Skip to main navigation Skip to main content
info(at)avldigital.remove-this.de
Deutsch English
Narrow Search
Search narrowed by
Last searches

Results for *

Displaying results 1 to 16 of 16.

  1. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Brewer, Cambridge [u.a.]

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 1843841231; 9781843841234
    Other identifier:
    9781843841234
    RVK Categories: NW 7100 ; EC 5128 ; NM 6320
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Series: Gallica ; vol. 6
    Subjects: Heroes in literature; Knights and knighthood in literature; Literature, Medieval; Knights and knighthood; Aristocracy (Social class)
    Scope: 198 S., 24cm
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references
  2. The old country
    Author: North, Sam
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Simon and Schuster, London [u.a.]

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hauptbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 9780743275460; 0743275462
    Subjects: Aristocracy (Social class); Parents
    Scope: 337 S.
  3. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Brewer, Cambridge [u.a.]

    Location:
    Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 1843841231; 9781843841234
    RVK Categories: EC 5128 ; NM 6320
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Series: Gallica ; 6
    Subjects: Geschichte; Aristocracy (Social class); Heroes in literature; Knights and knighthood in literature; Knights and knighthood; Literature, Medieval; Held <Motiv>; Schwertadel; Ritter <Motiv>; Literatur
    Scope: VII, 198 S., 24cm
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references
  4. <<The>> old country
    Author: North, Sam
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Simon & Schuster, London [u.a.]

    Location:
    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9780743275460; 0743275454; 0743275462
    Subjects: Aristocracy (Social class); Parents; Humorous stories
    Scope: 337 S.
  5. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Brewer, Woodbridge

    Location:
    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn
    Signature:
    W 2007/3450
    Inter-library loan:
    Loan of volumes, no copies

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Siegen
    Signature:
    31OAR1194
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 9781843841234
    Series: Gallica ; 6
    Subjects: Heroes in literature; Literature, Medieval; Aristocracy (Social class); Ceremonial exchange; Identity (Psychology); Held <Motiv>; Adel <Motiv>; Literatur; Altfranzösisch
    Scope: 198 S.
  6. The old country
    Author: North, Sam
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Simon & Schuster, London [u.a.]

    Location:
    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf
    Signature:
    ang/d1303
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 9780743275460; 0743275454; 0743275462
    Subjects: Aristocracy (Social class); Parents
    Other subjects: Humorous stories
    Scope: 337 S.
  7. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Brewer, Cambridge [u.a.]

    Location:
    Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek, Jacob-und-Wilhelm-Grimm-Zentrum
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    TU Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 1843841231; 9781843841234
    RVK Categories: EC 5128 ; NM 6320
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Series: Gallica ; 6
    Subjects: Geschichte; Aristocracy (Social class); Heroes in literature; Knights and knighthood in literature; Knights and knighthood; Literature, Medieval; Held <Motiv>; Schwertadel; Ritter <Motiv>; Literatur
    Scope: VII, 198 S., 24cm
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references
  8. Shakespeare and the nobility
    the negotiation of lineage
    Author: Canino, Catherine Grace
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [u.a.]

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 052187291X; 9781107405905; 9780521872911
    Other identifier:
    9780521872911
    RVK Categories: HI 3327
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Subjects: Nobility in literature; Aristocracy (Social class) in literature; Nobility; Aristocracy (Social class)
    Other subjects: Shakespeare, William (1564-1616); Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
    Scope: X, 266 S., Ill.
  9. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Boydell & Brewer, Suffolk

    A major reconsideration of the relationship between warrior aristocrats, epics, and heroes in medieval culture. The process of identity formation during the central Middle Ages [10th-12th centuries] among the warrior aristocracy was fundamentally... more

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

     

    A major reconsideration of the relationship between warrior aristocrats, epics, and heroes in medieval culture. The process of identity formation during the central Middle Ages [10th-12th centuries] among the warrior aristocracy was fundamentally centered on the paired practices of gift giving and violent taking, inextricably linked elements of the same basic symbolic economy. These performative practices cannot be understood without reference to a concept of the sacred, which anchored and governed the performances, providing the goal and rationale of social and military action. After focussing on anthropological theory, social history, and chronicles, the author turns to the "literary" persona of the hero as seen in the epic. He argues that the hero was specifically a narrative touchstone used for reflection on the nature and limits of aggressive identity formation among the medieval warrior elite; the hero can be seen, from a theoretical perspective, as a 'supplement' to his own society, who both perfectly incarnated its values but also, in attaining full integrity, short-circuited the very mechanisms of identity formation and reciprocity which undergirded the society. The book shows that the relationship between warriors, heroes, and their opponents (especially Saracens) must be understood as a complex, tri-partite structure - not a simple binary opposition - in which the identity of each constituent depends on the other two. ANDREW COWELL is Associate Professor of the Department of French and Italian, and the Department of Linguistics, at the University of Colorado The power of giving -- The symbolic constitution of the giving subject: William the Conqueror and Robert Guiscard -- Violence and "taking": towards a generalized symbolic economy -- Taking an identity: The poem of the Cid -- The sacred kept -- The hero, gratuity and alterity: The song of Roland -- The supplemental hero: Raoul of Cambrai -- Female integrity and masculine desires in The Nibelungenlied -- Fractured identities, and the solution of chivalry: William of Orange -- Conclusion: a new, different warrior aristocracy

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Volltext (lizenzpflichtig)
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781846155727
    RVK Categories: EC 5128 ; NM 6320 ; NW 7100
    Subjects: Literature, Medieval; Aristocracy (Social class); Ceremonial exchange; Identity (Psychology); Heroes in literature; Heroes in literature; Literature, Medieval ; History and criticism; Aristocracy (Social class) ; History ; To 1500; Ceremonial exchange ; History ; To 1500; Identity (Psychology)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (198 pages), digital, PDF file(s)
    Notes:

    Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 02 Oct 2015)
  10. <<The>> medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Brewer, Woodbridge

    Location:
    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Siegen
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9781843841234
    Series: Gallica ; 6
    Subjects: Heroes in literature; Literature, Medieval; Aristocracy (Social class); Ceremonial exchange; Identity (Psychology)
    Scope: 198 S.
  11. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Brewer, Cambridge [u.a.]

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Signature:
    1 A 656022
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    Signature:
    01.X.4816
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
    Signature:
    GE 2007/6595
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Signature:
    2008 A 881
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
    Signature:
    NW 7100 C874
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek
    Signature:
    ALW:LA:6208:Cow::2007
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Signature:
    Bs 584
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universität des Saarlandes, Fachrichtung Geschichte, Bibliothek
    Signature:
    H4 117/12
    Inter-library loan:
    No loan of volumes, only paper copies will be sent

    Location:
    Württembergische Landesbibliothek
    Signature:
    57/12950
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Brechtbau-Bibliothek
    Signature:
    HB 699.108
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel
    Signature:
    58.544
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 1843841231; 9781843841234
    Other identifier:
    9781843841234
    RVK Categories: NW 7100 ; EC 5128 ; NM 6320
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Series: Gallica ; vol. 6
    Subjects: Heroes in literature; Knights and knighthood in literature; Literature, Medieval; Knights and knighthood; Aristocracy (Social class)
    Scope: 198 S., 24cm
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references
  12. Shakespeare and the nobility
    the negotiation of lineage
    Author: Canino, Catherine Grace
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [u.a.]

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Signature:
    1 A 687070
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Signature:
    2008 A 12041
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg
    Signature:
    2008 A 1360
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Signature:
    Br 6448
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Osnabrück
    Signature:
    ELA S 5277 5060-226 7
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Württembergische Landesbibliothek
    Signature:
    58/1771
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Brechtbau-Bibliothek
    Signature:
    NO 753.623
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 052187291X; 9781107405905; 9780521872911
    Other identifier:
    9780521872911
    RVK Categories: HI 3327
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Subjects: Nobility in literature; Aristocracy (Social class) in literature; Nobility; Aristocracy (Social class)
    Other subjects: Shakespeare, William (1564-1616); Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
    Scope: X, 266 S., Ill.
  13. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  D. S. Brewer, Woodbridge, UK

    This book examines the culture of the medieval warrior aristocracy in France, Spain, Germany, England, and Italy. Informed by contemporary work in anthropology, medieval history, and post-colonial studies, it offers a new understanding of the... more

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Hochschulbibliothek Friedensau
    Signature:
    Online-Ressource
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This book examines the culture of the medieval warrior aristocracy in France, Spain, Germany, England, and Italy. Informed by contemporary work in anthropology, medieval history, and post-colonial studies, it offers a new understanding of the relationship between aristocratic social identities and the conceptions of heroism and the sacred which subtended these identities

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 1843841231; 9781843841234
    Series: Gallica / Woodbridge, Suffolk, England ; v. 6
    Subjects: Aristocracy (Social class); Knights and knighthood in literature; Heroes in literature; Knights and knighthood; Literature, Medieval
    Scope: Online-Ressource (198 p), 24 cm
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index

    Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web

    CONTENTS; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; Introduction; 1. The Power of Giving; 2. The Symbolic Constitution of the Giving Subject: William the Conqueror and Robert Guiscard; 3. Violence and "Taking": Towards a Generalized Symbolic Economy; 4. Taking an Identity: The Poem of the Cid; 5. The Sacred Kept; 6. The Hero, Gratuity and Alterity: The Song of Roland; 7. The Supplemental Hero: Raoul of Cambrai; 8. Female Integrity and Masculine Desires in The Nibelungenlied; 9. Fractured Identities, and the Solution of Chivalry: William of Orange; CONCLUSION: A New, Different Warrior Aristocracy; WORKS CITED; INDEX
  14. Shakespeare and the nobility
    the negotiation of lineage
    Author: Canino, Catherine Grace
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Examines how Shakespeare was influenced by descendants of the historical figures in his early histories more

    Location:
    Hochschulbibliothek Friedensau
    Signature:
    Online-Ressource
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Examines how Shakespeare was influenced by descendants of the historical figures in his early histories

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 052187291X; 9780521872911
    Subjects: Aristocracy (Social class) in literature; Nobility; Aristocracy (Social class); Nobility in literature; Historical drama, English
    Other subjects: Shakespeare, William (1564-1616); Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
    Scope: Online-Ressource (x, 266 p), ill, 24 cm
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references and index

    Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web

    Cover; Half-title; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Illustrations; Appendices: genealogical charts; Acknowledgments; Introduction: the nobility and genealogy; Chapter 1 The Staffords (Dukes of Buckingham); Chapter 2 The Dukes of Suffolk; Chapter 3 The Nevilles (Earls of Warwick); Chapter 4 The Talbots (Earls of Shrewsbury); Chapter 5 The Cliffords (Earls of Cumberland); Chapter 6 The Stanleys (Earls of Derby); Chapter 7 The gentry (William Lucy, Lord Saye); Conclusion; Appendices: genealogical charts; Index
  15. A christmas beginning
    a novel
    Contributor: Hardiman, Terrence
    Published: P 2007
    Publisher:  BBC Audiobooks America, North Kingstown, R.I

    Location:
    Stadtbibliothek Bremen, Zentralbibliothek
    Signature:
    Englisch CD S
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Hardiman, Terrence
    Language: English
    Media type: Book; Data medium
    ISBN: 9781602833012; 160283301X
    Other identifier:
    883761833014
    Edition: Unabridged
    Series: BBC audio : Mystery
    Subjects: Murder; Aristocracy (Social class)
    Scope: 4 CDs
    Notes:

    Text engl
  16. The medieval warrior aristocracy
    gifts, violence, performance, and the sacred
    Author: Cowell, Andrew
    Published: 2007
    Publisher:  Boydell & Brewer, Suffolk

    A major reconsideration of the relationship between warrior aristocrats, epics, and heroes in medieval culture. The process of identity formation during the central Middle Ages [10th-12th centuries] among the warrior aristocracy was fundamentally... more

    Location:
    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
    Signature:
    E-Book CUP HSFK
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Technische Universität Chemnitz, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Bibliothek
    Signature:
    E-Book CUP HSFK
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

    Location:
    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt / Zentrale
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek - Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsbibliothek
    Signature:
    eBook Cambridge
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (BIS)
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Rostock
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Württembergische Landesbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek der Eberhard Karls Universität
    Inter-library loan:
    No loan of volumes, only paper copies will be sent

     

    A major reconsideration of the relationship between warrior aristocrats, epics, and heroes in medieval culture. The process of identity formation during the central Middle Ages [10th-12th centuries] among the warrior aristocracy was fundamentally centered on the paired practices of gift giving and violent taking, inextricably linked elements of the same basic symbolic economy. These performative practices cannot be understood without reference to a concept of the sacred, which anchored and governed the performances, providing the goal and rationale of social and military action. After focussing on anthropological theory, social history, and chronicles, the author turns to the "literary" persona of the hero as seen in the epic. He argues that the hero was specifically a narrative touchstone used for reflection on the nature and limits of aggressive identity formation among the medieval warrior elite; the hero can be seen, from a theoretical perspective, as a 'supplement' to his own society, who both perfectly incarnated its values but also, in attaining full integrity, short-circuited the very mechanisms of identity formation and reciprocity which undergirded the society. The book shows that the relationship between warriors, heroes, and their opponents (especially Saracens) must be understood as a complex, tri-partite structure - not a simple binary opposition - in which the identity of each constituent depends on the other two. ANDREW COWELL is Associate Professor of the Department of French and Italian, and the Department of Linguistics, at the University of Colorado The power of giving -- The symbolic constitution of the giving subject: William the Conqueror and Robert Guiscard -- Violence and "taking": towards a generalized symbolic economy -- Taking an identity: The poem of the Cid -- The sacred kept -- The hero, gratuity and alterity: The song of Roland -- The supplemental hero: Raoul of Cambrai -- Female integrity and masculine desires in The Nibelungenlied -- Fractured identities, and the solution of chivalry: William of Orange -- Conclusion: a new, different warrior aristocracy

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Volltext (lizenzpflichtig)
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781846155727
    RVK Categories: EC 5128 ; NM 6320 ; NW 7100
    Subjects: Literature, Medieval; Aristocracy (Social class); Ceremonial exchange; Identity (Psychology); Heroes in literature; Heroes in literature; Literature, Medieval ; History and criticism; Aristocracy (Social class) ; History ; To 1500; Ceremonial exchange ; History ; To 1500; Identity (Psychology)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (198 pages), digital, PDF file(s)
    Notes:

    Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 02 Oct 2015)