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  1. Interculturality in Institutions
    Symbols, Practices and Identities
    Contributor: Fatigante, Marilena (Publisher); Zucchermaglio, Cristina (Publisher); Alby, Francesca (Publisher)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Springer International Publishing, Cham ; Springer

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    Source: Philologische Bibliothek, FU Berlin
    Contributor: Fatigante, Marilena (Publisher); Zucchermaglio, Cristina (Publisher); Alby, Francesca (Publisher)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783031126260
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    Edition: 1st ed. 2022
    Series: Culture in Policy Making: The Symbolic Universes of Social Action
    Subjects: Cultural Studies; Public Policy; Social Psychology; Sociocultural Anthropology; Sociology of Culture; Semiotics; Culture—Study and teaching; Political planning; Social psychology; Ethnology; Culture; Semiotics; Interkulturalität; Interkulturelle Kompetenz; Organisation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 311 p. 1 illus)
  2. Interculturality in Institutions
    Symbols, Practices and Identities
    Contributor: Fatigante, Marilena (Publisher); Zucchermaglio, Cristina (Publisher); Alby, Francesca (Publisher)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Springer International Publishing, Cham ; Springer

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    Contributor: Fatigante, Marilena (Publisher); Zucchermaglio, Cristina (Publisher); Alby, Francesca (Publisher)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783031126260
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    Edition: 1st ed. 2022
    Series: Culture in Policy Making: The Symbolic Universes of Social Action
    Subjects: Cultural Studies; Public Policy; Social Psychology; Sociocultural Anthropology; Sociology of Culture; Semiotics; Culture—Study and teaching; Political planning; Social psychology; Ethnology; Culture; Semiotics; Interkulturalität; Interkulturelle Kompetenz; Organisation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 311 p. 1 illus)
  3. Revenue mobilization for a resilient and inclusive recovery in the Middle East and Central Asia
    Author: Benmohamed, Imen; Harb, Mahmoud; Muthoora, Priscilla; Reyes, Nathalie; Zhu, Ling; Koukpaizan, Vincent de Paul; Vellutini, Charles
    Published: 2022 JUL
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

    Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries' ability to reach the... more

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    Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending, reducing countries' ability to reach the Sustainable Development Goals, improve growth prospects, and address climate related challenges. Moreover, revenue shortfalls have often been compensated by large and sustained debt accumulation, raising vulnerabilities in some countries, and limiting fiscal space to address future shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have compounded challenges to sustainable public finances, underscoring the need for revenue mobilization efforts. The recent global crises have also exacerbated existing societal inequalities and highlighted the importance of raising revenues in an efficient and equitable manner. This paper examines the scope for additional tax revenue mobilization and discusses policies to gradually raise tax revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion in the Middle East and Central Asia. The paper's main findings are that excluding hydrocarbon revenues, the region's average tax intake lags those of other regions; the region's fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) face particular challenges in mobilizing tax revenue; In general, there is considerable scope to raise additional tax revenue; countries have made efforts to raise tax collection, but challenges remain; tax policy design, notably low tax rates and pervasive tax exemptions, is an important factor driving tax revenue shortfalls; weak tax compliance, reflecting both structural features and challenges in revenue administration, also plays a role; and personal income tax systems in the region vary in their progressivity-the extent to which the average tax rate increases with income-and in their ability to redistribute income. These findings provide insights for policy action to raise revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion. The paper's analysis points to these priorities for the region to improve both efficiency and equity of tax systems: improving tax policy design to broaden the tax base and increase progressivity and redistributive capacity; strengthening revenue administration to improve compliance; and implementing structural reforms to incentivize tax compliance, formalization, and economic diversification

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Benninger, Thomas (MitwirkendeR); Hebous, Shafik (MitwirkendeR); Okello, Andrew (MitwirkendeR); Sanya, Bernard (MitwirkendeR); Marahel, Alireza (MitwirkendeR); Verdier, Geneviève (HerausgeberIn); Rayner, Brett (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400211669; 9798400211713
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    Series: Departmental paper / International Monetary Fund ; DP/2022, 013
    Subjects: Steuereinnahmen; Steuerpolitik; Steuersystem; Reformpolitik; Effektivität; Sozioökonomischer Wandel; Internationaler Vergleich; Revenue mobilization; revenue gaps; tax compliance; compliance gaps; tax policy; tax revenue gap; estimated tax; Gini coefficient; revenue challenge; tax revenue shortfall; systems in the region; tax Effort; tax ratio; Tax collection; Middle East and Central Asia; Global; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Middle East; Personal income tax; Tax administration core functions; Corporate income tax; Taxation; Personal Finance -Taxation; Corporate Taxation; Macroeconomics; Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement; Fiscal Policy; International Relations and International Political Economy: Other; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General; Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence; Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; Business Taxes and Subsidies; Tax Evasion and Avoidance; Aggregate Factor Income Distribution; Political economy; International institutions; Public finance & taxation; Corporate & business tax; Macroeconomics; Political economy; International organization; Revenue administration; Taxes; International Economics; Public Policy; Public Finance; Tax return filing compliance; Taxpayer compliance; Taxation; Law and legislation; Revenue; Tax administration and procedure; Income tax; Corporations; Taxation; Fiscal policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Strengthening capital markets regulation
    national progress and gaps
    Author: Cuervo, Cristina; Long, Jennifer A.; Stobo, Richard
    Published: 2022 JUN
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

    This paper discusses progress on post-global financial crisis (GFC) reforms and the emerging challenges in the area of capital markets regulation and supervision, drawing on the analysis and insights from the IMF's Financial Sector Assessment Program... more

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    This paper discusses progress on post-global financial crisis (GFC) reforms and the emerging challenges in the area of capital markets regulation and supervision, drawing on the analysis and insights from the IMF's Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP). FSAP analyses sheds light on the implementation of post-GFC reforms to strengthen prudential and conduct supervision of capital markets and highlights new regulatory and supervisory challenges arising from several factors such as the growth of bond markets, benchmark transition, digitalization, and climate change. Key takeaways regarding implementation of post-GFC reform include significant progress with respect to oversight of market intermediaries and infrastructures and a case for further regulatory and supervisory action to address vulnerabilities arising from the high and rising interconnectedness of the asset management sector with the global economy, especially to foster stronger liquidity risk management. Emerging priority areas underscore the importance of ensuring the adequacy of issuer disclosures and quality of auditing; of examining and appropriately calibrating the regulatory perimeter in light of market developments; and of proactively safeguarding the operational independence of supervisory authorities and adequacy of their resources for implementation of regulatory frameworks that are fit-for-purpose in light of market developments and evolution

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400210983; 9798400211089
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    Series: Departmental paper / International Monetary Fund ; DP/2022, 012
    Subjects: Capital markets regulation supervision; capital markets regulation; derivatives regulator; securities regulator; OTC derivative; reform agenda; Global; Securities markets; Financial Sector Assessment Program; Derivative markets; Financial sector stability; Political Economy; International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations; Pension Funds; Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors; Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation; General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation; General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data); Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems; Financial Institutions and Services: General; Political economy; International institutions; Finance; Distributed ledgers; Political economy; International organization; Public Policy; Financial markets; International Economics; Financial sector policy and analysis; Financial services; Finance: General; Industries: Financial Services; Economics; International agencies; Financial services industry; Capital market; Derivative securities; Blockchains; Databases
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Effects of Restrictive Abortion Legislation on Cohort Mortality Evidence from 19th Century Law Variation
    Author: Lahey, Joanna; Wanamaker, Marianne H.
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Recent studies based on 20th century US data conclude that abortion access raises children's average socioeconomic outcomes. We generalize a model of fertility, highlighting assumptions under which these abortion predictions can be reversed. Using... more

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    Recent studies based on 20th century US data conclude that abortion access raises children's average socioeconomic outcomes. We generalize a model of fertility, highlighting assumptions under which these abortion predictions can be reversed. Using 19th century abortion restrictions, we empirically demonstrate these points. Despite a more than 5 percent increase in birth rates among abortion-restricted cohorts, we find little evidence of negative selection at birth. Longevity was affected nevertheless; in the first ten years of life, children in these larger cohorts died of infectious disease more frequently. These mortality effects diminish with age, potentially reversing at older ages as a result of disease immunity or other offsetting factors

     
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  6. Political Adverse Selection
    Author: Bursztyn, Leonardo; Kolstad, Jonathan; Rao, Aakaash; Tebaldi, Pietro; Yuchtman, Noam
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study how the politicization of policies designed to correct market failures can undermine their effectiveness. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was among the most politically divisive expansions of the US government. We... more

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    We study how the politicization of policies designed to correct market failures can undermine their effectiveness. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was among the most politically divisive expansions of the US government. We examine whether partisanship distorted enrollment and market outcomes in the ACA insurance marketplaces. Controlling for observable characteristics and holding fixed plans and premiums available, Republicans enrolled less than Democrats and independents in ACA marketplace plans. Selection out of the ACA marketplaces was strongest among Republicans with lower expected healthcare costs, generating adverse selection. Computing enrollment and average cost with and without partisan differences, we find that this political adverse selection reduced enrollment by around three million people and raised average costs in the marketplaces, increasing the level of public spending necessary to provide subsidies to low-income enrollees by around $105 per enrollee per year. Lower enrollments and higher costs are concentrated in more Republican areas, potentially contributing to polarized views of the ACA

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30214
    Subjects: Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung; Politische Einstellung; Marktversagen; Regulierung; Asymmetrische Information; Adverse Selektion; USA; General; Health Insurance, Public and Private; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  7. Minimum Wages and Labor Markets in the Twin Cities
    Author: Karabarbounis, Loukas; Lise, Jeremy; Nath, Anusha
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using merged administrative datasets from Minnesota, we bring new evidence on the labor market effects of large minimum wage increases by examining the policy changes implemented by Minneapolis and Saint Paul. We begin by using synthetic... more

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    Using merged administrative datasets from Minnesota, we bring new evidence on the labor market effects of large minimum wage increases by examining the policy changes implemented by Minneapolis and Saint Paul. We begin by using synthetic difference-in-differences methods to estimate counterfactual outcomes at the zip code level from Minnesota and at the city level from the rest of the country. The minimum wage did not affect employment in most industries but exerted a negative impact on restaurants' employment, with an elasticity of -0.8. Next, using variation in exposure to the minimum wage across establishments and workers within the Twin Cities, we find employment effects that are half as large as those from the time series. The cross-sectional estimates difference out employment effects from the pandemic or civil unrest that could confound the time series comparisons, but they do not include potential effects of the minimum wage operating through equilibrium adjustments such as entry. We quantify a model of establishment dynamics to reconcile the different estimates and argue that they plausibly reflect lower and upper bounds of employment losses. We use the model to show that our estimates are consistent with an establishment elasticity of labor demand of -1 and illustrate how they can inform deeper parameters characterizing product and labor market competition, factor substitution, and establishment dynamics

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30239
    Subjects: Mindestlohn; Beschäftigungseffekt; Arbeitsnachfrage; Minnesota; USA; Labor Economics Policies; Labor Demand; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  8. Help Really Wanted? The Impact of Age Stereotypes in Job Ads on Applications from Older Workers
    Author: Burn, Ian; Firoozi, Daniel; Ladd, Daniel; Neumark, David
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Correspondence studies have found evidence of age discrimination in callback rates for older workers, but less is known about whether job advertisements can themselves shape the age composition of the applicant pool. We construct job ads for... more

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    Correspondence studies have found evidence of age discrimination in callback rates for older workers, but less is known about whether job advertisements can themselves shape the age composition of the applicant pool. We construct job ads for administrative assistant, retail, and security guard jobs, using language from real job ads collected in a prior large-scale correspondence study (Neumark et al., 2019a). We modify the job-ad language to randomly vary whether or not the job ad includes ageist language regarding age-related stereotypes. Our main analysis relies on machine learning methods to design job ads based on the semantic similarity between phrases in job ads and age-related stereotypes. In contrast to a correspondence study in which job searchers are artificial and researchers study the responses of real employers, in our research the job ads are artificial and we study the responses of real job searchers We find that job-ad language related to ageist stereotypes, even when the language is not blatantly or specifically age-related, deters older workers from applying for jobs. The change in the age distribution of applicants is large, with significant declines in the average and median age, the 75th percentile of the age distribution, and the share of applicants over 40. Based on these estimates and those from the correspondence study, and the fact that we use real-world ageist job-ad language, we conclude that job-ad language that deters older workers from applying for jobs can have roughly as large an impact on hiring of older workers as direct age discrimination in hiring

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30287
    Subjects: Ältere Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung; Anforderungsprofil; Korrespondenzanalyse; USA; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers; Labor Discrimination; Public Policy
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  9. Public funding of research and grant proposals in the social sciences
    empirical evidence from Canada
    Author: Cozzi, Marco
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  University of Victoria, Economics, [Victoria, B.C.]

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    Series: Department discussion paper] / University of Victoria ; DDP 2009
    Subjects: Academic Research Funding; Public Policy; Grant Proposals; Social Sciences
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  10. What's My Employee Worth? The Effects of Salary Benchmarking
    Author: Cullen, Zoë B.; Li, Shengwu; Perez-Truglia, Ricardo
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    While U.S. legislation prohibits employers from sharing information about their employees' compensation with each other, companies are still allowed to acquire and use more aggregated data provided by third parties. Most medium and large firms report... more

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    While U.S. legislation prohibits employers from sharing information about their employees' compensation with each other, companies are still allowed to acquire and use more aggregated data provided by third parties. Most medium and large firms report using this type of data to set salaries, a practice that is known as salary benchmarking. Despite their widespread use across occupations, there is no evidence on the effects of salary benchmarking. We provide a model that explains why firms are interested in salary benchmarking and makes predictions regarding the effects of the tool. Next, we measure the actual effects of these tools using administrative data from one of the leading providers of payroll services and salary benchmarks. The evidence suggests that salary benchmarking has a significant effect on pay setting and in a manner that is consistent with the predictions of the model. Our findings have implications for the study of labor markets and for ongoing policy debates

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30570
    Subjects: Lohnniveau; Benchmarking; Arbeitskräfte; Lohnstruktur; Vergütungssystem; USA; Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials; Public Policy; Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
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  11. Parenting Promotes Social Mobility Within and Across Generations
    Author: García, Jorge Luis; Heckman, James J.
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper compares early childhood enrichment programs that promote social mobility for disadvantaged children within and across generations. Instead of conducting a standard meta-analysis, we present a harmonized primary data analysis of programs... more

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    This paper compares early childhood enrichment programs that promote social mobility for disadvantaged children within and across generations. Instead of conducting a standard meta-analysis, we present a harmonized primary data analysis of programs that shape current policy. Our analysis is a template for rigorous syntheses and comparisons across programs. We analyze new long-run life-cycle data collected for iconic programs when participants are middle-aged and their children are in their twenties. The iconic programs are omnibus in nature and offer many services to children and their parents. We compare them with relatively low-cost more focused home-visiting programs. Successful interventions target both children and their caregivers. They engage caregivers and improve the home lives of children. They permanently boost cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Participants in programs that enrich home environments grow up with better skills, jobs, earnings, marital stability, and health, as well as reduced participation in crime. Long-run monetized gains are substantially greater than program costs for iconic programs. We investigate the mechanisms promoting successful family lives for participants and find intergenerational effects on their children. A study of focused home-visiting programs that target parents enables us to isolate a crucial component of successful programs: they activate and promote parenting skills of child caregivers. The home-visiting programs we analyze produce outcomes comparable to those of the iconic omnibus programs. National implementation of the programs with long-run follow up that we analyze would substantially shrink the overall US Black-White earnings gap

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30610
    Subjects: Eltern; Kinder; Familienpolitik; Soziale Mobilität; Intergenerationale Übertragung; USA; Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth; Public Policy; Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
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  12. Sleep quality and the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries
    Author: Jabakhanji, Samira; Lepinteur, Anthony; Menta, Giorgia; Piper, Alan T.; Vögele, Claus
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Freie Universität Berlin, [Berlin]

    The COVID-19 pandemic has led to lifestyle changes across Europe with a likely impact on sleep quality. This investigation considers sleep quality in relation to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries. Using panel... more

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    The COVID-19 pandemic has led to lifestyle changes across Europe with a likely impact on sleep quality. This investigation considers sleep quality in relation to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries. Using panel regressions and keeping policy responses to COVID-19 constant, we show that an increase in the four-week average daily COVID-19 deaths/100,000 inhabitants (our proxy for the evolution of the pandemic) significantly reduced sleep quality in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden between April 2020 and June 2021. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests and are larger for women, parents and young adults. Additionally, we show that about half of the reduction in sleep quality caused by the evolution of the pandemic can be attributed to changes in lifestyles, worsened mental health and negative attitudes toward COVID-19 and its management (lower degree of confidence in government, greater fear of being infected). In contrast, changes in one's own infection-status from the SARS-CoV-2 virus or sleep duration are not significant mediators of the relationship between COVID-19-related deaths and sleep quality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265094
    Edition: This version: September 2022
    Series: Array ; 2022, 7
    Subjects: COVID-19; Sleep Quality; Mental Health; Public Policy; Coronaphobia
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. What is the point of schooling?
    the politics of education policy in Tanzania since 1961
    Author: Opalo, K. Ochieng’
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Center for Global Development, Washington, DC

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    Series: Working paper / Center for Global Development ; 614 (April 2022)
    Subjects: Public Policy; Education; Tanzania; Ujamaa; Political Settlements
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Spending and Job-Finding Impacts of Expanded Unemployment Benefits
    Evidence from Administrative Micro Data
    Author: Ganong, Peter; Greig, Fiona E.; Noel, Pascal J.; Sullivan, Daniel M.; Vavra, Joseph S.
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We show that the largest increase in unemployment benefits in U.S. history had large spending impacts and small job-finding impacts. This finding has three implications. First, increased benefits were important for explaining aggregate spending... more

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    We show that the largest increase in unemployment benefits in U.S. history had large spending impacts and small job-finding impacts. This finding has three implications. First, increased benefits were important for explaining aggregate spending dynamics--but not employment dynamics--during the pandemic. Second, benefit expansions allow us to study the MPC of normally low-liquidity households in a high-liquidity state. These households still have high MPCs. This suggests a role for persistent behavioral characteristics, rather than just current liquidity, in driving spending behavior. Third, the mechanisms driving our results imply that temporary benefit supplements are a promising countercyclical tool

     
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  15. Unconditional Cash and Family Investments in Infants
    Evidence from a Large-Scale Cash Transfer Experiment in the U.S
    Author: Gennetian, Lisa A.; Duncan, Greg J.; Fox, Nathan A.; Magnuson, Katherine A.; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Noble, Kimberly G.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have limited empirical evidence on this topic in the U.S. We provide causal... more

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    A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have limited empirical evidence on this topic in the U.S. We provide causal estimates of financial and time investments in infants among families living in poverty from a large-scale, multi-site randomized controlled study of monthly unconditional cash transfers starting at the time of a child's birth. We find that the cash transfers increased spending on child-specific goods and mothers' early-learning activities with their infants. The marginal propensity to consume child-focused items from the cash transfer exceeded that from other income, consistent with the behavioral cues in the cash transfer design. We find no statistically detectable offsets in household earnings nor statistically detectable impacts in other pre-registered outcomes related to general household expenditures, maternal labor supply, infants' time in childcare, or mothers' subjective well-being

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30379
    Subjects: Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Bargeld; Wirkungsanalyse; Kinderarmut; USA; Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; Household; General; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth; Public Policy; Time Allocation and Labor Supply
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  16. Firm Responses to State Hiring Subsidies
    Regression Discontinuity Evidence from a Tax Credit Formula
    Author: Hyman, Benjamin G.; Freedman, Matthew; Khanna, Shantanu; Neumark, David
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We examine firm responses to location-based hiring subsidies. We leverage institutional features of the California Competes Tax Credit (CCTC), a large-scale business incentive program that incorporates best practices from prior job creation policies.... more

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    We examine firm responses to location-based hiring subsidies. We leverage institutional features of the California Competes Tax Credit (CCTC), a large-scale business incentive program that incorporates best practices from prior job creation policies. The CCTC award selection procedure combines formula-based and discretionary components. Leveraging applicant score eligibility cutoffs in a regression discontinuity design and taking advantage of rich longitudinal microdata on establishments and their parent firms, we find that firms expand activity in California in response to CCTC awards, particularly in disadvantaged parts of the state. Moreover, we find little evidence of spillovers to other states. Our results suggest that targeted and audited hiring subsidies can be effective in promoting local business expansions without significant cross-state displacement effects

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30664
    Subjects: Arbeitsmarktpolitik; Subvention; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; Beschäftigungseffekt; Wirkungsanalyse; USA; Business Taxes and Subsidies; State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue; Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects; Labor Demand; Public Policy; Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Government Policy; Regional Development Planning and Policy
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  17. Safeguarding Consumers Through Minimum Quality Standards
    Milk Inspections and Urban Mortality, 1880-1910
    Author: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; McKelligott, Michael; Rees, Daniel I.
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes,... more

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    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes, caramel, and salt were added. To protect consumers, milk inspectors were tasked with enforcing a well-defined MQS. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we find that milk inspections reduced mortality from waterborne and foodborne diseases by 8-19 percent. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that MQSs can improve consumer health when directly applied to an experience or credence good

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30063
    Subjects: Produktqualität; Produktsicherheit; Milch; Wirkungsanalyse; Sterblichkeit; Stadt; USA; State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Public Policy; Economics of Regulation; U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
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  18. The Crime Effect of Refugees
    Author: Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude; Mocan, Naci; Tumen, Semih; Turan, Belgi
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We analyze the impact on crime of 3.7 million refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors' offices in 81 provinces of the... more

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    We analyze the impact on crime of 3.7 million refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors' offices in 81 provinces of the country each year, and utilizing the staggered movement of refugees across provinces over time, we estimate instrumental variables models that address potential endogeneity of the number of refugees and their location, and find that an increase in the number of refugees leads to more crime. We estimate that the influx of refugees between 2012 and 2016 generated additional 75,000 to 150,000 crimes per year, although it is not possible to identify the distribution of these crimes between refugees and natives. Additional analyses reveal that low-educated native population has a separate, but smaller, effect on crime. We also highlight the pitfalls of employing incorrect empirical procedures and using poor proxies of criminal activity which produce the wrong inference about the refugee-crime relationship. Our results underline the need to quickly strengthen the social safety systems, to take actions to dampen the impact on the labor market, and to provide support to the criminal justice system in order to mitigate the repercussions of massive influx of individuals into a country, and to counter the social and political backlash that typically emerges in the wake of such large-scale population movements

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30070
    Subjects: Flüchtlinge; Bürgerkrieg; Syrisch; Soziale Folgen; IV-Schätzung; Kriminalitätsökonomik; Türkei; Labor Economics Policies; Demand and Supply of Labor; Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs; Public Policy; Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers; Public Policy; Criminal Law; Immigration Law; Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
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  19. The impact of targeted regulation of abortion providers laws on abortions and births
    Author: Arnold, Grace E.
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This paper analyzes the impact of supply-side abortion restrictions on aggregate abortion and birth rates in the United States. Specifically, I exploit state and time variation in the implementation of the first targeted regulation of abortion... more

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    This paper analyzes the impact of supply-side abortion restrictions on aggregate abortion and birth rates in the United States. Specifically, I exploit state and time variation in the implementation of the first targeted regulation of abortion provider (TRAP) law in a state to identify the effects of the laws. I find that TRAP laws are associated with a reduction in the abortion rate of approximately 5% the year the first law is implemented, and an average reduction of 11-14% in subsequent years. There is also evidence that TRAP laws increased birth rates by 2-3%, which accounts for approximately 80-100% of the observed decline in abortion rates.

     
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    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1093
    Subjects: Abortion; Abortion Providers; Economics of Gender; Public Policy
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  20. Health Care Centralization
    The Health Impacts of Obstetric Unit Closures in the US
    Author: Fischer, Stefanie; Royer, Heather; White, Corey D.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Over the last few decades, health care services in the United States have become more centralized. We study how the loss of hospital-based obstetric units in over 400 rural counties affect maternal and infant health via a difference-in-differences... more

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    Over the last few decades, health care services in the United States have become more centralized. We study how the loss of hospital-based obstetric units in over 400 rural counties affect maternal and infant health via a difference-in-differences design. We find that closures lead to significant changes in obstetric practices such as inductions and C-sections. In contrast to concerns voiced in the public discourse, the effects on a range of maternal and infant health outcomes are negligible or slightly beneficial. While women travel farther to receive care, closures induce women to receive higher quality care

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30141
    Subjects: Gesundheitsversorgung; Geburt; Gesundheitswesen; Gesundheitsreform; Wirkungsanalyse; USA; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs; Labor Economics Policies; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth; Public Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  21. Policy Diffusion and Polarization across U.S. States
    Author: Della Vigna, Stefano; Kim, Woojin
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Economists have studied the impact of numerous state laws, from welfare rules to voting ID requirements. Yet for all this policy evaluation, what do we know about policy diffusion--how these policies spread from state to state? We present a series of... more

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    Economists have studied the impact of numerous state laws, from welfare rules to voting ID requirements. Yet for all this policy evaluation, what do we know about policy diffusion--how these policies spread from state to state? We present a series of facts based on a data set of over 700 U.S. state policies spanning the past 7 decades. First, considering the introduction of new laws, state capacity seems to have a small role, in that larger and richer states are only slightly more likely to innovate policy. Second, the diffusion of policies from 1950 to 2000 is best predicted by proximity: a state is more likely to adopt a policy if nearby states have already done so. Third, instead since 2000, political alignment outperforms geographic proximity in predicting diffusion. Fourth, the diffusion of COVID state policies, as opposed to vaccination mandates since the 1970s, follows similar patterns of political polarization. Models of learning and correlated preferences could account for these patterns, including the decreased role of geography over time, if ideas spread more easily and preference correlation has become more political than geographical. We document, however, a role for party control: similarity in state party control predicts policy adoption in the last two decades, even controlling for voter political preferences. We conclude that party polarization has emerged as a key factor recently for policy adoption. Finally, building on these results, we broadly classify the patterns of policy diffusion in a set of difference-in-differences papers

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30142
    Subjects: Politik; Politische Einstellung; Teilstaat; USA; Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation; Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents; Public Policy
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  22. Unemployment Insurance, Starting Salaries, and Jobs
    Author: Dahl, Gordon B.; Knepper, Matthew M.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the labor market effects of permanent 23-50% reductions in unemployment insurance benefits available in seven states. Leveraging linked firm-establishment data, we find that establishments based in reform states experience 1.5-2.4% faster... more

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    We study the labor market effects of permanent 23-50% reductions in unemployment insurance benefits available in seven states. Leveraging linked firm-establishment data, we find that establishments based in reform states experience 1.5-2.4% faster employment growth relative to the same firm's establishments in other states. Using a similar multi-state firm design, starting salaries are 1.8-7.2% lower in reform states and posted salaries for the same job fall by 1.4-5.5%. These labor supply shocks yield an average labor demand elasticity of -1.0. Our results reveal a substantial decline in match quality and worker bargaining power as UI benefits become less generous

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30152
    Subjects: Arbeitslosenversicherung; Beschäftigungseffekt; Lohnniveau; USA; Public Policy; Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search; Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
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  23. Is Our Fiscal System Discouraging Marriage? A New Look at the Marriage Tax
    Author: Ilin, Elias; Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Pitts, Melinda
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We develop, apply, and test a new measure of the marriage tax - the reduction in future spending from getting married - using SCF and ACS data. Our measure incorporates all major and most minor U.S. tax and benefit programs. And it assumes clone... more

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    We develop, apply, and test a new measure of the marriage tax - the reduction in future spending from getting married - using SCF and ACS data. Our measure incorporates all major and most minor U.S. tax and benefit programs. And it assumes clone marriage - marrying oneself - to ensure the living-standard loss from marrying is unaffected by spousal choice. Our calculated high and highly variable marriage taxes materially reduce the probability of marriage particularly for low-income females with children

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30159
    Subjects: Ehe; Familie; Familienbesteuerung; USA; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue; Household; Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse; Public Policy
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  24. Age and the labor market for Hispanics in the United States
    Author: Lahey, Joanna; Mosquera, Roberto M.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments. We find, in general, that the... more

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    We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments. We find, in general, that the differences in outcomes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic high school graduates do not change across the lifecycle. Moving to a laboratory setting, we provided participants with randomized resumes for a clerical position that are on average equivalent except for name and age (as indicated by date of high school graduation). In all three experiments, hypothetical applicants with Hispanic and non-Hispanic names were generally treated the same across the lifecycle by a student population, a population of human resources managers, and a more general population from mTurk. These results stand in contrast to earlier results that find strong differences by age in how resumes with Black and White names are treated

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30171
    Subjects: Hispano-Amerikaner; Weiße; Absolventen; Arbeitsuche; Vergleich; Experiment; USA; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination; Public Policy; Labor Discrimination; Personnel Economics
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  25. A Shot at Economic Prosperity
    Long-term Effects of India's Childhood Immunization Program on Earnings and Consumption Expenditure
    Author: Summan, Amit; Nandi, Arindam; Bloom, David E.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term... more

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    Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term economic benefits of India's national program of childhood vaccinations, known as the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). We combine individual-level data from the 68th round of the National Sample Survey of India (2011-2012) with district-wise data on the rollout of UIP in 1985-1990. We employ age-district fixed effects regression models to compare the earnings and per capita household consumer spending of 21- to 26-year-old adults who were born in UIP-covered districts vis-à-vis non-UIP districts in 1985-1990. We find that exposure to UIP in infancy increases weekly wages by 13.8% (95% CI: 7.6% to 20.3%, p<0.01) and monthly per capita household consumption expenditure by 2.9% (95% CI: 0.7% to 5.0% , p<0.01). Program exposure also reduces the probability that an individual's household relies on agriculture as the main source of income by 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0% to 3.5%, p<0.01). The findings are robust to several specifications, including varying study duration and accounting for potential migration. The effects vary by sex, location, and caste groups

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30173
    Subjects: Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; Gesundheitspolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Privater Konsum; Lohnniveau; Indien; Health and Economic Development; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials; Public Policy
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