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  1. Why Do Low-Educated Workers Invest Less in Further Training?
    Author: Fouarge, Didier; Schils, Trudie; Grip, Andries de
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, Bonn

  2. <<The>> influence of task difficulty, intelligence and achievement motivation on neural efficiency
    Author: Berthold, Marcel
    Published: 2011

    ger: Neurowissenschaftliche Studien zur Erforschung der menschlichen Intelligenz konnten unter Anwendung verschiedener Methoden übereinstimmend zeigen, dass Gehirne intelligenterer Menschen dahingehend effizienter arbeiten, dass sie bei der... more

     

    ger: Neurowissenschaftliche Studien zur Erforschung der menschlichen Intelligenz konnten unter Anwendung verschiedener Methoden übereinstimmend zeigen, dass Gehirne intelligenterer Menschen dahingehend effizienter arbeiten, dass sie bei der Bearbeitung kognitiver Aufgaben eine fokussiertere und insgesamt geringere kortikale Aktivierung zeigen (Haier et al.., 1992; für einen Überblick siehe Neubauer & Fink, 2009). Doppelmayr et al.. (2005) zeigte, dass Aufgabenschwierigkeit einen moderierenden Einfluss auf die kortikale Aktivierung hat. Mental Effort könnte eine Erklärung für dieses Ergebnis liefern. Es stellt die willentliche und bewusste Anpassung an variierende Aufgabenschwierigkeit aufgrund motivationaler Prozesse dar. Diese ?Energie-Mobilisierung? zur Erreichung kognitiver Ziele kann als kompensatorische Strategie interpretiert werden (Hockey, 1997). Daher wurde in dieser Studie der Einfluss von Aufgabenschwierigkeit, Intelligenz und Leistungsmotivation auf neurale Effizienz untersucht. N = 53 Schüler bearbeiteten in drei verschieden Schwierigkeitsbedingungen Zahlenfolgen, die ihrem persönlichen Fähigkeitsniveau entsprachen. Nach Anpassung des Aufgabenniveaus an die individuelle Personenfähigkeit zeigten intelligentere im Vergleich zu weniger intelligenten Personen bei der Bearbeitung von numerisch-induktiven Aufgaben vergleichbare kortikale Gehirnaktivierung (ereignis-bezogene Desynchronisation, ERD) im oberen Alpha-Band. Eine vierfache Interaktion der Faktoren ipsativer Aufgabenschwierigkeit x Intelligenz x Motivation x Areal konnte gezeigt werden. Niedrig-intelligente, gering motivierte Personen weniger ERD in anteriofrontalen (AF) Gehirnbereichen bei der Bearbeitung von einfachen Aufgaben verglichen mit weniger intelligenten, hoch motivierten und hoch intelligenten, gering motivierten Personen zeigen. Diese Ergebnisse werden auf der Basis der Erwartungen und Erklärungsansätzen aus der aktuellen Literatur zum Thema Motivation und Mental Effort diskutiert. eng: Neuroscientific research on human intelligence yielded evidence that brains of highly intelligent individuals work more efficient in a way, that they display more focused and therefore overall less cortical activation while working on cognitive tasks (Haier et al.., 1992, for an overview see Neubauer & Fink, 2009). Furthermore, Doppelmayr et al.. (2005) could show that task difficulty moderates cortical activation. Persons of higher intelligence exhibited more brain activation during difficult tasks. A concept that might account for this finding is mental effort. This concept can be understood as the voluntarily mobilisation of mental energy or resources of attention towards a task, which could be interpreted as a compensatory strategy (Hockey, 1997) Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to investigate the influence of task difficulty, intelligence and achievement motivation on neural efficiency. N = 53 high school students worked on number series, which were administered according to their personal ability level, in three different conditions (easy vs. medium vs. hard). High-intelligent persons showed similar cortical brain activation (event-related desynchronisation, ERD) than low-intelligent persons in the upper alpha band, when items were delivered/shown according to their ability level. A four-way interaction of ipsative item difficulty level x IQ group x achievement group x area emerged. Post-hoc analyses showed that at anteriofrontal (AF) sites less ERD could only be observed for the IQ-low, avoidance subjects compared to IQ-low, approach-driven and IQ-high, avoidance-driven subjects within the easy condition. The obtained results are discussed in terms of expectations and recent literature on motivation and mental effort served to lay the ground work for explaining the results.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Online; Print
    Other identifier:
    Subjects: Intelligenz; Hirnfunktion; Motivation; ; Intelligenz; Hirnfunktion; Motivation; Online-Publikation;
    Scope: 102 Bl., Ill., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers

    Zsfassung in dt. Sprache

    Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011
  3. Playing smart
    on games, intelligence, and artificial intelligence
    Author: Togelius, Julian
    Published: [2018]; © 2018
    Publisher:  The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England

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    Technische Hochschule Köln, Hochschulbibliothek
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780262350143
    RVK Categories: MR 6300 ; SU 500 ; CP 4100
    Series: Playful thinking
    Subjects: Denken; Computerspiel; Künstliche Intelligenz; Intelligenz
    Other subjects: Denken; Künstliche Intelligenz; Intelligenz; Computerspiel
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 168 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index
  4. Natürliche und Künstliche Intelligenz im Anthropozän
    Contributor: Rathmann, Joachim (Herausgeber); Voigt, Uwe (Herausgeber)
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Universität Augsburg, Augsburg ; wbg Academic, Darmstadt

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  5. Playing smart
    on games, intelligence, and artificial intelligence
    Author: Togelius, Julian
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England

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    THD - Technische Hochschule Deggendorf, Hochschulbibliothek
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    Hochschulbibliothek Ingolstadt
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    Volltext (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780262350143
    RVK Categories: MR 6300 ; SU 500 ; CP 4100 ; AP 15963
    Series: Playful thinking
    Subjects: Video games; Video games; Intellect; Thought and thinking; Artificial intelligence; Künstliche Intelligenz; Computerspiel; Denken; Intelligenz; Videospiel
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 168 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index
  6. The effects of cognitive and noncognitive skills on migration decisions
    Author: Bütikofer, Aline; Peri, Giovanni
    Published: September 2017
    Publisher:  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics, Bergen

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    VS 48 (2017,17)
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11250/2456156
    Series: Discussion papers / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics ; 2017, 17
    Subjects: Intelligenz; Kognition; Arbeitsmobilität; Kosten; Lohnniveau; Kohortenanalyse; Norwegen
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The relative importance of motivation in the school context
    Author: Reschke, Katharina
    Published: 2020

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Spinath, Birgit (AkademischeR BetreuerIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Online
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    Subjects: Motivation; Schulleistung; Intelligenz; Metaanalyse
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (vi, 260 Seiten)
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    Dissertation, Heidelberg University, 2019
  8. Playing smart
    on games, intelligence, and artificial intelligence
    Author: Togelius, Julian
    Published: [2018]; © 2018
    Publisher:  The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

    In the beginning of AI, there were games -- Do you need to be intelligent to play games? -- What is (Artificial) Intelligence? -- Do video games have Artificial Intelligence? -- Growing a mind and learning to play -- Do games learn from you when you... more

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    In the beginning of AI, there were games -- Do you need to be intelligent to play games? -- What is (Artificial) Intelligence? -- Do video games have Artificial Intelligence? -- Growing a mind and learning to play -- Do games learn from you when you play them? -- Automating creativity -- Designing for AI -- General intelligence and games in general -- Synthesis. Can games measure intelligence? How will artificial intelligence inform games of the future? In 'Playing Smart', Julian Togelius explores the connections between games and intelligence to offer a new vision of future games and game design. Video games already depend on AI. We use games to test AI algorithms, challenge our thinking, and better understand both natural and artificial intelligence. In the future, Togelius argues, game designers will be able to create smarter games that make us smarter in turn, applying advanced AI to help design games. In this book, he tells us how.0Games are the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. In 1948, Alan Turing, one of the founding fathers of computer science and artificial intelligence, handwrote a program for chess. Today we have IBM's Deep Blue and DeepMind's AlphaGo, and huge efforts go into developing AI that can play such arcade games as Pac-Man. Programmers continue to use games to test and develop AI, creating new benchmarks for AI while also challenging human assumptions and cognitive abilities. 0Game design is at heart a cognitive science, Togelius reminds us-when we play or design a game, we plan, think spatially, make predictions, move, and assess ourselves and our performance. By studying how we play and design games, Togelius writes, we can better understand how humans and machines think. AI can do more for game design than providing a skillful opponent. We can harness it to build game-playing and game-designing AI agents, enabling a new generation of AI-augmented games. With AI, we can explore new frontiers in learning and play

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780262350143
    RVK Categories: MR 6300 ; SU 500 ; CP 4100
    Series: Playful thinking
    Subjects: Artificial intelligence; Intellect; Thought and thinking; Video games; Video games; Denken; Künstliche Intelligenz; Intelligenz; Computerspiel; Artificial intelligence; Intellect; Thought and thinking; Video games ; Design; Video games ; Psychological aspects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 168 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index
  9. Essays in applied microeconomics
    Author: Jandarova, Nurfatima
    Published: 21 September 2021
    Publisher:  European University Institute, Department of Economics, Florence

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 1814/72563
    Subjects: Arbeitslosigkeit; Bildungsertrag; Intelligenz; Fertilität; Konjunktur; Bildungsabschluss; Erwerbstätigkeit; Mikroökonomik; Theorie
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 150 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Dissertation, European University Institute, 2021
  10. Do older workers earn more than they deserve?
    Author: Romeu Gordo, Laura; Mertens, Antje
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  Deutsches Zentrum für Altersfragen, Berlin

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    Deutsches Zentrum für Altersfragen e.V. (DZA), Bibliothek
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Diskussionspapiere / Deutsches Zentrum für Altersfragen ; 51
    Subjects: Ältere Arbeitskräfte; Betriebszugehörigkeit; Arbeitsproduktivität; Intelligenz; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 28 S., 185 KB), graph. Darst.
  11. Spiritual capital
    wealth we can live by
    Author: Zohar, Danah
    Published: c2004
    Publisher:  Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781605097183; 1605097187; 9781609943158; 1609943155; 1576751384; 9781576751381
    Edition: 1st ed
    Subjects: BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Negotiating; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Business Ethics; Corporate culture; Capital; Organizational behavior; Organizational change; Values; Wirtschaft; Corporate culture; Organizational behavior; Values; Motivation; Spiritualität; Wirtschaftsethik; Unternehmensethik; Unternehmenskultur; Soziales Kapital; Intelligenz; Corporate Social Responsibility; Organisationsverhalten
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 173 p.)
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-161) and index

    Spiritual Capital presents a new vision of capitalist society that transcends the greed, materialism, and meaninglessness so rampant today. It offers an idea of wealth, profit, and capital that's about more than simply money
  12. Playing smart
    on games, intelligence, and artificial intelligence
    Author: Togelius, Julian
    Published: [2018]; © 2018
    Publisher:  The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

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    Technische Hochschule Köln, Hochschulbibliothek
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780262350143
    RVK Categories: MR 6300 ; SU 500 ; CP 4100
    Series: Playful thinking
    Subjects: Denken; Künstliche Intelligenz; Intelligenz; Computerspiel
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 168 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index
  13. Do older workers earn more than they deserve
    Author: Romeu Gordo, Laura; Mertens, Antje
    Published: 2010

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/31880
    DDC Categories: 330
    Series: DZA Diskussionspapiere ; Bd. 51
    Subjects: Ältere Arbeitnehmerin; Älterer Arbeitnehmer; Betriebszugehörigkeit; Arbeitsproduktivität; Intelligenz; Schätzung
    Other subjects: (stw)Ältere Arbeitskräfte; (stw)Betriebszugehörigkeit; (stw)Arbeitsproduktivität; (stw)Intelligenz; (stw)Schätzung; (stw)Deutschland; (thesoz)Arbeit; (thesoz)Produktivität; (thesoz)Lohnunterschied; (thesoz)älterer Arbeitnehmer; (thesoz)Analyse; (thesoz)Daten; (thesoz)Humankapital; (thesoz)Lohn; Graue Literatur
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 30 S.
    Notes:

    Veröffentlichungsversion
  14. READING and FEELING : the effects of a literature-based intervention designed to increase emotional competence in second and third graders
    Author: Kumschick, Irina Rosa; Beck, Luna; Eid, Michael; Witte, Georg; Klann-Delius, Gisela; Heuser, Isabella; Steinlein, Rüdiger; Menninghaus, Winfried
    Published: 2014
    Publisher:  Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Parent title: In: Frontiers in psychology, 5.2014, Art. 1448, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01448
    Subjects: Gefühl; Intelligenz; Kinderliteratur; Kind; Entwicklung; Affektive Entwicklung
    Other subjects: Emotionale Kompetenz; Empirische Ästhetik; emotional competence; emotion understanding and knowledge; literature-based intervention; afterschool care center; second and third graders
    Scope: Online-Ressource
  15. Linguistic Intelligence and Reading Comprehension Ability
    The Relationship Between Linguistic Intelligence and Reading Comprehension Ability in Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners
    Author: Bayyeny Baaghy, Mojgan; Arjmandi, Masoumeh
    Published: 2014
    Publisher:  LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783847340812; 3847340816
    Other identifier:
    9783847340812
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Subjects: Leseverstehen; Linguistik; Intelligenz; Reaktive Zwischenstufe
    Other subjects: (Produktform)Electronic book text; language; teaching; EFL; reading; English; intelligence; linguistic; Iranian; Comprehension; Persian; Intermediate; (VLB-WN)1564: Englische Sprachwissenschaft, Literaturwissenschaft
    Scope: Online-Ressource
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    Lizenzpflichtig. - Vom Verlag als Druckwerk on demand und/oder als E-Book angeboten
  16. Managing the Matrix
    The Secret to Surviving and Thriving in Your Organization
    Author: Metcalfe, Dawn
    Published: 2014
    Publisher:  John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY

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  17. India shining and Bharat drowning
    comparing two Indian states to the worldwide distribution in mathematics achievement
    Published: June 2008
    Publisher:  World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, Washington, DC

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    VS 2 (4644)
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 4644
    Subjects: Intelligenz; Mathematik; Vergleich; Indien; Welt
    Scope: Online-Ressource, 29, 23 S., Text, graph. Darst.
  18. Making sense of managerial competencies
    a motive-based approach
    Author: Guillén Ramo, Laura; Saris, Willem
    Published: 2009
    Publisher:  INSEAD, Fontainebleau

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Edition: Rev. vers.
    Series: Array ; 2009,07
    Subjects: Führungsstil; Intelligenz; Leistungsmotivation; Soziale Kompetenz
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 33 S., 562 KB)
  19. Do older workers earn more than they deserve?
    Author: Romeu Gordo, Laura; Mertens, Antje
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  Deutsches Zentrum für Altersfragen, Berlin

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    Language: English
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    Series: Diskussionspapiere / Deutsches Zentrum für Altersfragen ; 51
    Subjects: Ältere Arbeitskräfte; Betriebszugehörigkeit; Arbeitsproduktivität; Intelligenz; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 28 S., 185 KB), graph. Darst.
  20. The economics of international differences in educational achievement
    Author: Hanushek, Eric Alan; Woessmann, Ludger
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  CESifo, München

    An emerging economic literature over the past decade has made use of international tests of educational achievement to analyze the determinants and impacts of cognitive skills. The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique... more

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    DS 63 (3037)
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    An emerging economic literature over the past decade has made use of international tests of educational achievement to analyze the determinants and impacts of cognitive skills. The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique advantages over national studies: It can exploit institutional variation that does not exist within countries; draw on much larger variation than usually available within any country; reveal whether any result is country-specific or more general; test whether effects are systematically heterogeneous in different settings; circumvent selection issues that plague within-country identification by using system-level aggregated measures; and uncover general-equilibrium effects that often elude studies in a single country. The advantages come at the price of concerns about the limited number of country observations, the cross-sectional character of most available achievement data, and possible bias from unobserved country factors like culture. This chapter reviews the economic literature on international differences in educational achievement, restricting itself to comparative analyses that are not possible within single countries and placing particular emphasis on studies trying to address key issues of empirical identification. While quantitative input measures show little impact, several measures of institutional structures and of the quality of the teaching force can account for significant portions of the large international differences in the level and equity of student achievement. Variations in skills measured by the international tests are in turn strongly related to individual labor-market outcomes and, perhaps more importantly, to cross-country variations in economic growth. -- human capital ; cognitive skills ; international student achievement tests ; education production function

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/38903
    Series: Array ; 3037
    Subjects: Bildungsniveau; Intelligenz; Humankapital; Bildungsökonomik; Institutionenökonomik; Vergleich; Welt
    Scope: Online-Ressource (111 S.), graph. Darst.
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    Parallel als Druckausg. erschienen
  21. The role of parental investments for cognitive and noncognitive skill formation
    evidence for the first 11 years of life
    Author: Coneus, Katja; Laucht, Manfred; Reuß, Karsten
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  ZEW, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim

    This paper examines the impact of parental investments on the development of cognitive, mental and emotional skills during childhood using data from a longitudinal study, the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, starting at birth. Our work offers... more

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    This paper examines the impact of parental investments on the development of cognitive, mental and emotional skills during childhood using data from a longitudinal study, the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, starting at birth. Our work offers three important innovations. First, we use reliable measures of the child’s cognitive, mental and emotional skills as well as accurate measures of parental investment. Second, we estimate latent factor models to account for unobserved characteristics of children. Third, we examine the skill development for girls and boys separately, as well as for children who were born with either organic or psychosocial risk. We find a decreasing impact of parental investments on cognitive and mental skills, while emotional skills seem to be unaffected by parental investment throughout childhood. Thus, initial inequality persists during childhood. Since families are the main sources of education during the first years of life, our results have important implications for the quality of the parent-child relationship. -- cognitive skills ; noncognitive skills ; critical and sensitive periods ; self-productivity ; inequality ; organic risk ; psychosocial risk

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/32784
    Series: Discussion paper / ZEW ; 10-028
    Subjects: Kinder; Intelligenz; Eltern; Kinderbetreuung; Bildungsinvestition; Deutschland
    Scope: Online-Ressource (34 S.), graph. Darst.
  22. The economics of international differences in educational achievement
    Author: Hanushek, Eric Alan; Woessmann, Ludger
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  IZA, Bonn

    An emerging economic literature over the past decade has made use of international tests of educational achievement to analyze the determinants and impacts of cognitive skills. The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique... more

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    An emerging economic literature over the past decade has made use of international tests of educational achievement to analyze the determinants and impacts of cognitive skills. The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique advantages over national studies: It can exploit institutional variation that does not exist within countries; draw on much larger variation than usually available within any country; reveal whether any result is country-specific or more general; test whether effects are systematically heterogeneous in different settings; circumvent selection issues that plague within-country identification by using system-level aggregated measures; and uncover general-equilibrium effects that often elude studies in a single country. The advantages come at the price of concerns about the limited number of country observations, the cross-sectional character of most available achievement data, and possible bias from unobserved country factors like culture. This chapter reviews the economic literature on international differences in educational achievement, restricting itself to comparative analyses that are not possible within single countries and placing particular emphasis on studies trying to address key issues of empirical identification. While quantitative input measures show little impact, several measures of institutional structures and of the quality of the teaching force can account for significant portions of the large international differences in the level and equity of student achievement. Variations in skills measured by the international tests are in turn strongly related to individual labor-market outcomes and, perhaps more importantly, to cross-country variations in economic growth. -- Human capital ; cognitive skills ; international student achievement tests ; education production function

     
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/36859
    Series: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 4925
    Subjects: Bildungsniveau; Intelligenz; Humankapital; Bildungsökonomik; Institutionenökonomik; Vergleich; Welt
    Scope: Online-Ressource (70 S.), graph. Darst.
  23. Effects of universal child care participation on pre-teen skills and risky behaviors
    Author: Gupta, Nabanita Datta; Simonsen, Marianne
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  Univ. of Aarhus, Dep. of Economics, Aarhus

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    Series: Economics working paper ; 2010,7
    Subjects: Kinderbetreuung; Familienpflege; Intelligenz; Risikopräferenz; Kinder; Dänemark
    Scope: Online-Ressource (47 S.)
  24. The GED
    Author: Heckman, James J.; Humphries, John Eric; Mader, Nicholas S.
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  IZA, Bonn

    The General Educational Development (GED) credential is issued on the basis of an eight hour subject-based test. The test claims to establish equivalence between dropouts and traditional high school graduates, opening the door to college and... more

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    The General Educational Development (GED) credential is issued on the basis of an eight hour subject-based test. The test claims to establish equivalence between dropouts and traditional high school graduates, opening the door to college and positions in the labor market. In 2008 alone, almost 500,000 dropouts passed the test, amounting to 12% of all high school credentials issued in that year. This chapter reviews the academic literature on the GED, which finds minimal value of the certificate in terms of labor market outcomes and that only a few individuals successfully use it as a path to obtain post-secondary credentials. Although the GED establishes cognitive equivalence on one measure of scholastic aptitude, recipients still face limited opportunity due to deficits in noncognitive skills such as persistence, motivation and reliability. The literature finds that the GED testing program distorts social statistics on high school completion rates, minority graduation gaps, and sources of wage growth. Recent work demonstrates that, through its availability and low cost, the GED also induces some students to drop out of school. The GED program is unique to the United States and Canada, but provides policy insight relevant to any nation's educational context. -- Returns to education ; GED ; dropouts ; graduation rate ; noncognitive skills

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/36948
    Series: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 4975
    Subjects: Bildungsertrag; Allgemeinbildende Schule; Absolventen; Hochschule; Abbrecher; Intelligenz; USA; Kanada
    Scope: Online-Ressource (67 S.), graph. Darst.
  25. Estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation
    Author: Cunha, Flávio; Heckman, James J.; Schennach, Susanne M.
    Published: 2010
    Publisher:  IZA, Bonn

    This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. Skills are determined by parental environments and investments at different stages of childhood. We estimate the elasticity of... more

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    This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. Skills are determined by parental environments and investments at different stages of childhood. We estimate the elasticity of substitution between investments in one period and stocks of skills in that period to assess the benefits of early investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production technologies based on nonlinear factor models with endogenous inputs. A by-product of our approach is a framework for evaluating childhood and schooling interventions that does not rely on arbitrarily scaled test scores as outputs and recognizes the differential effects of the same bundle of skills in different tasks. Using the estimated technology, we determine optimal targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in later stages of the life cycle in the production of cognitive skills. It increases slightly in later stages of the life cycle in the production of noncognitive skills. This finding has important implications for the design of policies that target the disadvantaged. For some configurations of disadvantage and for some outcomes, it is optimal to invest relatively more in the later stages of childhood than in earlier stages. -- Cognitive skills ; noncognitive skills ; dynamic factor analysis ; endogeneity of inputs ; anchoring test scores ; parental influence "This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for childrens' cognitive and noncognitive skills. Skills are determined by parental environments and investments at different stages of childhood. We estimate the elasticity of substitution between investments in one period and stocks of skills in that period to assess the benefits of early investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production technologies based on nonlinear factor models with endogenous inputs. A by-product of our approach is a framework for evaluating childhood and schooling interventions that does not rely on arbitrarily scaled test scores as outputs and recognizes the differential effects of the same bundle of skills in different tasks. Using the estimated technology, we determine optimal targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in later stages of the life cycle in the production of cognitive skills. It increases slightly in later stages of the life cycle in the production of noncognitive skills. This finding has important implications for the design of policies that target the disadvantaged. For some configurations of disadvantage and for some outcomes, the return to investments in the later stages of childhood may exceed that to investments in the early stage"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/35965
    Series: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 4702
    Subjects: Intelligenz; Bildungsniveau; Kinder; Bildungsinvestition; Eltern; Familiensoziologie; Faktorenanalyse; Statistischer Test; Schätzung; Theorie; USA
    Scope: Online-Ressource (42 S.), graph. Darst.