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Displaying results 1 to 9 of 9.

  1. The Simple Math of Royalties and Drug Competition During the 180-Day Generic Exclusivity Period
    Author: Drake, Keith M.; McGuire, Thomas G.
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In agreements settling patent challenges in the drug industry, the plaintiff brand commonly licenses the defendant generic to sell prior to patent expiry. Some agreements require the generic to pay the brand royalties. Despite the superficial flow... more

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    In agreements settling patent challenges in the drug industry, the plaintiff brand commonly licenses the defendant generic to sell prior to patent expiry. Some agreements require the generic to pay the brand royalties. Despite the superficial flow of profits, royalty terms may function as part of an anticompetitive "reverse payment" made to the generic in exchange for delayed entry. Typically, the brand launches its own authorized generic (AG) during the first-to-file generic's 180-day exclusivity period so there are two initial generic competitors. A royalty structure that deters the brand's AG launch reduces the number of entrants to one, conveying net value to the generic and potentially inducing it to delay its entry. Our simple model shows that royalties usually have no place in a brand-generic agreement between rational actors. However, when royalties are conditioned on the brand's AG launch, a range of royalty rates exists that both conveys net value to the generic and deters the brand from rationally introducing an AG. Declining royalty terms in a brand's settlement with a first-to-file generic thus raise a red flag that the agreement is a pay-for-delay. Although the numbers are small, empirical analysis based on publicly available materials corroborates this conclusion

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31018
    Subjects: Arzneimittel; Generika; Patent; Gebühr; Pharmaindustrie; USA; Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis; Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection; Antitrust Law; Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  2. Essay on non-linear pricing ine-commerce
    Author: Das, Dipankar; Jadhav, Vivek Sharadadevi
    Published: August 2021
    Publisher:  Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper / Madras School of Economics ; 209 (2021)
    Subjects: Non-linear Pricing; Trust; Antitrust Law; E-Commerce; Fuzzypreference
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Invisible Manuscripts: Textual Scholarship and the Survival of 2 Baruch
    Author: Lied, Liv Ingeborg
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

    Inspiriert von der Neuen Philologie untersucht Liv Ingeborg Lied die syrische Handschriftenüberlieferung von 2. Baruch. Sie befasst sich mit den methodischen, erkenntnistheoretischen und ethischen Herausforderungen des Studiums frühjüdischer... more

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    Inspiriert von der Neuen Philologie untersucht Liv Ingeborg Lied die syrische Handschriftenüberlieferung von 2. Baruch. Sie befasst sich mit den methodischen, erkenntnistheoretischen und ethischen Herausforderungen des Studiums frühjüdischer Schriften in christlicher Überlieferung, erzählt die Geschichte von 2. Baruch neu und fördert eine manuskript- und provenienzbewusste Textwissenschaft. In this critical exploration of the role of manuscripts in textual scholarship, Liv Ingeborg Lied studies the Syriac manuscript transmission of 2 Baruch. These manuscripts emerge as salient sources to the long life of 2 Baruch among Syriac speaking Christians, not merely witnesses to an early Jewish text. Inspired by the perspective of New Philology, Lied addresses manuscript materiality and paratextual features, the history of ownership, traces of active readers and liturgical use, and practices of excerption and re-identification. The author's main concerns are the methodological, epistemological and ethical challenges of exploring early Jewish writings that survive only in Christian transmission. Through engagement with the established academic narratives, she retells the story of 2 Baruch and makes a case for manuscript- and provenance-aware textual scholarship.

     
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  4. Measuring the effectiveness of anti-cartel Interventions
    a conceptual framework
    Author: Katsulakos, Giannēs S.; Motchenkova, Evgenia; Ulph, David
    Published: 2016
    Publisher:  University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: School of Economics & Finance discussion papers ; no. 1602
    Subjects: Antitrust Enforcement; Antitrust Law; Cartel; Oligopoly; Repeated Games
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (44 Seiten), IIlustrationen
  5. The Political Economy of the Decline of Antitrust Enforcement in the United States
    Author: Lancieri, Filippo Maria; Posner, Eric A.; Zingales, Luigi
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Antitrust enforcement in the United States has declined since the 1960s. Building on several new datasets, we argue that this decline did not reflect a popular demand for weaker enforcement or any other kind of democratic sanction. The decline was... more

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    Antitrust enforcement in the United States has declined since the 1960s. Building on several new datasets, we argue that this decline did not reflect a popular demand for weaker enforcement or any other kind of democratic sanction. The decline was engineered by unelected regulators and judges who, with a few exceptions, did not express skepticism about antitrust law in confirmation hearings. We find little evidence that academic ideas played an important role in the decline of antitrust enforcement except where they coincided with the interests of big business, which appears to have exercised influence behind the scenes

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30326
    Subjects: Kartellrecht; Rechtsdurchsetzung; USA; Antitrust Law; General; Political Economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  6. Invisible Manuscripts: Textual Scholarship and the Survival of 2 Baruch
    Author: Lied, Liv Ingeborg
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

    Inspiriert von der Neuen Philologie untersucht Liv Ingeborg Lied die syrische Handschriftenüberlieferung von 2. Baruch. Sie befasst sich mit den methodischen, erkenntnistheoretischen und ethischen Herausforderungen des Studiums frühjüdischer... more

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    Inspiriert von der Neuen Philologie untersucht Liv Ingeborg Lied die syrische Handschriftenüberlieferung von 2. Baruch. Sie befasst sich mit den methodischen, erkenntnistheoretischen und ethischen Herausforderungen des Studiums frühjüdischer Schriften in christlicher Überlieferung, erzählt die Geschichte von 2. Baruch neu und fördert eine manuskript- und provenienzbewusste Textwissenschaft. In this critical exploration of the role of manuscripts in textual scholarship, Liv Ingeborg Lied studies the Syriac manuscript transmission of 2 Baruch. These manuscripts emerge as salient sources to the long life of 2 Baruch among Syriac speaking Christians, not merely witnesses to an early Jewish text. Inspired by the perspective of New Philology, Lied addresses manuscript materiality and paratextual features, the history of ownership, traces of active readers and liturgical use, and practices of excerption and re-identification. The author's main concerns are the methodological, epistemological and ethical challenges of exploring early Jewish writings that survive only in Christian transmission. Through engagement with the established academic narratives, she retells the story of 2 Baruch and makes a case for manuscript- and provenance-aware textual scholarship.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783161606731
    Other identifier:
    RVK Categories: BC 3025
    Series: Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum / Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity
    Subjects: Istrien; Antitrust Law; echo chamber; Christian-Arabic literature; Behavioral Antitrust; Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum / Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity; manuscript studies; Syriac manuscripts; Jewish Texts in Christian transmission; Methods, epistemology and ethics; Early Jewish texts; New Philology; Altes Testament; Kirchengeschichte
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 320 Seiten)
  7. Customer Data Access and Fintech Entry
    Early Evidence from Open Banking
    Author: Babina, Tania; Bahaj, Saleem; Buchak, Greg; De Marco, Filippo; Foulis, Angus; Gornall, Will; Mazzola, Francesco; Yu, Tong
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Open banking (OB) empowers bank customers to share transaction data with fintechs and other banks. 49 countries have adopted OB policies. Consumer trust in fintechs predicts OB policy adoption and adoption spurs investment in fintechs. UK microdata... more

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    Open banking (OB) empowers bank customers to share transaction data with fintechs and other banks. 49 countries have adopted OB policies. Consumer trust in fintechs predicts OB policy adoption and adoption spurs investment in fintechs. UK microdata shows that OB enables: i) consumers to access both financial advice and credit; ii) SMEs to establish new fintech lending relationships. In a calibrated model, OB universally improves welfare through entry and product improvements when used for advice. When used for credit, OB promotes entry and competition by reducing adverse selection, but higher prices for costlier or privacy-conscious consumers partially offset these benefits

     
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  8. Merger Effects and Antitrust Enforcement
    Evidence from US Retail
    Author: Bhattacharya, Vivek; Illanes, Gastón; Stillerman, David
    Published: April 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We document the effects of a comprehensive set of US retail mergers. On average, prices increase by 1.5% and quantities decrease by 2.3%, with significant heterogeneity in outcomes across mergers. Price changes correlate with the screens codified in... more

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    We document the effects of a comprehensive set of US retail mergers. On average, prices increase by 1.5% and quantities decrease by 2.3%, with significant heterogeneity in outcomes across mergers. Price changes correlate with the screens codified in the Horizontal Merger Guidelines. Through a model of enforcement, we find that agencies challenge mergers they expect would increase average prices more than 8-9%. Modest increases in stringency reduce prices and the prevalence of approved anti-competitive mergers, with minimal impacts on blocked pro-competitive mergers, at a significantly greater agency burden. Our findings inform the debate over whether antitrust enforcement has been lax

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31123
    Subjects: Einzelhandel; Fusion; Fusionskontrolle; Wettbewerbspolitik; USA; Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection; Antitrust Law; Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets; Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
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  9. Antitrust Enforcement Increases Economic Activity
    Author: Babina, Tania; Barkai, Simcha; Jeffers, Jessica; Karger, Ezra; Volkova, Ekaterina
    Published: August 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We hand-collect and standardize information describing all 3,055 antitrust lawsuits brought by the Department of Justice (DOJ) between 1971 and 2018. Using restricted establishment-level microdata from the U.S. Census, we compare the economic... more

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    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    We hand-collect and standardize information describing all 3,055 antitrust lawsuits brought by the Department of Justice (DOJ) between 1971 and 2018. Using restricted establishment-level microdata from the U.S. Census, we compare the economic outcomes of a non-tradable industry in states targeted by DOJ antitrust lawsuits to outcomes of the same industry in other states that were not targeted. We document that DOJ antitrust enforcement actions permanently increase employment by 5.4% and business formation by 4.1%. Using an event-study design, we find (1) a sharp increase in payroll that exceeds the increase in employment, meaning that DOJ antitrust enforcement increases average wages, (2) an economically smaller increase in sales that is statistically insignificant, and (3) a precise increase in the labor share. While we cannot separately measure the quantity and price of output, the increase in production inputs (employment), together with a proportionally smaller increase in sales, strongly suggests that these DOJ antitrust enforcement actions increase the quantity of output and simultaneously decrease the price of output. Our results show that government antitrust enforcement leads to persistently higher levels of economic activity in targeted industries

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31597
    Subjects: Kartellrecht; Wettbewerbspolitik; Rechtsdurchsetzung; Wirkungsanalyse; Beschäftigungseffekt; USA; Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity; Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure; Antitrust Law; Antitrust Issues and Policies; General
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
    Notes:

    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers