. Design/methodology/approach - Specifically, we investigate whether energy consumption, natural resources, and... more

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    Purpose - This paper provides an analysis of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve hypothesis (CKC) using a second-generation panel methodology. Design/methodology/approach - Specifically, we investigate whether energy consumption, natural resources, and governance explain the CKC proposition. Our empirical strategy is based on the Westerlund panel cointegration test, augmented mean group (AMG), and vector autoregressive (VAR) panel Granger-causality tests. Findings - The results suggest that the CKC hypothesis is incomplete without these mechanisms, as they play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions in Africa. We recommend improving the environmental standards and proper regulatory and monitoring systems to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development in the continent. Originality/value -The study revisits the CKC hypothesis with particular emphasis on governance and more robust empirical estimation techniques.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249077
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 069
    Subjects: carbon cuts; Energy consumption; Governance; Climate crisis; Panel analysis; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  4. Toward cleaner production
    can mobile phone technology help reduce inorganic fertilizer application? : evidence using a national level dataset
    Author: Khan, Nawab; Ray, Ram L.; Kassem, Hazem S.; Ihtisham, Muhammad; Shahzad, Abdullah; Asongu, Simplice; Ansah, Stephen; Zhang, Shemei
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and... more

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    Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability goals. The main objectives of this study were to assess MPU, mobile phone promotion policy, and whether the mediation role of human capital can help reduce IF use. This study used baseline regression analysis and propensity score matching, difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) to assess the impact of MPU on IF usage. However, the two-stage instrumental variables method (IVM) was used to study the effects of mobile phone promotion policy on IF usage. This study used a national dataset from 7,987 rural households in Afghanistan to investigate the impacts of MPU and associated promotion policies on IF application. The baseline regression outcomes showed that the MPU significantly reduced IF usage. The evaluation mechanism revealed that mobile phones help reduce IF application by improving the human capital of farmers. Besides, evidence from the DID technique showed that mobile phone promotion policies lowered IF application. These results remained robust after applying the PSM-DID method and two-stage IVM to control endogenous decisions of rural households. This study results imply that enhancing the accessibility of wideband in remote areas, promoting MPU, and increasing investment in information communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure can help decrease the IF application in agriculture. Thus, the government should invest in remote areas to facilitate access to ICTs, such as having a telephone and access to a cellular and internet network to provide an environment and facility to apply IF effectively. Further, particular policy support must focus on how vulnerable populations access the internet and mobile phone technologies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249076
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 066
    Subjects: mobile phone usage; propensity score matching; difference-in-difference; inorganic fertilizer usage; human capital; sustainable development; Afghanistan
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Does corporate social responsibility initiative dissuade the increasing electoral violence in sub-Saharan Africa?
    evidence from Nigeria's oil producing region
    Author: Uduji, Joseph I.; Okolo-Obasi, Elda N.; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies' (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of... more

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    Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies' (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on reducing incidents of electoral violence in the oil-producing communities. Design/methodology/approach - This paper adopts a survey technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 1200 households were sampled across the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Findings - The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that GMoU model made significant impact in deterring occurrences of electoral violence, when interventions on cluster development boards (CDBs) are designed to mitigate the intricate of political clashes in the region. Practical implication - This implies that CSR interventions of MOCs play a vital role in reducing incidents of electoral violence in Nigeria's oil producing region. Social implication - Reducing the increasing electoral violence in the oil host communities, will in turn create an enabling environment for more extensive and responsible business of Multinational Corporation in sub-Saharan Africa. Originality/value -This paper extends and contributes to the literature on CSR initiatives of multinational enterprises in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249074
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 063
    Subjects: Electoral violence; corporate social responsibility; multinational oil companies; sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Effects of infrastructures on environmental quality contingent on trade openness and governance dynamics in Africa
    Author: Nchofoung, Tii Njivukuh; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    The objective of this study is to evaluate: (i) the effects of infrastructures on CO2 emission and (ii) how trade openness and governance contribute to mitigating these effects. The results from the system GMM methodology for 36 African countries... more

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    The objective of this study is to evaluate: (i) the effects of infrastructures on CO2 emission and (ii) how trade openness and governance contribute to mitigating these effects. The results from the system GMM methodology for 36 African countries between the 2003-2019 period show that infrastructural development exacerbates CO2 emission in Africa. This result is robust across different types of infrastructural development indexes. When the indirect effect regressions are carried out by interacting governance and trade openness with the different infrastructural development variables, the following results are obtained. Firstly, infrastructural development interacts with governance producing a positive net effect, up to a governance threshold estimate of 0.532 when the positive net effect is nullified. Secondly, infrastructures interact with trade openness producing a negative net effect up to a trade openness threshold of 78.066914 (% of GDP) when the negative net effect is nullified. Positive and negative synergy effects are also apparent. Practical policy implications are discussed based on the results obtained.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249073
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 062
    Subjects: Infrastructures; CO2; trade openness; governance; Africa; System GMM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. ICT for sustainable development
    global comparative evidence of globalisation thresholds
    Author: Nchofoung, Tii Njivukuh; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effect of ICT on sustainable development and the mechanisms through which the effect is modulated. The methodology involves the: (i) Fixed Effects estimator to control for individual heterogeneity,... more

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    The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effect of ICT on sustainable development and the mechanisms through which the effect is modulated. The methodology involves the: (i) Fixed Effects estimator to control for individual heterogeneity, (ii) Driscoll and Kraay estimator to control for cross-section dependence between panels, (iii) the Mean Group estimator to take into account the averages between panel groups, (iv) the system GMM to correct for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity bias and (v) the instrumental variable Fixed Effects Tobit to take in to account the limited range in our dependent variable. The results show that ICT has a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. Whereas overall net effects are positive, the findings are contingent on the choice of the ICT measurement, the geographical location of the economy and the income group category. The study recommends policy makers to take into account ICT and the advantages it offers in the elaboration of measures for the sustainable development agenda.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249072
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 061
    Subjects: ICT; Sustainable development; panel data; trade openness; foreign direct investments
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The macroeconomic impact of recent political conflicts in Africa
    generalized synthetic counterfactual evidence
    Author: Diop, Samba; Asongu, Simplice; Tchamyou, Vanessa
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This paper measures the macroeconomic impact of recent political crisis, protest and uprisings in Africa with the generalized synthetic control method and evaluates the role played by natural resource dependence on the modulation of the impact. We... more

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    This paper measures the macroeconomic impact of recent political crisis, protest and uprisings in Africa with the generalized synthetic control method and evaluates the role played by natural resource dependence on the modulation of the impact. We find that political crisis, protests and uprisings have a significant and negative impact on economic growth while the impact is positive on investment and price level. For economic growth, the deviation of the actual series from the counterfactual is negative, instantaneous, persistent and highly significant; indicating non-negligible costs of the shock. Indeed, dependence on natural resources amplifies the negative effect of political crisis, protests and uprisings on GDP. Finally, the more the treated country depends on natural resources, the more it becomes resilient from the investment losses caused by political crisis.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249071
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 060
    Subjects: political conflicts; economic growth; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The asymmetric effect of internet access on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Abdulqadir, Idris A.; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This article investigates the asymmetric effect of internet access (index of the internet) on economic growth in 42 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 2008-2018.The estimation procedure is obtained following a dynamic panel threshold... more

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    This article investigates the asymmetric effect of internet access (index of the internet) on economic growth in 42 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 2008-2018.The estimation procedure is obtained following a dynamic panel threshold regression technique via 1000 bootstrap replications and the 400 grids search developed by Hansen (1996, 1999, 2000). The investigation first explores the presence of inflection points in the relationship between internet access and economic growth through the application of Hansen's threshold models. The finding from the nonlinearity threshold model revealed a significant internet threshold-effect of 3.55 percent for growth. The article also examines the linear short-run effect of internet access on economic growth while controlling for the effects of private sector credit, trade openness, government regulation, and tariff regimes. The marginal effect of internet access is evaluated at the minimum, and the maximum levels of government regulation and tariffs regime are positive. On the other hand, the minimum and maximum levels of private sector credit and trade openness are negative via the interaction terms. The article advances the literature by its nonlinear transformation of the relevance of internet access on economic growth by exploring interactive mechanisms of internet access versus financial resource, internet access versus trade, internet access versus government regulation, and internet access versus the tariff regimes from end-user subscriptions. In policy terms, the statistical significance of the joint impact of government regulations and tariff regimes is relevant in the operation of the telecommunication industry in SSA countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249078
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 070
    Subjects: Internet access; economic growth; government regulations; trade openness; tariff regimes; sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The synergy between governance and economic integration in promoting female economic inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Ofori, Pamela E.; Asongu, Simplice; Tchamyou, Vanessa
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    The debate on the need for Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to increase female participation in the economic sector has intensified the coming into force of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and good governance. This study... more

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    The debate on the need for Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to increase female participation in the economic sector has intensified the coming into force of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and good governance. This study investigates the joint effects of governance (comprising of political, economic and institutional governance) and economic integration on female economic participation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study employs panel data of 42 countries in SSA spanning 1996-2020 for the analysis. The empirical strategy uses the dynamic System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) estimation technique. The findings reveal that the single effect of economic integration on female economic participation is necessary but not sufficient. Hence, complementing economic integration with good governance further enhances female economic participation in SSA. In general, the joint effect of economic integration and good governance should be a concern for policymakers to promote female economic inclusion.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249079
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 071
    Subjects: economic integration; governance; female economic participation; sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The political implication of women and industrialisation in Africa
    Author: Nchofoung, Tii Njivukuh; Asongu, Simplice; Tchamyou, Vanessa
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study examines the effect of political implications of women on industrialisation in Africa. The results after controlling for cross-sectional dependency show that women political implication Granger causes industrialisation in Africa. Besides,... more

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    This study examines the effect of political implications of women on industrialisation in Africa. The results after controlling for cross-sectional dependency show that women political implication Granger causes industrialisation in Africa. Besides, the Fixed effect Driscoll/Kraay standard error estimator reveal that women political empowerment negatively affect industrialisation in Africa. These negative effects are nullified by high economic freedom and high female economic participation in the economy. The investment freedom thresholds require for the negative net effects to be nullified are 52.30469, 55.51639, 49.324895, and 55.594059 respectively for the women political empowerment index, women civil liberty, women political participation and women civil society participation interactions; while when women economic participation rates of 43.0777, 35.82, and 46.9 are attained for women political empowerment index, women civil liberty and women civil society participation respectively, complementary policies are needed for a positive effect on industrialisation. The study implores policy makers to improve on the economic freedom of the countries and to elaborate on policies that favour women economic inclusion, if policy towards political inclusion is foreseen in the industrialisation agenda.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249080
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 072
    Subjects: political empowerment; women; industrialisation; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Unravelling the mysteries of underdevelopment in Africa
    Author: Achuo, Elvis Dze; Nchofoung, Tii Njivukuh; Asongu, Simplice; Dinga, Gildas Dohba
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Achieving sustainable development has been the dream of every society across the globe especially sequel to the dawn of the industrial revolution. Thus, understanding the fundamental determinants of the socio-politico-economic development of every... more

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    Achieving sustainable development has been the dream of every society across the globe especially sequel to the dawn of the industrial revolution. Thus, understanding the fundamental determinants of the socio-politico-economic development of every economy is of prime importance for investors, policymakers, development agencies and the society at large. It is in this light that this study sought to empirically examine the key factors that explain the socioeconomic development patterns in Africa. The Instrumental Variable Two Stage Least Squares (IV-2SLS) estimation technique is adopted for a panel of 38 African countries over the 1996-2019 period. The empirical findings reveal that financial development and human capital are development enhancing in Africa while external financial inflows are detrimental to economic development. In addition, when other specific macroeconomic and structural variables were introduced in the model, the results show that institutional quality through governance, natural resources abundance, and industrialisation all explain both the social and economic development dynamics. These results were specific to income group, export structures and level of development. Moreover, salient policy implications are discussed.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249081
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 073
    Subjects: Underdevelopment; Financial development; Human capital; Institutional quality; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten)
  13. Towards efforts to enhance tax revenue mobilisation in Africa
    exploring synergies between industrialisation and ICTs
    Author: Ofori, Isaac Kwesi; Ofori, Pamela E.; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Motivated by the momentous rise in ICT diffusion, the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement, and the expected rebound of foreign direct investment inflow to Africa from 2022, this study examines the joint effects of... more

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    Motivated by the momentous rise in ICT diffusion, the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement, and the expected rebound of foreign direct investment inflow to Africa from 2022, this study examines the joint effects of industrialisation and ICT diffusion on resource mobilisation in Africa. To this end, we use data on 42 African countries for the period 1996 - 2020 for the analysis. First, we provide evidence robust to several specifications from the dynamic system GMM to show that although unconditionally both industrialisation and ICT diffusion enhance (i) goods and services tax (GST), and (ii) profits, corporate and income tax (PCIT) mobilisation efforts in Africa, the effects of the former are rather remarkable in the presence of the latter. Particularly, the results show that, while ICTs amplify the effect of industrialisation on GST, only ICT usage and ICT skills matter for PCIT. Second, the study unveils ICT thresholds for complementary policies. Accordingly, industrialisation and ICTs are necessary and sufficient conditions for tax revenue mobilisation only below some ICT thresholds. Above these ICT thresholds, complementary policies are needed to maintain the overall positive incidence on tax revenue mobilisation. Policy recommendations are provided in the end.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249069
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 058
    Subjects: AfCFTA; Africa; ICT access; ICT diffusion; Industrialisation; Tax; Revenue
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Has knowledge improved economic growth?
    evidence from Nigeria and South Africa
    Author: Shobande, Olatunji Abdul; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study examines whether knowledge causes economic growth in Africa's two leading economies: Nigeria and South Africa. Using the Vector Autoregressive and Vector Error Correction approach, the findings show cointegration among the variables. The... more

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    This study examines whether knowledge causes economic growth in Africa's two leading economies: Nigeria and South Africa. Using the Vector Autoregressive and Vector Error Correction approach, the findings show cointegration among the variables. The speed of convergence of the variables to their long-term mean values is relatively higher for South Africa than for Nigeria. In the short run, it is observed that knowledge unidirectionally Granger causes growth for Nigeria, whereas bidirectional causality is observed for South Africa. The higher correlation between knowledge and growth in South Africa reflects the success of greater investment in education. Nigeria must increase investment in education and modern infrastructure to converge to South Africa's growth trajectory. Moreover, for Nigeria, (i) knowledge unidirectionally Granger cause growth, (ii) evidence of bidirectional causality flow is apparent between trade, the economic incentive and growth and (iii) health unidirectionally Granger cause knowledge. As for South Africa: (i) there is bidirectional causality between knowledge, trade openness and growth, whereas investment and economic incentive, unidirectionally Granger causes growth, (ii) investment, trade openness and health unidirectionally Granger cause knowledge and (iii) economic incentive unidirectionally Granger cause trade openness. In conclusion, this paper argues that a transformed education system can provide the knowledge base essential for promoting and sustaining economic growth.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249070
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 059
    Subjects: Convergence; Growth performance; Knowledge-based economy; Nigeria; South Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  15. Central banks' responses to the Covid-19 pandemic
    the case of the Bank of Central African States
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Ojong, Nathanael; Soumtang, Valentine B.
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study explores the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by the Bank of Central African States (BEAC), which is the central bank for countries in the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), that is, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon,... more

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    This study explores the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by the Bank of Central African States (BEAC), which is the central bank for countries in the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), that is, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, and the Republic of Congo. While hitherto, BEAC had fundamentally focused on fighting inflation and promoting monetary integration and financial stability in its member states, the COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors, has motivated it to also shift its policies towards targeted credit programmes and more economic growth. This study sheds light on four core aspects: (i) the socio-economic context of the CEMAC region prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, (ii) BEAC as a lender of last resort, (iii) historical, contemporary, and future insights surrounding targeted credit programmes, and (iv), suggestions for the path forward in terms of reforms, with emphasis on inclusive growth and monitoring economic development at the regional level.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250100
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 076
    Subjects: Covid-19 pandemic; monetary policy; central bank responses; CEMAC; BEAC
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Financial determinants of informal financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Soumtang, Valentine B.; Edoh, Ofeh M.
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study assesses financial determinants of informal financial sector development in 48 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1995-2017. Quantile regressions are used as the empirical strategy which enables the study to assess the... more

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    This study assesses financial determinants of informal financial sector development in 48 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1995-2017. Quantile regressions are used as the empirical strategy which enables the study to assess the determinants throughout the conditional distribution of informal sector development dynamics. The following financial determinants affect informal financial development and financial informalization differently in terms of magnitude and sign: bank overhead costs; net internet margin; bank concentration; return on equity; bank cost to income ratio; financial stability; loans from non-resident banks; offshore bank deposits and remittances. The determinants are presented from a plethora of perspectives, inter alia: U-Shape, S-Shape and positive or negative thresholds. The study not only provides a practical way by which to assess the incidence of financial determinants on informal financial sector development, but also provides financial instruments by which informal financial development can be curbed.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250101
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 077
    Subjects: Informal finance; financial development; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten)
  17. COVID-19 global pandemic, financial development and financial inclusion
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Ojong, Nathanael; Edoh, Ofeh M.
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This chapter examines how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected financial development and financial inclusion in African countries. The study provides both broad perspectives and country-specific frameworks based on selected country cases studies. Some... more

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    This chapter examines how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected financial development and financial inclusion in African countries. The study provides both broad perspectives and country-specific frameworks based on selected country cases studies. Some emphasis is placed on the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) that are related to financial inclusion. The study aims to understand what immediate challenges the COVID-19 pandemic has represented to the economies and societies on the one hand and on the other, the effect of the COVID-19 on the interconnected financial systems in terms of consequences of the pandemic. The relevance of the study builds on the importance of these insights in helping both scholars and policy makers understand how the effect of the pandemic on the financial system and by extension, the global economy can be mitigated for more financial inclusion.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250102
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 078
    Subjects: Covid-19 pandemic; financial development; Financial inclusion; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten)
  18. Tourism management for financial access in Sub-Saharan Africa
    inequality thresholds
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Rahman, Mushfiqur; Okeke, Okeoma J.-P.; Munna, Afzal S.
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    The study provides insights into how tourism can be managed to improve financial access in sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments. To make this assessment, inequality dynamics (i.e. the Gini... more

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    The study provides insights into how tourism can be managed to improve financial access in sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments. To make this assessment, inequality dynamics (i.e. the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and Palma ratio) are interacted with tourism (tourism receipts and tourists' arrivals) to establish inequality levels that should not be exceeded in order for tourism to promote financial access in the sampled countries. From the findings, inequality levels that should not be exceeded for tourism to promote financial access are provided: (i) 0.666 of the Atkinson index and 5.000 of the Palma ratio for tourism receipts to promote financial access and (ii) for tourist arrivals to enhance financial access, 0.586, 0.721 and 6.597 respectively, of the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index, and the Palma ratio. Policy implications are discussed.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250103
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 079
    Subjects: Tourism; Management; Financial access; Inequality; Africa; SustainableDevelopment
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten)
  19. Financial institutions, poverty and severity of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Soumtang, Valentine B.; Edoh, Ofeh M.
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    The study assesses how financial institution dynamics have affected poverty and the severity of poverty in 42 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1980-2019. In order to increase for policy relevance of the study, three financial development... more

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    The study assesses how financial institution dynamics have affected poverty and the severity of poverty in 42 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1980-2019. In order to increase for policy relevance of the study, three financial development indicators are used, namely: financial institutions depth, financial institutions access and financial institutions efficiency. The adopted empirical strategy is a quantile regressions approach which enables the study to assess how financial institutions dynamics affect poverty and the severity of poverty throughout the conditional distribution of poverty and severity of poverty. The findings show various tendencies, inter alia: (i) financial institutions depth (efficiency) consistently decreases the severity of poverty (poverty headcount) and (ii) financial institutions access consistently decreases both poverty and the severity of poverty and the decreasing effect increases with increasing levels of poverty in the top quantiles and throughout the conditional distribution of the severity of poverty. Policy implications are discussed with respect of SDG1 on poverty reduction.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250105
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 081
    Subjects: financial development; poverty alleviation; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten)
  20. Agricultural export, growth and the poor in Africa
    a meta analysis
    Author: Adeabah, David; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have examined the role of agricultural export in economic growth in Africa. The literature, however, provides conflicting results about the agricultural export-led growth hypothesis. In this study, we... more

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    Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have examined the role of agricultural export in economic growth in Africa. The literature, however, provides conflicting results about the agricultural export-led growth hypothesis. In this study, we aim to examine the impact of agricultural export on economic growth by performing a meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis finds significant presence of negative publication bias in the literature. Using mixed-effect multilevel meta-regression, we find that after correction for publication bias, the average agricultural export elasticity to economic growth is 0.763 for the poor in Africa. Interestingly, agricultural export is growth for the rich in Africa, although the elasticity of GDP is 0.043. These results are consistent with the agricultural export-led growth hypothesis. The implication is that export promotion should be targeted at agricultural output in low-income and lower middle-income countries whereas upper middle-income countries in Africa may focus on non-agricultural export.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250106
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 082
    Subjects: Africa; export-led growth; agricultural export; meta-analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Sustainability, growth and impact of MFIs in Africa
    Author: Agbloyor, Elikplimi Komla; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study provides insights into the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Africa with specific emphasis on documented measures of MFI sustainability, stylized facts surrounding the phenomenon, perspectives on the growth of MFIs,... more

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    This study provides insights into the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Africa with specific emphasis on documented measures of MFI sustainability, stylized facts surrounding the phenomenon, perspectives on the growth of MFIs, determinants of the growth of MFIs and the impact of MFIs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250107
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 083
    Subjects: Sustainability; Growth; MFIs; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Taxing Africa for inclusive human development
    the mediating role of governance quality
    Author: Adegboye, Alex; Erin, Olayinka Adedayo; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Purpose - The purposes of this paper are to review the streams of studies that link financial inclusion to small enterprise growth in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), to identify the research gaps they provide, and to prepare an agenda for future research in... more

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    Purpose - The purposes of this paper are to review the streams of studies that link financial inclusion to small enterprise growth in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), to identify the research gaps they provide, and to prepare an agenda for future research in the field. Design/methodology/approach - The study employs systematic literature search method to identify relevant literature from journals. It then adopts a narrative approach for the review, highlighting the findings from the prior studies and gaps requiring research attention. Findings - The discussions reveal that there is a need for future studies that can unpack small enterprise growth determinants, identify growth-enabling entrepreneurial characteristics and examine the contextual variabilities that shape their effectiveness. Originality/value - There is currently no comprehensive/integrated review exploring the link between financial inclusion and small enterprise growth in SSA. This review therefore provides insights that contribute to the development of this stream of research.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250109
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 085
    Subjects: Government revenue; taxation; governance quality; Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten)
  23. Educational quality, social media and public accountability
    a global perspective
    Author: Adegboye, Alex; Asongu, Simplice; Tchamyou, Vanessa; Osinubi, Tolulope Temilola; Adeyanju, Ibukunoluwa
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This inquiry relates to the empirical linkages between educational quality, Facebook penetration and accountability dynamics. The empirical investigation is based on the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and Quantile regression for the... more

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    This inquiry relates to the empirical linkages between educational quality, Facebook penetration and accountability dynamics. The empirical investigation is based on the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and Quantile regression for the conditional linkages which articulate low, middle, and high initial levels of public accountability. It explores a cross-section of 168 countries. The main finding is that there is an overwhelming positive connection between Facebook penetration and accountability dynamics. The established positive nexus is apparent in all quantiles of public accountability. In addition, tertiary and secondary school enrollment positively influence public accountability. By utilizing a novel dataset in analyzing the established nexuses, this study adds to the existing literature on social media and governance (i.e., educational quality, Facebook penetration and accountability dynamics). Similarly, the posture addresses contemporary policy concerns regarding a lack of documentation on the impacts of social media.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250110
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 086
    Subjects: education; school enrollment; social media; accountability
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  24. Fostering integrated governance quality through technology penetration
    thresholds of democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Author: Ejemeyovwi, Jeremiah O.; Adegboye, Alex; Umukoro, Olaoluwa; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    In the quest for the attainment of democracy with its fully unleashed potentials, the role of information and communication technology (ICT) is integral within this current knowledge economy disposition. The study explores the effect of mobile... more

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    In the quest for the attainment of democracy with its fully unleashed potentials, the role of information and communication technology (ICT) is integral within this current knowledge economy disposition. The study explores the effect of mobile technology penetration on governance quality from the unconditional and marginal effects of mobile phones and diverse democracy indicators. The analysis is carried out by applying the instrumental variables (IV) Tobit regression to the data to examine the relationship among the variables of interest with a view to handling possible endogeneity issues in the empirical model. The study finds that weak democracy is detrimental to the effect of mobile phone penetration on integrated governance quality and that the higher the mobile phone penetration, the lower the weak democracy quality in SSA. The study concludes by recommending efforts and policies to be enacted and implemented such as the enhancement of mobile technology for concise quality governance.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250111
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 087
    Subjects: Democracy; Information and Communication Technology; Governance; InstrumentVariables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten)
  25. The role of value added across economic sectors in modulating the effects of FDI on TFP and economic growth dynamics
    Author: Asongu, Simplice; Meniago, Christelle; Salahodjaev, Raufhon
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study investigates: (i) the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on total factor productivity (TFP) and economic growth dynamics, and (ii) the relevance of value added from three economic sectors in modulating the established effect of FDI... more

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    This study investigates: (i) the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on total factor productivity (TFP) and economic growth dynamics, and (ii) the relevance of value added from three economic sectors in modulating the established effect of FDI on TFP and economic growth dynamics. The geographical and temporal scopes are respectively 25 Sub-Saharan African countries and the period 1980–2014. The empirical evidence is based on non-interactive and interactive Generalised Method of Moments. The following main findings are established. First, FDI has a positive effect on GDP growth, GDP per capita and welfare real TFP. Second, the effect of FDI is negative on real GDP and TFP, while the impact is insignificant on real TFP growth and welfare TFP. Third, values added to the three economic sectors largely modulate FDI to produce negative net effects on TFP and growth dynamics. Policy implications are discussed with particular emphasis on the need to complement added value across various economic sectors in order to leverage on the benefits of FDI in TFP and economic growth. To the best of knowledge, this is the first study to assess how value added from various economic sectors affect the relevance of FDI on macroeconomic outcomes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250112
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 088
    Subjects: Economic output; total factor productivity; foreign investment; agricultural sector,manufacturing sector; service sector; sub-Saharan Africa
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)