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Displaying results 1 to 16 of 16.

  1. Does how you get paid at work affect your time off work?
    the relationship between performance-related employment contracts and leisure activities
    Author: Andelic, Nicole; Allan, Julia L.; Bender, Keith A.; Powell, Daniel; Theodossiou, Ioannis
    Published: March 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Recent research highlights the association of performance-related pay (PRP) and poor health. An uninvestigated potential mechanism is a lower frequency of leisure activities, since PRP incentives longer work hours. This study investigates PRP's... more

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    Recent research highlights the association of performance-related pay (PRP) and poor health. An uninvestigated potential mechanism is a lower frequency of leisure activities, since PRP incentives longer work hours. This study investigates PRP's effect on a variety of leisure pursuits. After correcting for self-selection, UK data show that PRP workers are less likely to engage in some forms of exercise and spend less time sleeping compared to non PRP workers. In addition, they are more likely to eat out and consume alcohol. Such leisure differences between PRP and salaried workers may negatively affect the health and wellbeing of PRP workers.

     
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    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/295909
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16886
    Subjects: performance-related pay; leisure; sleep; health
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  2. Incentivizing sleep?
    insufficient sleep affects employment and productivity
    Author: Costa-Font, Joan
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Spending time sleeping not only improves individuals' well-being, but it can influence employment outcomes and productivity. Sleep can be disrupted by company schedules and deadlines, extended working times, and several individual and household... more

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    Spending time sleeping not only improves individuals' well-being, but it can influence employment outcomes and productivity. Sleep can be disrupted by company schedules and deadlines, extended working times, and several individual and household decisions. Labor market regulation and corporate strategies should factor in the immediate effect of insufficient sleep on employee fatigue and cognitive performance, and the associated effects on employment disruption and productivity loss. Sleep can be influenced by "sleep friendly" employment regulations, technology nudges, monetary incentives, and subsidies for sleeping.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/274625
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2022, 502
    Subjects: sleep; employment; productivity; employment regulation; monetary incentives; technology nudges
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 9 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Political ideology, mood response, and the confirmation bias
    Author: Dickinson, David L.
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The confirmation bias is a well-known form of motivated reasoning that serves to protect an individual from cognitive discomfort. Hearing rival viewpoints or belief-opposing information creates cognitive dissonance, and so avoiding exposure to, or... more

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    The confirmation bias is a well-known form of motivated reasoning that serves to protect an individual from cognitive discomfort. Hearing rival viewpoints or belief-opposing information creates cognitive dissonance, and so avoiding exposure to, or discounting the validity of, dissonant information are rational strategies that may help avoid or mitigate negative emotion. Because there is often systematic thought involved in generating the confirmation bias, deliberation tends to promote this behavioral bias. Nevertheless, the importance of negative emotion in triggering the need for this bias is underappreciated. This paper addresses a gap in the literature by examining mood and the confirmation bias in the political domain. Using results from two studies and three distinct decision tasks, we present data on over 1100 participants documenting the confirmation bias in different settings. All methods (recruitment and sample size, hypotheses, variables, analysis plans, etc.) were preregistered on the Open Science Framework. Our data show evidence of a confirmation bias across distinct dimensions of belief and preference formation. As hypothesized, the data show a strong increase in self-reported negative mood states after viewing political statements or information that are dissonant with one's political ideology. Finally, while not as robust across tasks, we report evidence that supports our hypothesis that negative mood will moderate the strength of the confirmation bias. Together, these results highlight the importance of mood response in understanding the confirmation bias, which helps further our understanding of how this bias may be particularly difficult to combat.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263644
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15428
    Subjects: confirmation bias; sleep; deliberation; cognitive reflection; motivated reasoning
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 120 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Political ideology, mood response, and the confirmation bias
    Author: Dickinson, David L.
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC

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    Series: Department of Economics working paper / Appalachian State University ; number 22, 04 (June 2022)
    Subjects: confirmation bias; sleep; deliberation; cognitive reflection; motivated reasoning
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 119 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Temperature and the timing of work
    Author: Cosaert, Sam; Nieto Castro, Adrián; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We leverage U.S. county-day temperature variation combined with daily time use data to examine the effect of temperature on the timing of work. We find that warmer (colder) temperatures increase (decrease) working time during the night and decrease... more

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    We leverage U.S. county-day temperature variation combined with daily time use data to examine the effect of temperature on the timing of work. We find that warmer (colder) temperatures increase (decrease) working time during the night and decrease (increase) working time in the morning. These effects are pronounced among workers with increased bargaining power, flexible work schedules, greater exposure to ambient temperature while at work, and fewer family-related constraints. Workers compensate for the shifts in the timing of work triggered by temperature fluctuations by adjusting their sleep time, without changing the timing of leisure and home production activities.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282607
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16480
    Subjects: weather; time use; work schedule; labor supply; non-market activities; sleep
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Temperature and the timing of work
    Author: Cosaert, Sam; Nieto, Adrián; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    We leverage U.S. county-day temperature variation combined with daily time use data to examine the effect of temperature on the timing of work. We find that warmer (colder) temperatures increase (decrease) working time during the night and decrease... more

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    We leverage U.S. county-day temperature variation combined with daily time use data to examine the effect of temperature on the timing of work. We find that warmer (colder) temperatures increase (decrease) working time during the night and decrease (increase) working time in the morning. These effects are pronounced among workers with increased bargaining power, flexible work schedules, greater exposure to ambient temperature while at work, and fewer family-related constraints. Workers compensate for the shifts in the timing of work triggered by temperature fluctuations by adjusting their sleep time, without changing the timing of leisure and home production activities.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    hdl: 10419/282369
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10681 (2023)
    Subjects: weather; time use; work schedule; labor supply; non-market activities; sleep
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Temperature exposure and sleep duration
    evidence from time use surveys
    Author: Hajdu, Tamás
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The Earth's climate is projected to warm significantly in the 21st century, and this will affect human societies in many ways. Since sleep is a basic human need and part of everyone's life, the question of how temperature affects human sleep... more

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    The Earth's climate is projected to warm significantly in the 21st century, and this will affect human societies in many ways. Since sleep is a basic human need and part of everyone's life, the question of how temperature affects human sleep naturally arises. This paper examines the effect of daily mean temperature on sleep duration using nationally representative Hungarian time use surveys between 1976 and 2010. Compared to a mild temperature (5-10 °C), colder temperatures do not influence sleep duration. However, as daily mean temperatures rise, sleep duration starts to strongly decline. The effect of a hot (>25 °C) day is −12.4 minutes. The estimated sleep loss is especially large on weekends and public holidays, for older individuals, and for men. Combining the estimated effects with temperature projections of twenty-four climate models under four climate change scenarios shows that the warming climate will substantially decrease sleep duration. The projected impacts are especially large when taking into account of the effects of heatwave days. This study also shows that different groups in society are likely to be affected in significantly different ways by a warming climate.

     
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    hdl: 10419/276273
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1328
    Subjects: temperature; climate change; sleep; time use survey; Hungary
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Temperature exposure and sleep duration
    evidence from time use surveys
    Author: Hajdu, Tamás
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

    The Earth's climate is projected to warm significantly in the 21st century, and this will affect human societies in many ways. Since sleep is a basic human need and part of everyone's life, the question of how temperature affects human sleep... more

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    The Earth's climate is projected to warm significantly in the 21st century, and this will affect human societies in many ways. Since sleep is a basic human need and part of everyone's life, the question of how temperature affects human sleep naturally arises. This paper examines the effect of daily mean temperature on sleep duration using nationally representative Hungarian time use surveys between 1976 and 2010. Compared to a mild temperature (5-10 °C), colder temperatures do not influence sleep duration. However, as daily mean temperatures rise, sleep duration starts to strongly decline. The effect of a hot (>25 °C) day is −12.4 minutes. The estimated sleep loss is especially large on weekends and public holidays, for older individuals, and for men. Combining the estimated effects with temperature projections of twenty-four climate models under four climate change scenarios shows that the warming climate will substantially decrease sleep duration. The projected impacts are especially large when taking into account of the effects of heatwave days. This study also shows that different groups in society are likely to be affected in significantly different ways by a warming climate.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282246
    Series: KRTK KTI working papers ; KRTK KTI WP - 2023, 25 (September 2023)
    Subjects: temperature; climate change; sleep; time use survey; Hungar
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The impact of weather on time allocation to physical activity and sleep of child-parent dyads
    Author: Ha Trong Nguyen; Christian, Hayley; Le, Huong Thu; Connelly, Luke B.; Zubrick, Stephen R.; Mitrou, Francis
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This study explores the differential impact of weather on time allocation to physical activity and sleep by children and their parents. We use nationally representative data with time use indicators objectively measured on multiple occasions for more... more

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    This study explores the differential impact of weather on time allocation to physical activity and sleep by children and their parents. We use nationally representative data with time use indicators objectively measured on multiple occasions for more than 1,100 child-parent pairs, coupled with daily meteorological data. Employing an individual fixed effects regression model to estimate the causal impact of weather, we find that unfavourable weather conditions, as measured by cold or hot temperatures or rain, cause children to reduce physical activity time and increase sedentary time. However, such weather conditions have little impact on children's sleep time or the time allocation of their parents. We also find substantial differential weather impact, especially on children's time allocation, by weekdays/weekends and parental employment status, suggesting that these factors may contribute to explaining the differential weather impact that we observed. Our results additionally provide evidence of adaptation, as temperature appears to have a more pronounced impact on time allocation in colder months and colder regions. The results suggest that extreme weather conditions, including those associated with climate change, could make children vulnerable to reduced physical activity.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235570
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 886
    Subjects: Weather; time allocation; physical activity; sleep; family; dyad
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The labour market returns to sleep
    Author: Costa-Font, Joan; Fleche, Sarah; Pagan, Ricardo
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne, Paris

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    Series: Documents de travail du Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ; 2022, 23
    Subjects: sleep; employment; productivity; mental health; sunset times
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The labour market returns to sleep
    Author: Costa-Font, Joan; Fleche, Sarah; Pagan, Ricardo
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    The proportion of people sleeping less than the daily-recommended hours has increased. Yet, we know little about the labour market returns to sleep. We use longitudinal data from Germany and exploit exogenous variation in sleep duration induced by... more

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    The proportion of people sleeping less than the daily-recommended hours has increased. Yet, we know little about the labour market returns to sleep. We use longitudinal data from Germany and exploit exogenous variation in sleep duration induced by time and local variations in sunset time. We find that a 1-hour increase in weekly sleep increases employment by 1.6 percentage points and weekly earnings by 3.4%. Most of this earnings effect comes from productivity improvements, while the number of working hours decreases with sleep time. We identify one mechanism driving these effects, namely the better mental health workers experience from sleeping more hours.

     
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    hdl: 10419/271760
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10116 (2022)
    Subjects: sleep; employment; productivity; mental health; sunset times
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The labour market returns to sleep
    Author: Costa-Font, Joan; Fleche, Sarah; Pagan, Ricardo
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The proportion of people sleeping less than the daily-recommended hours has increased. Yet, we know little about the labour market returns to sleep. We use longitudinal data from Germany and exploit exogenous variation in sleep duration induced by... more

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    The proportion of people sleeping less than the daily-recommended hours has increased. Yet, we know little about the labour market returns to sleep. We use longitudinal data from Germany and exploit exogenous variation in sleep duration induced by time and local variations in sunset time. We find that a 1-hour increase in weekly sleep increases employment by 1.6 percentage points and weekly earnings by 3.4%. Most of this earnings effect comes from productivity improvements, while the number of working hours decreases with sleep time. We identify one mechanism driving these effects, namely the better mental health workers experience from sleeping more hours.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/267478
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15741
    Subjects: sleep; employment; productivity; mental health; sunset times
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The welfare effects of time reallocation
    evidence from daylight saving time
    Author: Costa-Font, Joan; Fleche, Sarah; Pagan, Ricardo
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Daylight Saving Time (DST) is currently implemented by more than seventy countries, yet we do not have a clear knowledge of how it affects individuals’ welfare. Using a regression discontinuity design combined with a differences-in-differences... more

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    Daylight Saving Time (DST) is currently implemented by more than seventy countries, yet we do not have a clear knowledge of how it affects individuals’ welfare. Using a regression discontinuity design combined with a differences-in-differences approach, we find that the Spring DST causes a significant decline in life satisfaction. By inducing a reallocation of time, the transition into DST deteriorates sleep and increases time stress, which in turn affects physical and emotional health. After performing a simple cost-benefit analysis, we find evidence suggestive that ending DST would exert a positive effect on welfare, namely the wellbeing costs associated with DST exceed its benefits.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245376
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9195 (2021)
    Subjects: Daylight Saving Time; wellbeing; health; sleep; time stress
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The welfare effects of time reallocation: evidence from Daylight Saving Time
    Author: Costa-Font, Joan; Fleche, Sarah; Pagan, Ricardo
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Daylight Saving Time (DST) is currently implemented by more than seventy countries, yet we do not have a clear knowledge of how it affects individuals' welfare. Using a regression discontinuity design combined with a differences-in-differences... more

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    Daylight Saving Time (DST) is currently implemented by more than seventy countries, yet we do not have a clear knowledge of how it affects individuals' welfare. Using a regression discontinuity design combined with a differences-in-differences approach, we find that the Spring DST causes a significant decline in life satisfaction. By inducing a reallocation of time, the transition into DST deteriorates sleep and increases time stress, which in turn affects physical and emotional health. After performing a simple cost-benefit analysis, we find evidence suggestive that ending DST would exert a positive effect on welfare, namely the wellbeing costs associated with DST exceed its benefits.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245621
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14570
    Subjects: Daylight Saving Time; wellbeing; health; sleep; time stress
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Unethical decision making and sleep restriction
    experimental evidence
    Author: Dickinson, David L.; Masclet, David
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC

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    Series: Department of Economics working paper / Appalachian State University ; number 21, 09 (July 2021)
    Subjects: Ethical choice; dishonesty; antisocial behavior; sleep
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Unethical decision making and sleep restriction: experimental evidence
    Author: Dickinson, David L.; Masclet, David
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Recent examinations into the cognitive underpinnings of ethical decision making has focused on understanding whether honesty is more likely to result from deliberative or unconscious decision processes. We randomly assigned participants to a... more

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    Recent examinations into the cognitive underpinnings of ethical decision making has focused on understanding whether honesty is more likely to result from deliberative or unconscious decision processes. We randomly assigned participants to a multi-night sleep manipulation, after which they completed 3 tasks of interest: imperfectly identifiable dishonesty (the Coin Flip task), identifiable dishonesty (the Matrix task), and anti-social allocation choices (the Money Burning game). We document the validity of the sleep protocol via significantly reduced nightly sleep levels (objectively measured using validated instrumentation) and significantly higher sleepiness ratings in the sleep-restricted (SR) group compared to the well-rested (WR) group. We report that money burning decisions are not statistically different between SR and WR participants. However, regarding honesty, we find significant and robust effects of SR on honesty. In total, given the connection between sleepiness and deliberation, these results add to the literature that has identified conditions under which deliberation impacts ethical choice. When dishonesty harms an abstract "other" person (e.g., the researcher's budget), reduced deliberation more likely increases dishonesty compared to when harm is done to someone at closer social distance (e.g., another subject).

     
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    hdl: 10419/245588
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14537
    Subjects: ethical choice; dishonesty; antisocial behavior; sleep
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen