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  1. Trade and inclusive growth
    Author: Bacchetta, Marc; Cerra, Valerie; Piermartini, Roberta; Smeets, Maarten
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    This paper surveys the literature on the relationship between international trade and inclusive growth. It examines claims that the rise in inequality in many countries can be attributed to the concurrent rise in trade competition, especially from... more

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    This paper surveys the literature on the relationship between international trade and inclusive growth. It examines claims that the rise in inequality in many countries can be attributed to the concurrent rise in trade competition, especially from EMEs like China, spurring trade tensions and protectionist measures. The paper investigates the conflicting literature showing the aggregate benefits of trade versus the adverse and persistent impact of trade, especially import competition, on specific industries and local communities. The paper then reviews the evidence for using trade policies and other complementary policies for adjustment and compensation to those groups adversely affected by trade

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781513572734
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    Series: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 74
    Subjects: trade; inclusive growth; inequality; globalization; growth; poverty; gender; labor; Globalization; Growth; Inclusive Growth; Inequality; Trade
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Georgia's post-accession structural reform challenges
    Author: Arveladze, G.; Smeets, Maarten
    Published: 15 June 2017
    Publisher:  World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, [Geneva]

    The process leading to WTO accession is complex, requires solid domestic coordination mechanisms in the acceding country, a rethinking of its economic and trade policies and significant domestic structural reforms. It often implies the creation of... more

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    The process leading to WTO accession is complex, requires solid domestic coordination mechanisms in the acceding country, a rethinking of its economic and trade policies and significant domestic structural reforms. It often implies the creation of new institutions designed to coordinate and implement the policies at the national level, as was the case in Georgia. The analysis offered in this working paper addresses some of the challenges that Georgia faced during its WTO accession and the many economic reforms that were undertaken after it became a full member of the WTO in 2000. Today, Georgia has one of the most liberal trade regimes and largely benefits from the new trade opportunities that WTO accession has offered. Even though Georgia has been a WTO member for long, it continues its domestic economic reforms in order to further strengthen its international competitiveness for goods and services. This working paper discusses the various measures taken by Georgia and how it uses and implements some of the main WTO provisions to that effect. This includes the ratification of the TFA by Georgia as part of its commitment to reduce transaction costs, enhance efficiency and reduce lengthy and costly administrative processes at the border. Trade capacity building at the technical level has also contributed to human and institutional capacity building in Georgia and developing a better understanding of the rights and obligations of WTO membership thus facilitating Georgia's fuller integration into the multilateral trading system.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/162738
    Edition: Manuscript date: May 2017
    Series: WTO working paper ; ERSD-2017, 10
    WTO Working Papers ; no.2017/10
    Subjects: WTO accessions; Economic research and trade policy analysis; Georgia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Can economic sanctions be effective?
    Author: Smeets, Maarten
    Published: 15 March 2018
    Publisher:  World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, [Geneva]

    While economic sanctions may be attractive policy tools for governments wanting to express discontent with a country's behaviour, it is arguable if from an economic perspective sanctions can achieve the change that is often envisaged through the... more

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    While economic sanctions may be attractive policy tools for governments wanting to express discontent with a country's behaviour, it is arguable if from an economic perspective sanctions can achieve the change that is often envisaged through the punitive measures taken. In fact, the literature does not present conclusive evidence that economic sanctions are an effective policy instrument. Nevertheless the number of sanction episodes is on the rise and have increasingly gained in popularity in recent years. What can explain that? This paper will review how sanctions work from an analytical perspective and the challenges countries encounter in applying sanctions as an effective policy tool. In doing so, it reviews more specifically the sanction episodes against the Russian Federation and Iran and without offering any views on the merits and/or legitimacy of the actions taken by any of the parties. It will be argued that economic sanctions generally inflict economic costs to all countries involved in the sanction episodes, including those taking the sanctions, thus shooting themselves in the foot. The country facing the sanctions is likely to develop trade relations with third parties that are not part of the sanction coalition. It is observed that sanctions are mostly taken in complement of diplomatic and other forms of pressure. The type of sanctions is also evolving, with countries increasingly using 'smart' sanctions, targeting financial transactions, business activities and individuals there were it hurts most and limiting their freedom of movement. From an analytical perspective, it is noted that when various measures are put in place, it is hard to assess the extent to which the economic sanctions per se contribute to the eventual outcomes, hence the question of attribution. It is the combination of various interventions that could eventually make the sanction episodes effective, if at all and not the economic sanctions per se. Despite such shortcomings and lack of evidence of their effectiveness, it can safely be said that they are the preferred option compared to military intervention. At the same time, and regrettably, sanctions do not necessarily prevent armed conflict adding to the economic cost the tragic cost of human life.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/176768
    Edition: Manuscript date: March 2018
    Series: Staff Working Paper ; ERSD-2018, 03
    WTO Working Papers ; no.2018/03
    Subjects: Economic research and trade policy analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten)
  4. Trade and inclusive growth
    Author: Bacchetta, Marc; Cerra, Valerie; Piermartini, Roberta; Smeets, Maarten
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, DC]

    This paper surveys the literature on the relationship between international trade and inclusive growth. It examines claims that the rise in inequality in many countries can be attributed to the concurrent rise in trade competition, especially from... more

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    This paper surveys the literature on the relationship between international trade and inclusive growth. It examines claims that the rise in inequality in many countries can be attributed to the concurrent rise in trade competition, especially from EMEs like China, spurring trade tensions and protectionist measures. The paper investigates the conflicting literature showing the aggregate benefits of trade versus the adverse and persistent impact of trade, especially import competition, on specific industries and local communities. The paper then reviews the evidence for using trade policies and other complementary policies for adjustment and compensation to those groups adversely affected by trade

     
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  5. Africa's integration in the WTO multilateral trading system
    academic support and the role of WTO Chairs
    Author: Smeets, Maarten
    Published: 1 March 2021
    Publisher:  World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, [Geneva]

    The Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO recognizes the need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries and especially the least developed among them secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    The Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO recognizes the need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries and especially the least developed among them secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development.This article discusses how the WTO contributes to facilitating Africa's integration into the WTO multilateral trading system. It is argued that, while African countries are actively engaged in the work of the WTO, securing their economic and policy interests, some main challenges remain. These include the need to further diversify production, linking to the Global Value Chains and developing adequate infra-structures facilitating digital trade as a vehicle for economic growth. The WTO, in close collaboration with partner institutions, lends its support to Africa in overcoming some of these issues through various programs, all geared towards trade capacity building. It is argued that the work undertaken by WTO Chairs and academic institutions under the aegis of the WTO's Chairs Program (WCP) is of critical importance in providing the analytical underpinnings for the policy choices in support of a fuller integration in the multilateral trading system. Preparations are under way meeting all the conditions for this program to be significantly expanded and deepened in 2021 with a view of further strengthening its capacity to provide support to beneficiaries and especially LDCs, hence African countries, integrating in the multilateral trading system.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/231366
    Edition: Manuscript date: 22 February 2021
    Series: Staff working paper ; ERSD-2021, 9
    Subjects: trade; capacity building; Africa; WTO; Global Value Chains; academic support
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Adapting to the digital trade era
    challenges and opportunities
    Contributor: Smeets, Maarten (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  World Trade Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Smeets, Maarten (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9789287043023
    Series: WTO chairs programme
    Subjects: Digitalisierung; Online-Handel; Internationale Wirtschaft; Welt
    Scope: 347 Seiten, Illustrationen
  7. Trade costs and inclusive growth
    case studies presented by WTO chair-holders
    Contributor: Teh, Robert (HerausgeberIn); Smeets, Maarten (HerausgeberIn); Sadni Jallab, Mustapha (HerausgeberIn); Chaudhri, Fatima (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2016
    Publisher:  WTO Publications, Geneva, Switzerland

    "Trade costs and inclusive growth looks at how implementation of the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) can help to reduce trade costs and promote growth. The publication brings together contributions from ten participants in the WTO Chairs... more

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    "Trade costs and inclusive growth looks at how implementation of the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) can help to reduce trade costs and promote growth. The publication brings together contributions from ten participants in the WTO Chairs Programme, which supports trade-related activities by academic institutions in developing countries. The book looks into how the Aid for Trade initiative can assist with implementing the TFA, the importance of mainstreaming trade into national development strategies, and the potential impact of the TFA in various regions"--Publisher's description

     
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