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Displaying results 1 to 15 of 15.

  1. Birth order effects, parenting style, and son preference
    Author: Kim, Jun Hyung; Wang, Shaoda
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    While it is well known that there are systematic birth order effects on life cycle outcomes, there is less consensus about underlying channels and mechanisms of birth order effects. We ftnd negative birth order effects among Chinese adolescents,... more

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    While it is well known that there are systematic birth order effects on life cycle outcomes, there is less consensus about underlying channels and mechanisms of birth order effects. We ftnd negative birth order effects among Chinese adolescents, favoring earlier-born children within household in academic achievement and cognitive skill measures. We highlight harsh parenting as a novel channel of birth order effects, in which earlier-born children are less likely to be physically punished by their parents. Focusing on son preference as a potential mechanism generating birth order effects, our tests show limited support for the existence of son preference among Chinese siblings. These ftndings are in contrast to positive birth order effects and strong evidence of son preference among earlier generations of Chinese siblings reported in the literature, suggesting weakened role of son preference within families in contemporary China.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/248277
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1007
    Subjects: birth order effect; parenting style; academic achievement; cognitive skill; son preference
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Birth order, sibling sex composition, and quantity-quality trade-offs
    evidence from India
    Author: Onur, Ilke; Velamuri, Malathi
    Published: February 2021
    Publisher:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2020-35 = no. 362
    Subjects: quantity-quality trade-offs; birth order; sibling sex composition; son preference; intra-household resource allocation; learning outcomes; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Do fathers have son preference in the United States?
    evidence from paternal subjective well-being
    Author: Song, Younghwan; Gao, Jia
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using data drawn from 2010, 2012, and 2013 American Time Use Survey Well-Being Modules, this paper examines the existence of son preference among fathers in the U.S. by estimating the effect of child gender on the fathers' subjective well-being. A... more

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    Using data drawn from 2010, 2012, and 2013 American Time Use Survey Well-Being Modules, this paper examines the existence of son preference among fathers in the U.S. by estimating the effect of child gender on the fathers' subjective well-being. A wide range of subjective well-being measures, including happiness, pain, sadness, stress, tiredness, and meaningfulness, is analyzed, and fixed-effects models are adopted to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity. The results from the full sample show that fathers feel less sad and tired when interacting with both sons and daughters versus with daughters only. In families with only one child, fathers report no difference in subjective well-being when spending time with a son versus with a daughter. By further stratifying this sample of fathers by child's age of three, we continue to find no difference in paternal subjective well-being between being with a son and with a daughter when the child is younger than three. However, when the child is three or older, we find that fathers feel less stressed and more meaningful being with a son versus with a daughter. The results from Asian fathers in the U.S., in contrast, show a tremendous reduction in stress in activities with sons only than with daughters only. These results indicate no evidence of son preference in the general U.S. population. If there is any, it only exists among Asian fathers in the U.S.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272455
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15828
    Subjects: son preference; child gender; subjective well-being; stress; time use
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten)
  4. Estimating the effects of expanding ultrasound use on sex selection in India
    Author: Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude; Rosenblum, Daniel
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s led to an unprecedented increase in the availability of prenatal ultrasound technology. In this paper, we analyze the differential spread of ultrasound in India at the state level over a ten-year... more

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    The liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s led to an unprecedented increase in the availability of prenatal ultrasound technology. In this paper, we analyze the differential spread of ultrasound in India at the state level over a ten-year period (1999 to 2008) and the consequences for the prevalence of sex-selective abortion. Omitting the Southern Indian states, which had the fastest increase in ultrasound use and little sex selection, we find that higher levels of ultrasound use within a state are positively associated with the probability that a child is born male. This increased likelihood of having a male child is only found for children with no older brothers, i.e. births most likely to be affected by sex selection. The positive relationship between state-level ultrasound use and having a male child can be found across various subsamples: urban and rural, older and younger mothers, mothers with high and low education. The estimates are robust to including linear cohort-year time trends and prenatal health care controls.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272465
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15838
    Subjects: ultrasound; technology adoption; gender discrimination; son preference; sex-selective abortion; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Female early marriage and son preference in Pakistan
    Author: Mughal, Mazhar; Javed, Muhammad Rashid; Lorey, Thierry
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women's perspectives on gender preference associated... more

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    In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women's perspectives on gender preference associated with reproduction. We employ a number of econometric techniques (Probit, OLS, Cox Hazard Model, IV Probit and treatment effects) and a large set of model specifications, and find significant evidence supporting the role of early marriage in perpetuating disproportionate preference for boys. Women who married before turning 18 not only state a greater desire for boys but are also less likely to stop reproduction as long as they do not have a boy. Early-age marriage is associated with 7.7 - 12.5% higher incidence of fertility discontinuation among women without a son. This son-preferring behaviour is stronger at higher birth order and also reflects in differential spacing patterns. Women's education appears to be the strongest channel through which these effects are mediated. The divergence between early- and late-marrying women appears to have sharpened over time. The findings of this study underscore the role played by early marriage in altering the gender-specific attitudes prevalent in the society, and highlight existing gender inequality traps.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270938
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1279
    Subjects: Child marriage; Age at marriage; gender bias; son preference; Pakistan
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Happiness in old age
    the daughter connection
    Author: Pataporn Sukontamarn; Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz; Nopphawan Photphisutthiphong; Nguyen, Yen Thi Hai
    Published: April 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Family and intergenerational relationships are becoming increasingly important as sources of support and care for the elderly population in the rapidly aging Asian societies. However, this has also raised concern over the reinforcement of cultural... more

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    Family and intergenerational relationships are becoming increasingly important as sources of support and care for the elderly population in the rapidly aging Asian societies. However, this has also raised concern over the reinforcement of cultural preferences for sons as a source of old-age security. This paper, therefore, revisits the determinants of happiness in old age by investigating the role of adult children's gender in the context of Thailand, an aging Asian country with no legacy of sex preference in fertility. We employ nationally representative data to examine the association between old-age happiness and the presence of a coresiding child. Compared with living alone, living with at least one child is found to be positively associated with older persons' happiness. However, this result is specific to daughters. Moreover, compared with older men, older women systematically benefit from a "daughter effect." Coresiding daughters with a university education and those who maintain a good relationship with their parents help explain the positive happiness effect on older persons. Coresiding daughters are shown to increase the happiness of their parents through three channels: reducing loneliness, improving self-rated health, and improving the economic conditions of older parents. Overall, the findings of our study suggest a "daughter dividend," or access to daughters, is key to enhancing parents' happiness in Thailand. Therefore, policies that increase the human capital of girl children and enhance family solidarity are likely to have long-term intergenerational wellbeing benefits.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272700
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16073
    Subjects: older persons; aging; son preference; Southeast Asia; Thailand; subjective well-being
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. How does gender quota shape gender attitudes?
    Author: Chen, Yen-Chien; Fan, Elliott; Ho, Yu-hsin; Lee, Matthew Yi-hsiu; Liu, Jin-tan
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Starting in 2002, each electoral district in Taiwan is required to reserve one seat for women out of every four seats at the local councils, creating a 'zigzag' function of female councilors proportion across districts. Using this function, we... more

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    Starting in 2002, each electoral district in Taiwan is required to reserve one seat for women out of every four seats at the local councils, creating a 'zigzag' function of female councilors proportion across districts. Using this function, we estimate the effects of exposure to female political leadership on gender attitudes and behaviors. For son preference, we find that the gender quota reduced the propensity for parents with two daughters to give a third-parity birth, whereas there is no such effect on parents with two children of other sex compositions. This finding is confirmed by the evidence of self-reported son preference revealed in survey data. We further find that the gender quota encouraged female high school graduates to attempt college admission and pursue a college major in law or political science, which commonly prepare students to develop a career in politics. The gender quota also empowers married women to play a more active role in multiple household decisions. Our findings support the hypothesis that female political leaders perform as role models who elicit more egalitarian gender attitudes from women.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/279029
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16331
    Subjects: gender quota; son preference; gender role model; gender norms
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Isolating a culture of son preference among Armenian, Georgian, and Azeri parents in Soviet-era Russia
    Author: Schief, Matthias; Vogt, Sonja; Churilova, Elena; Efferson, Charles
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper analyzes historical census data from the final Soviet census in 1989. We find that, even in the absence of sex-selective abortions, the fertility decisions of Armenian, Georgian, and Azeri parents living in Russia in the late 1970s and the... more

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    This paper analyzes historical census data from the final Soviet census in 1989. We find that, even in the absence of sex-selective abortions, the fertility decisions of Armenian, Georgian, and Azeri parents living in Russia in the late 1970s and the 1980s were significantly more son-biased than those of other ethnic groups in Russia. This finding suggests that the observed increase in the sex ratio at birth in the Caucasus since the end of the Soviet Union at least partially reflects a deep-rooted cultural preference for sons. Moreover, this result supports one of the key hypotheses of gene-culture coevolution, namely the claim that cultural evolutionary processes can shape selection on the basic components of genetic fitness.

     
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    hdl: 10419/279266
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10516 (2023)
    Subjects: son preference; sex ratio; sex-selective abortions; historical census data; Caucasus; gene-culture coevolution
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Sex selection and health at birth among Indian immigrants
    Author: González, Libertad
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  [Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Economics and Business], [Barcelona]

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    Series: [Working papers / Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Economics and Business ; 1516]
    Subjects: fertility; sex ratio; abortion; sex selection; son preference; infant health; immigration; India; Spain
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Son targeting fertility behavior in Albania
    Author: Robitaille, Marie-Claire; Milla, Joniada
    Published: February 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The collapse of communism led to highly skewed sex-ratios in Albania, which had a long patriarchal tradition before the advent of communism. While the use of sex-selective abortions in the region is well-known, little is known about other forms taken... more

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    The collapse of communism led to highly skewed sex-ratios in Albania, which had a long patriarchal tradition before the advent of communism. While the use of sex-selective abortions in the region is well-known, little is known about other forms taken by revealed son preference, such as differential stopping behavior and birth spacing. Using data from the Demographic Health Surveys in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018, we find evidence of a higher proportion of boys being born at the last parity, indicating that parents practice differential stopping behaviour. Using Cox Proportional Hazard model and logit; we also show that in son-less households parents shorten the birth intervals significantly, endangering mothers' and children's health. We conclude that differential stopping behaviour and short birth spacing are prevalent in all regions and across the socio-economic spectrum.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252246
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15122
    Subjects: Albania; birth spacing; differential stopping behaviour; fertility behaviours; son preference
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Teenage daughters as a cause of divorce
    Author: Kabátek, Jan; Ribar, David C.
    Published: 12 October 2017
    Publisher:  CentER, Center for Economic Research, Tilburg

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    Series: Discussion paper / CentER, Center for Economic Research ; no. 2017, 042
    Subjects: Marriage; divorce; gender; son preference; Netherlands; registry data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Ten facts about son preference in India
    Author: Jayachandran, Seema
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  National Council of Applied Economic Research, [New Delhi, India]

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    Series: Working paper / National Council of Applied Economic Research ; no. WP 151
    Subjects: son preference; sex ratio; son bias; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The power of Lakshmi
    monetary incentives for raising a girl
    Author: Biswas, Nabaneeta; Cornwell, Christopher Mark; Zimmermann, Laura
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Worldwide, 1.6 million girls are "missing" at birth every year. One policy tool to improve the sex ratio is a conditional cash transfer that pays parents to invest in daughters, but existing evidence on their effectiveness is sparse. Using a... more

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    Worldwide, 1.6 million girls are "missing" at birth every year. One policy tool to improve the sex ratio is a conditional cash transfer that pays parents to invest in daughters, but existing evidence on their effectiveness is sparse. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we evaluate the Dhanlakshmi scheme, an Indian CCT program that strongly encouraged girl births without restricting fertility. Dhanlakshmi improved the sex ratio at birth, with only a small fertility increase. The girl-birth effect was concentrated among the first two parities and partially persisted after the program was discontinued. Post-birth outcomes like immunization and education also improved.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235572
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 888
    Subjects: conditional cash transfer; son preference; sex ratio; gender bias; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Unintended consequences of family planning policies on the breastfeeding gap between sons and daughters
    Author: Chae, Minhee; Cai, Yong; Kim, Jun Hyung; Lavely, William R.
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We examine the effect of a Chinese family planning policy (FPP) known as "Later, Longer, and Fewer" on the gender gap in breastfeeding. We find that FPP increased the daughter-son breastfeeding gap in favor of sons in rural areas. Mean intensity of... more

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    We examine the effect of a Chinese family planning policy (FPP) known as "Later, Longer, and Fewer" on the gender gap in breastfeeding. We find that FPP increased the daughter-son breastfeeding gap in favor of sons in rural areas. Mean intensity of the FPP predicts the gender gap to be 35% greater than the gap without FPP. The effects are explained by the skewed gender composition of last-born children produced by sex-selective stopping behavior. The findings indicate a way in which FPP, in the context of son preference, widens gender gap in child development.

     
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    hdl: 10419/278888
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16190
    Subjects: family planning; son preference; breastfeeding; "Later, Longer, Fewer" campaign
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Violent conflicts and child gender preferences of parents: evidence from Nigeria
    Author: Sargsyan, Ella
    Published: March 2022
    Publisher:  Charles University, Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Prague

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    ISBN: 9788073435301; 9788073446321
    Series: Working paper series / CERGE-EI ; 723
    Subjects: gender preferences; son preference; violent conflicts; attitudes and behaviour
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen