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  1. ReVac: a reverse vaccinology computational pipeline for prioritization of prokaryotic protein vaccine candidates
    Author: Adonis D’Mello; Christian P. Ahearn; Timothy F. Murphy; Hervé Tettelin
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  BMC

    Abstract Background Reverse vaccinology accelerates the discovery of potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) prior to experimental validation. Current programs typically use one bacterial proteome to identify PVCs through a filtering architecture using... more

     

    Abstract Background Reverse vaccinology accelerates the discovery of potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) prior to experimental validation. Current programs typically use one bacterial proteome to identify PVCs through a filtering architecture using feature prediction programs or a machine learning approach. Filtering approaches may eliminate potential antigens based on limitations in the accuracy of prediction tools used. Machine learning approaches are heavily dependent on the selection of training datasets with experimentally validated antigens (positive control) and non-protective-antigens (negative control). The use of one or few bacterial proteomes does not assess PVC conservation among strains, an important feature of vaccine antigens. Results We present ReVac, which implements both a panoply of feature prediction programs without filtering out proteins, and scoring of candidates based on predictions made on curated positive and negative control PVCs datasets. ReVac surveys several genomes assessing protein conservation, as well as DNA and protein repeats, which may result in variable expression of PVCs. ReVac’s orthologous clustering of conserved genes, identifies core and dispensable genome components. This is useful for determining the degree of conservation of PVCs among the population of isolates for a given pathogen. Potential vaccine candidates are then prioritized based on conservation and overall feature-based scoring. We present the application of ReVac, applied to 69 Moraxella catarrhalis and 270 non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae genomes, prioritizing 64 and 29 proteins as PVCs, respectively. Conclusion ReVac’s use of a scoring scheme ranks PVCs for subsequent experimental testing. It employs a redundancy-based approach in its predictions of features using several prediction tools. The protein’s features are collated, and each protein is ranked based on the scoring scheme. Multi-genome analyses performed in ReVac allow for a comprehensive overview of PVCs from a pan-genome perspective, as an ...

     
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    Source: BASE Selection for Comparative Literature
    Language: English
    Media type: Article (journal)
    Format: Online
    Parent title: BMC Genomics, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-21 (2019)
    Subjects: Reverse vaccinology; Vaccines; Antigen scoring; Orthology; Core genome; Bacterial; Biotechnology; Genetics
  2. Making markets for vaccines
    ideas to action ; the report of the Center for Global Development, Advance Market Commitment Working Group. Ruth Levine, Michael Kremer, Alice Albright, co-chairs. [Lead report authors Owen Barder ...]
    Published: c 2005
    Publisher:  Center for Global Development, Washington, DC

    We need to invest more in vaccines -- Promoting private investment in vaccine development -- A market not a prize -- Design choices -- $3 billion per disease -- Meeting industry requirements -- How sponsors can do it more

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    We need to invest more in vaccines -- Promoting private investment in vaccine development -- A market not a prize -- Design choices -- $3 billion per disease -- Meeting industry requirements -- How sponsors can do it

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 1933286024
    Subjects: Arzneimittel; Innovation; Industrieforschung; Pharmaindustrie; Welt; Entwicklungsländer; Vaccines industry; Vaccines; Pharmaceutical industry; Pharmaceuticals; Vaccines; Communicable Disease Control; Developing Countries; Health Policy; Investments; Research Support as Topic
    Scope: XI, 113 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index

    We need to invest more in vaccines -- Promoting private investment in vaccine development -- A market not a prize -- Design choices -- $3 billion per disease -- Meeting industry requirements -- How sponsors can do it
  3. Health policy and technological change
    Author: Finkelstein, Amy
    Published: 2003
    Publisher:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: NBER working paper series ; 9460
    Subjects: Gesundheitspolitik; Technischer Fortschritt; Arzneimittel; Patent; Forschungskosten; USA; Pharmakologie; Drug Industry; Health Policy; Medical policy; Vaccines; Vaccines
    Scope: 55 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w9460.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 40 - 43
  4. Analysis of COVID-related patents for antibodies and vaccines
    Author: Santhanam, Kausalya
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper provides an analysis of patents covering selected antibodies and vaccines used in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. The aim of the report is to support national patent offices and interested parties in developing countries with... more

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    This paper provides an analysis of patents covering selected antibodies and vaccines used in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. The aim of the report is to support national patent offices and interested parties in developing countries with information that can serve as guidance for the examination of the claims contained in relevant patents or patent applications. The antibody combination considered for the patent analysis in this paper are Casirivimab and Imdevimab. The vaccines considered for the patent analysis are mRNA-1273, Sputnik, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222). The analysis was completed in May 2022.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278404
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 173 (7 February 2023)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Antibodies; COVID-19; Global Health; Health; Intellectual Property; Pandemic; Patent; Patent Examination; Patent Law; Patent Offices; Patent Policy; Patent Protection; Public Health; Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  5. The Return of the "Cult"
    Author: Thomas, Aled; Graham-Hyde, Edward
    Published: 2023

    Recent years have seen an apparent "return" of normative religious and cultic language in political and media discourses, often adopted in pejorative and confrontational contexts. Arguably driven by contemporary political divisions and debates... more

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    Recent years have seen an apparent "return" of normative religious and cultic language in political and media discourses, often adopted in pejorative and confrontational contexts. Arguably driven by contemporary political divisions and debates surrounding COVID-19 restrictions, terms including "cult," "brainwashing," and "groupthink" have reignited discourses surrounding so-called "cultic" behaviour and beliefs. We argue, however, that the "cult debate" has not returned, but rather transitioned into new and implicit conversations surrounding "good" and "bad" religion. In this special issue of Implicit Religion, we seek to avoid re-treading old ground concerning definitions of "cults," and instead adopt a renewed approach to the academic study of normative cultic language - placing an emphasis on the ways in which these terms are used, negotiated, and understood in contemporary discourses.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Article (journal)
    Format: Online
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    Parent title: Enthalten in: Implicit religion; Sheffield : Equinox, 2004; 24(2021), 2, Seite 129-134; Online-Ressource

    Subjects: Cults; Methodology; Minority Religion; New Religious Movements; Trump; Vaccines
  6. Remittances and vaccine hesitancy in the Punjab Province of Pakistan
    Author: Abbas, Faisal; Bang, James T.; Mitra, Aniruddha
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Pakistan is one of only three countries that have failed to stop the transmission of poliovirus and experienced a surge of polio paralysis in 2019. Meanwhile, misconceptions persist about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in Pakistan and elsewhere.... more

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    Pakistan is one of only three countries that have failed to stop the transmission of poliovirus and experienced a surge of polio paralysis in 2019. Meanwhile, misconceptions persist about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in Pakistan and elsewhere. Our study investigates the effect of remittances on the likelihood a household vaccinate its children against polio and measles/mumps/rubella (MMR). Based on data from a Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey conducted in Punjab in 2014, we isolate the effect of receiving remittances using distance and exact matching. We find that access to remittances increases the likelihood of vaccinating male children against polio by about 11 percentage points and against MMR by about 12.5 percentage points. Unfortunately, remittances do not significantly improve vaccinations of girls. The results imply that vaccination campaigns - including campaigns to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2 - should focus on communities without migration experience and vaccinating girls.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/273426
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1308
    Subjects: Remittances; Vaccines; Polio; Gender; Pakistan
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The impact of vaccines and behavior on U.S. cumulative deaths from COVID-19
    Author: Atkeson, Andrew
    Published: August 2023
    Publisher:  Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Research Division, Minneapolis, MN

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    Series: Staff report / Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis ; no. 649
    Subjects: COVID-19 mortality; Vaccines; Behavior
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Accelerating Vaccine Innovation for Emerging Infectious Diseases via Parallel Discovery
    Author: Barberio, Joseph; Becraft, Jacob; Ben Chaouch, Zied; Bertsimas, Dimitris; Kitada, Tasuku; Li, Michael Lingzhi; Lo, Andrew W.; Shi, Kevin; Xu, Qingyang
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  SSRN, [S.l.]

    The portfolio approach of financing drug development has been proposed as a financial innovation to improve the risk/return tradeoff of investment in drug development projects through the use of diversification and securitization. By investing in a... more

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    The portfolio approach of financing drug development has been proposed as a financial innovation to improve the risk/return tradeoff of investment in drug development projects through the use of diversification and securitization. By investing in a sizable and well-diversified portfolio of novel drug candidates, and issuing equity and securitized debt based on this portfolio, the financial performance of such a biomedical “megafund” can be made attractive to a wide group of investors in the private sector. To analyze the viability of the portfolio approach in expediting vaccine development against emerging infectious diseases, we simulate the financial performance of a hypothetical vaccine megafund consisting of 120 mRNA vaccine candidates in the preclinical stage, which target 11 emerging infectious diseases, including a hypothetical “disease X,” which may cause the next global pandemic. We calibrate the simulation parameters with input from domain experts in mRNA technology and an extensive literature review. We find that this vaccine portfolio will generate an average annualized return on investment of −6.0% per annum and a negative net present value of −$9.5 billion, despite the scientific advantages of mRNA technology and the financial benefits of diversification. We also show that clinical trial costs account for 94% of the total investment, while vaccine manufacturing costs account for only 6%. The most important factor of the megafund's financial performance is the price per vaccine dose, while other factors, such as the increased probability of success due to mRNA technology, the size of the megafund portfolio, and the possibility of conducting human challenge trials do not significantly improve its financial performance. Our results illustrate the critical importance of government funding to ensure that vaccine development will be financially sustainable for the private sector and that effective vaccines will be available to prevent the next global pandemic

     
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    Language: English
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    Series: MIT Sloan Research Paper ; No. 6858-23
    Subjects: Vaccines; mRNA; Megafund; Pandemics; Epidemics; Infectious Diseases; Healthcare Finance
    Other subjects: Array
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
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    Nach Informationen von SSRN wurde die ursprüngliche Fassung des Dokuments March 16, 2023 erstellt
  9. COVID-19 vaccines as global public goods
    between life and profit
    Author: King, Katiuska; Carranza Barona, César
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    In the context of a health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic, the global availability of and access to vaccines are imperative. This research paper provides an analysis from the perspective of international political economy, of the financing of... more

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    In the context of a health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic, the global availability of and access to vaccines are imperative. This research paper provides an analysis from the perspective of international political economy, of the financing of COVID-19 vaccines and of the market strategies adopted by some of the companies that developed them. It notes that the development of vaccines was supported by substantial public funding from countries that later received preferential access to those vaccines through advance purchases. Despite such public support, the vaccines were not deemed as public goods but remained under the control of their developers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/262129
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 154 (9 May 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Vaccines; Advance Purchases; COVID-19; Global Common Goods; Global Health; Global Public Good; Global South; Health; Intellectual Property; Pandemic; Patent; Public Health; Vaccine Financing; Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  10. The WTO TRIPS decision on COVID-19 vaccines
    what is needed to implement it?
    Author: Correa, Carlos María; Syam, Nirmalya
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    The 12th WTO Ministerial Conference adopted a Ministerial Decision on the TRIPS Agreement on 17 June 2022. This partially concluded almost two years of protracted discussions in response to a proposal by India and South Africa for a waiver from... more

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    The 12th WTO Ministerial Conference adopted a Ministerial Decision on the TRIPS Agreement on 17 June 2022. This partially concluded almost two years of protracted discussions in response to a proposal by India and South Africa for a waiver from certain obligations under the TRIPS Agreement for health products and technologies for the prevention, treatment and containment of COVID-19. The adopted Decision only waives the obligation under article 31 (f) of the TRIPS Agreement. Developing country WTO members are now allowed to export any proportion of vaccines, including ingredients and processes, necessary for the COVID-19 pandemic that are manufactured under a compulsory license or government use authorization to other developing countries. It also contains some clarifications of relevant TRIPS provisions, while introducing a number of conditionalities that are not present in the TRIPS Agreement. This paper examines the object and scope of the Decision, the requirements established for its use, and the required actions to be taken by WTO members to implement it.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278266
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 169 (8 November 2022)
    Subjects: Compulsory Licenses; COVID-19; Diagnostics; Dispute Settlement; Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; Flexibilities; Government Use; MC12; Pandemic; Parallel Importation; Test Data; Therapeutics; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS Flexibilities; TRIPS Waiver; Vaccines; Voluntary License; World Trade Organization (WTO); WTO TRIPS Decision on COVID-19 Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten)
  11. Left on our own
    COVID-19, TRIPS-Plus Free Trade Agreements, and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health
    Author: Omino, Melissa; Kahumbu, Joanna
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland

    The cusp of the twentieth anniversary of the WTO Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (hereafter "the Declaration") was marked by a global pandemic. The Declaration and its iteration in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of... more

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    The cusp of the twentieth anniversary of the WTO Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (hereafter "the Declaration") was marked by a global pandemic. The Declaration and its iteration in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereafter "TRIPS") Article 31 bis, should have helped to contain the devastation in least developed and developing countries. The reality is that the pandemic is still ongoing, and the Global South led by South Africa and India are seeking a waiver of provisions to the TRIPS Agreement to ensure that COVID-19 therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines reach their citizens in order to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus ("the TRIPS waiver"). These citizens are especially vulnerable because of their inability to access vaccines due to their prices and supply shortages caused by the refusal to share manufacturing technology. The Doha Declaration aimed at reaffirming the interpretation and implementation of the TRIPS Agreement to support WTO members' right to protect public health and promote access to medicines. However, the operationalization of the Declaration via Article 31bis of TRIPS has been cumbersome and procedurally difficult to navigate. This paper argues that the current iteration of the Doha Declaration within TRIPS fails to meet the objectives of the Declaration as demonstrated by the need for a further waiver of the TRIPS agreement. It also attempts to "reimagine" Article 31 bis in light of the TRIPS waiver from the position of the Global South to make it more equitable and practicable and maintain the spirit of the Declaration.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/278267
    Series: Research paper / South Centre ; 170 (17 November 2022)
    Subjects: Access to Medicines; Article 31bis; COVID-19; Diagnostics; Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; Flexibilities; Free Trade Agreements (FTAs); Intellectual Property; Kenya; Pandemic; Paragraph 6; Public Health; Therapeutics; TRIPS; TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS Flexibilities; TRIPS Plus; TRIPS Waiver; United States-Kenya Free Trade Agreement (USKEFTA); Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten)
  12. Covid-19 and output in Japan
    Author: Fujii, Daisuke; Nakata, Taisuke
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  RIETI, [Tokyo, Japan]

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    Series: RIETI discussion paper series ; 21-E, 004 (January 2021)
    Subjects: COVID-19; Emergency Declaration; Forecast Evaluation; Japan; Macro-SIRD model; Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Why are drugs more profitable than vaccines?
    Author: Kremer, Michael; Snyder, Christopher M.
    Published: 2003
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Series: NBER working paper series ; 9833
    Subjects: Arzneimittel; Impfung; Rentabilität; Preismanagement; Theorie; Drug Industry; Drugs; Models, Econometric; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Vaccines; Vaccines
    Scope: 36, [3] S, graph. Darst
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    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w9833.pdf - lizenzpflichtig
  14. Post-neonatal mortality impacts following grants from the Gavi Vaccine Alliance
    an econometric analysis from 2000 to 2014
    Author: Kolesar, Robert J.; Audibert, Martine
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  Centre d'etudes et de recherches sur le developpement international, Clermont-Ferrand

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    Series: Études et documents / Centre d'etudes et de recherches sur le developpement international ; 2017, no 07 (February 2017)
    Subjects: Vaccines; Immunizations; Developing countries; Financing; Mortality reduction
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Can negotiations at the World Health Organization lead to a just framework for the prevention, preparedness and response to pandemics as global public goods?
    Author: Tellez, Viviana Muñoz
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva

    This paper advances that WHO Member States, having agreed to the objectives of advancing equity and solidarity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, now must operationalize these. The paper offers suggestions for the ongoing WHO... more

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    This paper advances that WHO Member States, having agreed to the objectives of advancing equity and solidarity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, now must operationalize these. The paper offers suggestions for the ongoing WHO processes of: 1) review of recommendations under examination by the Working Group on Strengthening WHO Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies, 2) consideration of potential amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005, and 3) elaboration of a draft text for an international instrument on pandemic preparedness and response.

     
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  16. Covid-19 vaccines, innovation, and intellectual property rights
    Author: Cozzi, Guido; Galli, Silvia
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Should the intellectual property rights on the first Covid-19 vaccines be temporarily lifted in applying the Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) flexibility? Is it right to grant the first generation of Covid-19 vaccines a special... more

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    Should the intellectual property rights on the first Covid-19 vaccines be temporarily lifted in applying the Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) flexibility? Is it right to grant the first generation of Covid-19 vaccines a special treatment from an IPR perspective? On what grounds? By extensively reviewing the available medical and economic literature on the subject, this chapter will guide the reader step-by-step to the leading scientific, political, and cultural challenges in granting broad worldwide access to vaccination. The accumulated delays in providing effective Covid-19 vaccine intervention in the low- and middle-income countries are ultimately responsible for the virus circulation at the global level and the proliferation of immunity-escaping variants. Therefore governmental rationality around the world would suggest any possible active policy tool to scale up the current vaccines supply. However, not to prevent future investment in R&D, the governments should bear the cost of the expected increased industry obsolescence determined by a temporary patent waiver; this includes public patent-buy-outs and regulated public-private R&D partnerships.

     
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    hdl: 10419/256807
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1095
    Subjects: Vaccines; Covid-19; Pandemics; Patents; Innovation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  17. ¿Podrán las negociaciones en la organización mundial de la salud resultar en un marco justo para la prevención, la preparación y la respuesta ante pandemias como bienes públicos globales?
    Author: Tellez, Viviana Muñoz
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Ginebra, Suiza

    This paper advances that WHO Member States, having agreed to the objectives of advancing equity and solidarity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, now must operationalize these. The paper offers suggestions for the ongoing WHO... more

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    This paper advances that WHO Member States, having agreed to the objectives of advancing equity and solidarity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, now must operationalize these. The paper offers suggestions for the ongoing WHO processes of: 1) review of recommendations under examination by the Working Group on Strengthening WHO Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies, 2) consideration of potential amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005, and 3) elaboration of a draft text for an international instrument on pandemic preparedness and response.

     
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  18. Les négociations au sein de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé peuvent-elles aboutir à un cadre juste pour la prévention, la préparation et la riposte aux pandémies en tant que bien public mondial?
    Author: Tellez, Viviana Muñoz
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  South Centre, Genève, Suisse

    This paper advances that WHO Member States, having agreed to the objectives of advancing equity and solidarity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, now must operationalize these. The paper offers suggestions for the ongoing WHO... more

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    This paper advances that WHO Member States, having agreed to the objectives of advancing equity and solidarity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, now must operationalize these. The paper offers suggestions for the ongoing WHO processes of: 1) review of recommendations under examination by the Working Group on Strengthening WHO Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies, 2) consideration of potential amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005, and 3) elaboration of a draft text for an international instrument on pandemic preparedness and response.

     
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  19. Financing research and development for new vaccines in Asia-Pacific developing countries
    Author: Yamey, Gavin; Kennedy McDade, Kaci; Mao, Wenhui; Osakwe, Ekene
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    There have been many important innovations in the landscape of vaccine development for neglected and emerging infectious diseases, such as the launch of public-private product development partnerships (PDPs). However, there is still a gap in funding... more

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    There have been many important innovations in the landscape of vaccine development for neglected and emerging infectious diseases, such as the launch of public-private product development partnerships (PDPs). However, there is still a gap in funding the development of such vaccines, especially when it comes to financing late-stage trials. There is a financial risk in investing in late-stage trials, and there is no guarantee of a commercial market, particularly for the most neglected diseases of poverty. One result of the funding gap is that there are many infectious diseases with a high burden in the Asia-Pacific region for which there are no licensed, highly effective vaccines, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis. There are also neglected infectious diseases that affect populations in the region where the existing vaccines have limitations, such as malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis. Understanding how much additional financing is needed for vaccine research and development (R&D) for neglected and emerging infections is a crucial first step in closing the financing gap. Annual spending on vaccine R&D for neglected diseases was approximately $ 1 billion in 2020. Our previous modelling research, using a financial tool called the Portfolio to Impact model, estimated that $ 3 billion is needed annually, suggesting there is an annual financing gap of $ 2 billion. For vaccine R&D for emerging diseases, annual spending on the Blueprint diseases was $ 350 million in 2018, but the annual financing need is approximately $ 400 million to $ 520 million, suggesting an annual funding gap of $ 50 million to $ 170 million. How much is the Asia-Pacific region investing in vaccine R&D through the public, private, and philanthropic sectors and via PDPs? Using data from the G-FINDER database, we estimate that from 2018-2020, there was only $ 35 million annually being invested in the region in neglected disease vaccine R&D and $ 3.8 million annually being invested in emerging infectious disease vaccine R&D. These are very low levels of financing compared with the need. Despite such low levels of financing, our report finds that there is significant vaccine trials and manufacturing capacity in many developing countries of the region. Closing the vaccine R&D funding gap in the Asia-Pacific region would have enormous health and economic returns. The various policy approaches to closing this gap can be organized into (1) resource mobilization (e.g. government contributions, airline ticket levies), (2) pooling of resources (e.g. a regional pooled R&D fund), and (3) strategic purchasing (see figure).

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 223 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; Vaccines; R&D; R&D financing; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Guide for the granting of compulsory licenses and government use of pharmaceutical patents
    Author: Correa, Carlos María
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  South Centre, Geneva

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  21. Guía para la concesión de licencias obligatorias y uso gubernamental de patentes farmacéuticas
    Author: Correa, Carlos María
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  South Centre, Ginebra

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  22. International evidence on vaccines and the mortality to infections ratio
    Author: Aizenman, Joshua; Cukierman, Alex; Jinjarak, Yothin; Xin, Weining
    Published: 16 November 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Language: English
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    Series: Array ; DP16728
    Subjects: Vaccines; Mortality; infections; mortality/infection ratio; Policy implications
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Covid-19 and output in Japan
    Author: Fujii, Daisuke; Nakata, Taisuke
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Center for Advanced Research in Finance, [Tokyo]

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    Edition: First draft: January 2021
    Series: Array ; CARF-F-505
    Subjects: Covid-19; Emergency Declaration; Forecast Evaluation; Japan; Macro-SIRD model; Vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Contagion at work
    Author: Houštecká, Anna; Koh, Dongya; Santaeulàlia-Llopis, Raül
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  GSE, Graduate School of Economics, Barcelona

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    Series: Barcelona GSE working paper series ; no 1225
    Subjects: Contagion; Flu; Employment; Unemployment; Occupations; Industry; Gradient,Exposure; Human Contact; Vaccines; Lockdown; Policy; Macroeconomics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. How COVID-19 vaccine supply chains emerged in the midst of a pandemic
    Author: Bown, Chad P.; Bollyky, Thomas J.
    Published: 07 August 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP16428
    Subjects: Vaccines; COVID-19; Subsidies; Export restrictions; Supply Chains
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen