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Displaying results 1 to 13 of 13.

  1. Short-Term Tax Cuts, Long-Term Stimulus
    Author: Cloyne, James; Martinez, Joseba; Mumtaz, Haroon; Surico, Paolo
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the persistent effects of temporary changes in U.S. federal corporate and personal income tax rates using a narrative identification approach. A corporate income tax cut leads to a sustained increase in GDP and productivity, with peak... more

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    We study the persistent effects of temporary changes in U.S. federal corporate and personal income tax rates using a narrative identification approach. A corporate income tax cut leads to a sustained increase in GDP and productivity, with peak effects between five and eight years. R&D spending and capital investment display hump-shaped responses while hours worked and employment are much less affected. In contrast, personal income tax cuts trigger a short-lived boost to GDP, productivity and hours worked but have no long-term effects. We develop and estimate an endogenous growth model with variable factor utilization and show that these features generate a pro-cyclical response of productivity which is key to account for our empirical findings

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30246
    Subjects: Antizyklische Finanzpolitik; Steuersenkung; Einkommensteuer; Unternehmensbesteuerung; Wirkungsanalyse; Wachstumstheorie; USA; Production; Fiscal Policy; Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; Business Taxes and Subsidies; Household; Firm; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  2. Heterogenous impacts of trade liberalization on individual wages
    evidence from Thailand
    Author: Sasatra Sudsawasd; Hayakawa, Kazunobu
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO, Chiba, Japan

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 2344/00053488
    Series: IDE discussion paper ; no. 862
    Subjects: Household; Tariffs; Thailand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Heterogenous Rates of Return on Homes and Other Real Estate
    Do the Rich Do Better? Do Black Households Do Worse?
    Author: Wolff, Edward N.
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Recent work on wealth inequality based on the capitalization method wherein aggregate wealth totals are distributed in proportion to various forms of income like dividends has motivated a concern about whether rates of return on assets vary across... more

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    Recent work on wealth inequality based on the capitalization method wherein aggregate wealth totals are distributed in proportion to various forms of income like dividends has motivated a concern about whether rates of return on assets vary across the wealth distribution. In this study, I use a new data source, accrued capital gains on homes and other real estate as reported in the Survey of Consumer Finances. I find strong econometric evidence that returns on homes vary directly with wealth level and are considerably higher for the very wealthy compared to the middle class and lower wealth households. However, there is no evidence from the preferred specification that Black or Hispanic families receive lower returns on their property once controlling for factors such as years of occupancy and overall house price movements in the market. The number of years of occupancy is also a highly significant determinant of returns on homes. The effect is strongly negative because communities of residence become less desirable and real properties deteriorate physically over time, both factors reducing property values. Returns on individual homes are also strongly related to overall house price movements in the market, suggesting that timing the market is a key determinant

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30543
    Subjects: Wohnimmobilien; Wohneigentum; Rentabilität; Privater Haushalt; Schwarze Menschen; Hispano-Amerikaner; Vermögensverteilung; USA; Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions; Household; Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  4. Older Workers' Employment and Social Security Spillovers through the Second Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Author: Goda, Gopi Shah; Jackson, Emilie; Nicholas, Lauren Hersch; Stith, Sarah S.
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a large and immediate drop in employment among US workers, along with major expansions of unemployment insurance and work from home. We use Current Population Survey and Social Security application data to study... more

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    The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a large and immediate drop in employment among US workers, along with major expansions of unemployment insurance and work from home. We use Current Population Survey and Social Security application data to study employment among older adults and their participation in disability and retirement insurance programs through the second year of the pandemic. We find ongoing improvements in employment outcomes among older workers in the labor force, along with sustained higher levels in the share no longer in the labor force during this period. Applications for Social Security disability benefits remain depressed, particularly for Supplemental Security Income. In models accounting for the expiration of expanded unemployment insurance, we find that the loss of these additional financial supports is associated with a drop in older adult unemployment rates and an increase in Social Security Disability Insurance claiming. Social Security retirement benefit claiming has rebounded to pre-pandemic levels, but has shifted from offline to online applications

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30567
    Subjects: Ältere Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitslosigkeit; Lohnersatzleistungen; Arbeitslosenversicherung; Sozialversicherung; USA; Household; National Government Expenditures and Related Policies; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; Retirement; Retirement Policies
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  5. Economic Impact Payments and Household Spending During the Pandemic
    Author: Parker, Jonathan A.; Schild, Jake; Erhard, Laura; Johnson, David S.
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Households spent only a small fraction of their 2020 Economic Impact Payment (EIPs) within a couple of months of arrival, consistent with i) pandemic constraints on spending, ii) other pandemic programs and social insurance, and iii) the broader... more

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    Households spent only a small fraction of their 2020 Economic Impact Payment (EIPs) within a couple of months of arrival, consistent with i) pandemic constraints on spending, ii) other pandemic programs and social insurance, and iii) the broader disbursement of the EIPs compared to the economic losses during the early stages of the pandemic. While these EIPs did not fill an urgent economic need for most households, the first round of EIPs did provide timely pandemic insurance to some households who were more exposed to the economic losses from the pandemic. Households with lower liquid wealth entering the pandemic and those less able to earn while working from home each raised consumption more following receipt of their EIP. While our measurement for later EIPs is not as reliable, our estimates suggest even less spending on average to the second and third rounds of EIPs. Our point estimates imply less short-term spending on average than in response to economic stimulus payments in 2001 or 2008. While our analysis lacks the power to measure longer-term spending effects, the lack of short-term spending contributed to strong household balance sheets as the direct economic effects of the pandemic on households waned

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30596
    Subjects: Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Coronavirus; Intertemporale Entscheidung; Privater Konsum; USA; Household Saving; Personal Finance; Intertemporal Household Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving; Consumption; Saving; Wealth; Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory; Household Finance; Household
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. Genetic Endowments, Income Dynamics, and Wealth Accumulation Over the Lifecycle
    Author: Barth, Daniel; Papageorge, Nicholas W.; Thom, Kevin; Velásquez-Giraldo, Mateo
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We develop and estimate a life-cycle consumption savings model in which observed genetic variation is allowed to affect wealth accumulation through several distinct channels. We focus on genetic markers that predict educational attainment, aggregated... more

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    We develop and estimate a life-cycle consumption savings model in which observed genetic variation is allowed to affect wealth accumulation through several distinct channels. We focus on genetic markers that predict educational attainment, aggregated into a predictive index called a polygenic score. Based on substantial descriptive evidence, we allow variation in these endowments to affect earnings, the disutility of labor, stock market participation costs, and idiosyncratic rates of return on risky investments. The model also incorporates endogenous retirement and a realistic social security system. Parameter estimates suggest that, in addition to earnings, genetic differences are significantly associated with risky asset returns, both of which contribute to wealth inequality. Counterfactual policy exercises indicate that two ways to lower costs of an aging population (extending the age of retirement or cutting social security benefits) have similar magnitudes and distributions of welfare costs even though the latter policy appears to reduce wealth differences between agents with different genetic endowments. This illustrates the importance of welfare calculations when evaluating how genes interact with policy, which is possible to do if we incorporate genetic data into structural models

     
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  7. Investing in Infants
    The Lasting Effects of Cash Transfers to New Families
    Author: Barr, Andrew C.; Eggleston, Jonathan; Smith, Alexander A.
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We provide new evidence that cash transfers following the birth of a first child can have large and long-lasting effects on that child's outcomes. We take advantage of the January 1 birthdate cutoff for U.S. child-related tax benefits, which results... more

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    We provide new evidence that cash transfers following the birth of a first child can have large and long-lasting effects on that child's outcomes. We take advantage of the January 1 birthdate cutoff for U.S. child-related tax benefits, which results in families of otherwise similar children receiving substantially different refunds during the first year of life. For the average low-income single-child family in our sample this difference amounts to roughly $1,300, or 10 percent of income. Using the universe of administrative federal tax data in selected years, we show that this transfer in infancy increases young adult earnings by at least 1 to 2 percent, with larger effects for males. These effects show up at earlier ages in terms of improved math and reading test scores and a higher likelihood of high school graduation. The observed effects on shorter-run parental outcomes suggest that additional liquidity during the critical window following the birth of a first child leads to persistent increases in family income that likely contribute to the downstream effects on children's outcomes. The longer-term effects on child earnings alone are large enough that the transfer pays for itself through subsequent increases in federal income tax revenue

     
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  8. Unconditional Cash and Family Investments in Infants
    Evidence from a Large-Scale Cash Transfer Experiment in the U.S
    Author: Gennetian, Lisa A.; Duncan, Greg J.; Fox, Nathan A.; Magnuson, Katherine A.; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Noble, Kimberly G.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have limited empirical evidence on this topic in the U.S. We provide causal... more

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    A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have limited empirical evidence on this topic in the U.S. We provide causal estimates of financial and time investments in infants among families living in poverty from a large-scale, multi-site randomized controlled study of monthly unconditional cash transfers starting at the time of a child's birth. We find that the cash transfers increased spending on child-specific goods and mothers' early-learning activities with their infants. The marginal propensity to consume child-focused items from the cash transfer exceeded that from other income, consistent with the behavioral cues in the cash transfer design. We find no statistically detectable offsets in household earnings nor statistically detectable impacts in other pre-registered outcomes related to general household expenditures, maternal labor supply, infants' time in childcare, or mothers' subjective well-being

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30379
    Subjects: Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Bargeld; Wirkungsanalyse; Kinderarmut; USA; Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation; Household; General; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth; Public Policy; Time Allocation and Labor Supply
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  9. Targeting Precision Medicine
    Evidence from Prenatal Screening
    Author: Conner, Peter; Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy; Persson, Petra; Williams, Heidi
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Medical technologies can target care to patients identified through screening, raising questions of how broadly to screen for potential use. We explore this empirically in the context of a non-invasive prenatal screening, cfDNA, which is used to... more

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    Medical technologies can target care to patients identified through screening, raising questions of how broadly to screen for potential use. We explore this empirically in the context of a non-invasive prenatal screening, cfDNA, which is used to target a more costly invasive test that elevates miscarriage risk. Using Swedish administrative data on prenatal choices for pregnancies conceived between 2011 and 2019 - a period in which Swedish regions began providing coverage for the new screening - we document that coverage of cfDNA substantially increases cfDNA screening and reduces invasive testing. To assess the impact of counterfactual targeting of cfDNA coverage, we develop and estimate a stylized model of prenatal choices. We find that narrow targeting of cfDNA coverage can improve outcomes and reduce costs, while broader coverage also improves outcomes but with increased costs. These findings point to the potential gains from well-designed targeting of screening, but at the same time highlight the importance of the targeting design

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30669
    Subjects: Medizinische Behandlung; Medizintechnik; Geburt; Schweden; Household; Health Behavior; Health Insurance, Public and Private; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  10. Targeting Impact versus Deprivation
    Author: Haushofer, Johannes; Niehaus, Paul; Paramo, Carlos; Miguel, Edward; Walker, Michael W.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Targeting is a core element of anti-poverty program design, with benefits typically targeted to those most "deprived" in some sense (e.g., consumption, wealth). A large literature in economics examines how to best identify these households feasibly... more

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    Targeting is a core element of anti-poverty program design, with benefits typically targeted to those most "deprived" in some sense (e.g., consumption, wealth). A large literature in economics examines how to best identify these households feasibly at scale, usually via proxy means tests (PMTs). We ask a different question, namely, whether targeting the most deprived has the greatest social welfare benefit: in particular, are the most deprived those with the largest treatment effects or do the "poorest of the poor" sometimes lack the circumstances and complementary inputs or skills to take full advantage of assistance? We explore this potential trade-off in the context of an NGO cash transfer program in Kenya, utilizing recent advances in machine learning (ML) methods (specifically, generalized random forests) to learn PMTs that target both a) deprivation and b) high conditional average treatment effects across several policy-relevant outcomes. We find that targeting solely on the basis of deprivation is generally not attractive in a social welfare sense, even when the social planner's preferences are highly redistributive. We show that a planner using simpler prediction models, based on OLS or less sophisticated ML approaches, could reach divergent conclusions. We discuss implications for the design of real-world anti-poverty programs at scale

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30138
    Subjects: Armut; Armutsbekämpfung; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Wirkungsanalyse; Methodologie; Künstliche Intelligenz; Kenia; Proxy Mean Test; Other; Household; Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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  11. Is Our Fiscal System Discouraging Marriage? A New Look at the Marriage Tax
    Author: Ilin, Elias; Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Pitts, Melinda
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We develop, apply, and test a new measure of the marriage tax - the reduction in future spending from getting married - using SCF and ACS data. Our measure incorporates all major and most minor U.S. tax and benefit programs. And it assumes clone... more

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    We develop, apply, and test a new measure of the marriage tax - the reduction in future spending from getting married - using SCF and ACS data. Our measure incorporates all major and most minor U.S. tax and benefit programs. And it assumes clone marriage - marrying oneself - to ensure the living-standard loss from marrying is unaffected by spousal choice. Our calculated high and highly variable marriage taxes materially reduce the probability of marriage particularly for low-income females with children

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30159
    Subjects: Ehe; Familie; Familienbesteuerung; USA; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue; Household; Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse; Public Policy
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  12. Older workers' employment and social security spillovers through the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic
    Author: Goda, Gopi Shah; Jackson, Emilie; Nicholas, Lauren Hersch; Stith, Sarah S.
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Keine Rechte
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    No inter-library loan
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 22, 34 (October, 2022)
    Subjects: Ältere Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitslosigkeit; Lohnersatzleistungen; Arbeitslosenversicherung; Sozialversicherung; USA; Household; National Government Expenditures and Related Policies; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; Retirement; Retirement Policies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Auch erschienen als: NBER working paper series no. 30567
  13. Compensation to Israeli holocaust survivors and the human capital of their children
    Author: Tsur, Shay
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Research Department, Bank of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel

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    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 875
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper / Bank of Israel Research Department ; 2022, 05 (January 2022)
    Subjects: Household; Human Capital; Children; Holocaust
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen