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  1. Motherhood employment penalty and gender wage gap across countries
    1990-2010
    Author: Chu, Yu-wei Luke; Cuffe, Harold E.; Nguyen Doan
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  School of Economics and Finance, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

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    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 241
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10063/9446
    Series: SEF working paper ; 2021, 1
    Subjects: Child penalty; motherhood penalty; female labor supply; gender wage gap; twin birth
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Reconciling estimates of the long-term earnings effect of fertility
    Author: Bensnes, Simon; Huitfeldt, Ingrid; Leuven, Edwin
    Published: August 2023
    Publisher:  Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo

    This paper presents novel methodological and empirical contributions to the child penalty literature. We propose a new estimator that combines elements from standard event study and instrumental variable estimators and demonstrate their relatedness.... more

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    DS 619
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    This paper presents novel methodological and empirical contributions to the child penalty literature. We propose a new estimator that combines elements from standard event study and instrumental variable estimators and demonstrate their relatedness. Our analysis shows that all three approaches yield substantial estimates of the long-term impact of children on the earnings gap between mothers and their partners, commonly known as the child penalty, ranging from 11 to 18 percent. However, the models not only estimate different magnitudes of the child penalty, they also lead to very different conclusions as to whether it is mothers or partners who drive this penalty - the key policy concern. While the event study attributes the entire impact to mothers, our results suggest that maternal responses account for only around one fourth of the penalty. Our paper also has broader implications for event-study designs. In particular, we assess the validity of the event-study assumptions using external information and characterize biases arising from selection in treatment timing. We find that women time fertility as their earnings profile flattens. The implication of this is that the event-study overestimates women's earnings penalty as it relies on estimates of counterfactual wage profiles that are too high. These new insights in the nature of selection into fertility show that common intuitions regarding parallel trend assumptions may be misleading, and that pre-trends may be uninformative about the sign of the selection bias in the treatment period.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/298338
    Series: Discussion papers / Statistics Norway, Research Department ; 1004
    Subjects: Child penalty; female labor supply; event study; instrumental variable
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Changing fertility and heterogeneous motherhood effects
    revisiting the effects of a parental benefits reform
    Author: Fitzenberger, Bernd; Seidlitz, Arnim
    Published: June 10, 2024
    Publisher:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg, Germany

    Using a semiparametric event study approach with a control group, we estimate the effect of motherhood on labor market outcomes in Germany, the child penalty. We further investigate how the 2007 parental benefits reform changed the child penalty... more

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    DS 98
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    Using a semiparametric event study approach with a control group, we estimate the effect of motherhood on labor market outcomes in Germany, the child penalty. We further investigate how the 2007 parental benefits reform changed the child penalty while accounting for fertility effects. A large novel data set linking data from two administrative sources provides information on all births. Our estimation approach accounts for motherhood being a staggered treatment. The reform has small positive medium-run effects employment outcomes. It changes the selection into motherhood and has certain heterogeneous effects. However, the reform did little to reduce the average child penalty. Mit einem semiparametrischen "Event-Study-Ansatz" unter Verwendung einer Kontrollgruppe schätzen wir den Effekt der Geburt des ersten Kindes auf Verdienste und Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter, die sogenannte "child penalty". Wir behandeln Mutterschaft als ein "zeitlich gestaffeltes Treatment". Außerdem untersuchen wir den Effekt des 2007 eingeführten Elterngeldes auf die "child penalty" - unter Berücksichtigung der Fertilitätseffekte. Ein großer neuer Datensatz, der Daten aus zwei administrativen Quellen miteinander verknüpft, enthält Informationen über alle Geburten. Die Reform hat geringe positive mittelfristige Auswirkungen auf den Beschäftigungsverlauf. Sie verändert die Selektion in die Fertilität und es zeigen sich gruppenspezifische Effektunterschiede. Jedoch hat die Reform die durchschnittliche "child penalty" kaum verringert.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/298661
    Series: IAB-discussion paper ; 2024, 8
    Subjects: Child penalty; parental benefit reform; semiparametric event study approach
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Motherhood and the allocation of talent
    Author: Berniell, Inés; Berniell, Lucila; Mata, Dolores de la; Edo, María; Fawaz, Yarine; Machado, Matilde P.; Marchionni, Mariana
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    In this paper we assess whether changes in labor market decisions upon motherhood lead to potential inefficient allocations of talent. Using an event study approach with retrospective data drawn from SHARE for 29 European countries we show that... more

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    DS 165
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    In this paper we assess whether changes in labor market decisions upon motherhood lead to potential inefficient allocations of talent. Using an event study approach with retrospective data drawn from SHARE for 29 European countries we show that motherhood effects go beyond the well studied effects of labor market participation decisions: the arrival of the first child substantially affects the uptaking of alternative modes of employment, such as part-time and self-employment, that are characterized by flexible or reduced work schedules but also lower pay on average. We also show that the size of labor market responses to motherhood are larger in societies with more conservative social-norms or with weak policies regarding work-life balance. To assess the effects of motherhood over the allocation of talent, we explore how labor market responses to parenthood vary by alternative measures of talent or ability. We find that all women, even those with the highest level of ability and abler than their husbands face large motherhood effects, while men show virtually no changes in the labor market when becoming fathers. We also find that mothers who become self-employed after the birth of the first child are those that are less entrepreneurial-able according to cognitive ability and personality traits shown to impair business survival. Overall, our results suggest relevant changes in the allocation of talent caused by gender differences in nonmarket responsibilities that can have sizable impacts on aggregate market productivity.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250359
    Series: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 270 (noviembre, 2020)
    Subjects: Child penalty; Part-time; Self-employment; Motherhood; SHARE data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen