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  1. Long COVID in the United States
    Author: Blanchflower, David G.; Bryson, Alex
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although yet to be clearly identified as a clinical condition, there is immense concern at the health and wellbeing consequences of long COVID. Using data collected from nearly half a million Americans in the period June 2022-December 2022 in the US... more

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    Although yet to be clearly identified as a clinical condition, there is immense concern at the health and wellbeing consequences of long COVID. Using data collected from nearly half a million Americans in the period June 2022-December 2022 in the US Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey (HPS), we find 14 percent reported suffering long COVID at some point, half of whom reported it at the time of the survey. Its incidence varies markedly across the United States - from 11 percent in Hawaii to 18 percent in West Virginia - and is higher for women than men, among Whites compared with Blacks and Asians, and declines with rising education and income. It peaks in midlife in the same way as negative affect. Ever having had long COVID is strongly associated with negative affect (anxiety, depression, worry and a lack of interest in things). The effect is larger among those who currently report long COVID, especially if they report severe symptoms. In contrast, those who report having had short COVID report higher wellbeing than those who report never having had COVID. Long COVID is also strongly associated with physical mobility problems, and with problems dressing and bathing. It is also associated with mental problems as indicated by recall and understanding difficulties. Again, the associations are strongest among those who currently report long COVID, while those who said they had had short COVID have fewer physical and mental problems than those who report never having had COVID. Vaccination is associated with lower negative affect, including among those who reported having had long COVID.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/272594
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15967
    Subjects: Long COVID; negative affect; anxiety; depression; mobility problems; mental health; vaccine; COVID-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Debunking "fake news" on social media
    short-term and longer-term effects of fact checking and media literacy interventions
    Author: Berger, Lara Marie; Kerkhof, Anna; Mindl, Felix; Münster, Johannes
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    We conduct a randomized survey experiment to compare the short- and longer-term effects of fact checking to a brief media literacy intervention. We show that the impact of fact checking is limited to the corrected fake news, whereas media literacy... more

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    We conduct a randomized survey experiment to compare the short- and longer-term effects of fact checking to a brief media literacy intervention. We show that the impact of fact checking is limited to the corrected fake news, whereas media literacy helps to distinguish between false and correct information more generally, both immediately and two weeks after the intervention. A plausible mechanism is that media literacy enables participants to critically evaluate social media postings, while fact checking fails to enhance their skills. Our results promote media literacy as an effective tool to fight fake news, that is cheap, scalable, and easy-to-implement.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/279327
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10576 (2023)
    Subjects: Covid; Facebook; fact checking; fake news; media literacy; misinformation; nutrition; social media; supplements; survey experiment; vaccine
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Social distancing, vaccination and evolution of Covid-19 transmission rates in Europe
    Author: Chudik, Alexander; Pesaran, M. Hashem; Rebucci, Alessandro
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    This paper provides estimates of COVID-19 effective reproduction numbers and explains their evolution for selected European countries since the start of the pandemic taking account of changes in voluntary and government mandated social distancing,... more

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    This paper provides estimates of COVID-19 effective reproduction numbers and explains their evolution for selected European countries since the start of the pandemic taking account of changes in voluntary and government mandated social distancing, incentives to comply, vaccination and the emergence of new variants. Evidence based on panel data modeling indicates that the diversity of outcomes that we document may have resulted from the non-linear interaction of mandated and voluntary social distancing and the economic incentives that governments provided to support isolation. The importance of these factors declined over time, with vaccine uptake driving heterogeneity in country experiences in 2021. Our approach, also allows us to identify the basic reproduction number, R0. It is precisely estimated and differ little across countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263684
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9754 (2022)
    Subjects: COVID-19; multiplication factor; under-reporting; social distancing; self-isolation; SIR model; reproduction number; pandemics; vaccine
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Debunking "fake news" on social media
    short-term and longer-term effects of fact checking and media literacy interventions
    Author: Berger, Lara Marie; Kerkhof, Anna; Mindl, Felix; Münster, Johannes
    Published: October 2023
    Publisher:  ECONtribute, [Bonn]

    We conduct a randomized survey experiment to compare the short- and longer-term effects of fact checking to a brief media literacy intervention. We show that the impact of fact checking is limited to the corrected fake news, whereas media literacy... more

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    We conduct a randomized survey experiment to compare the short- and longer-term effects of fact checking to a brief media literacy intervention. We show that the impact of fact checking is limited to the corrected fake news, whereas media literacy helps to distinguish between false and correct information more generally, both immediately and two weeks after the intervention. A plausible mechanism is that media literacy enables participants to critically evaluate social media postings, while fact checking fails to enhance their skills. Our results promote media literacy as an effective tool to fight fake news, that is cheap, scalable, and easy-to-implement.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/283304
    Edition: This version: September 4, 2023
    Series: ECONtribute discussion paper ; no. 262
    Subjects: Covid; Facebook; fact checking; fake news; media literacy; misinformation; nutrition; social media; supplements; survey experiment; vaccine
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Innovation and patenting activities of COVID-19 vaccines in WTO members
    analytical review of Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) COVID-19 Vaccines Patent Landscape (VaxPaL)
    Author: Chiang, Ting-Wei; Wu, Xiaoping
    Published: 10 February 2022
    Publisher:  World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, [Geneva]

    This working paper provides a statistical analysis of 74 patent families which cover subject matter relevant to ten COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines have accounted for 99% of the global COVID-19 vaccine production as of 31 December 2021, comprising... more

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    This working paper provides a statistical analysis of 74 patent families which cover subject matter relevant to ten COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines have accounted for 99% of the global COVID-19 vaccine production as of 31 December 2021, comprising over ten billion doses. Eight of them, namely BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), AZD1222 (AstraZeneca/Oxford), Ad26.COV2-S (J&J), mRNA1273 (Moderna), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm/Beijing), Coronavac (Sinovac), Covaxin (Bharat/ICMR), and NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax), have been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for inclusion in its Emergency Use Listing (EUL). The analysis is based on VaxPaL, a COVID-19 vaccines patent database developed by the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP). Through the detailed examination of patent applicants, filing dates, and offices of first and subsequent filing, the paper identifies patterns and trends of innovation and patenting activities of COVID-19 vaccines in WTO Members, and presents the legal status of the 74 patent families in 105 jurisdictions. This information may provide useful background for policymakers on the significance and potential impact of these patent families with relevance to the access to and production of these vaccines in their individual countries. This, in turn, may help support practical assessments as to potential options within and beyond the current TRIPS framework to promote equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/250745
    Edition: Manuscript date: 18 January 2022
    Series: Staff working paper ; ERSD-2022, 01
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccine; patent; whole virus; viral vector; protein subunit; mRNA; filing dates; office of first filing; office of subsequent filing; legal status
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Sibling spillovers and the choice to get vaccinated
    evidence from a regression discontinuity design
    Author: Humlum, Maria Knoth; Morthorst, Marius Opstrup; Thingholm, Peter Rønø
    Published: February 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We investigate the effects of the introduction of a population-wide Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on the vaccine take-up of the targeted group of 15-year-old girls and their older sisters. For identification, we rely on a regression... more

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    We investigate the effects of the introduction of a population-wide Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on the vaccine take-up of the targeted group of 15-year-old girls and their older sisters. For identification, we rely on a regression discontinuity design and high-quality Danish administrative data to exploit that date of birth determines program eligibility. We find that the program increased the HPV vaccine take-up of both the targeted girls and their older sisters. While the direct effects of the program reduced vaccine-takeup inequality, the spillover effects, in contrast, contributed to an increase in vaccine take-up inequality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252233
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15109
    Subjects: health investments; health behavior; peer effects; sibling spillovers; HPV; vaccine; health inequality
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Disease, death, and displacement
    the long-term effects of early-life conditions on income, education, and health in Sweden, 1937-2011
    Author: Serratos-Sotelo, Luis
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Lund University, Lund

    How are people's lives shaped by what they experience during infancy, childhood, and adolescence? How are their adult lives impacted by a sudden improvement or worsening in their early-life conditions?This dissertation aims at providing some insights... more

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    How are people's lives shaped by what they experience during infancy, childhood, and adolescence? How are their adult lives impacted by a sudden improvement or worsening in their early-life conditions?This dissertation aims at providing some insights about how specific changes in early-life conditions can affect individuals' lives in the long-term. It focuses on three very different shocks to early-life conditions: (1) exposure to disease and vaccination, studied through the case of polio and the vaccine against it, (2) experiencing forced migration, studied through the case of Yugoslavian refugees in Sweden, and (3) losing a parent during the childhood years.Since they alter the environment in which children develop, these experiences can also have long-term repercussions in their adult outcomes. Using high-quality, individual-level data from the Swedish administrative registers, as well as methods of causal inference, the four studies in this thesis attempt at understandinghow these shocks can affect the educational attainment, adult health, and adult income of the children who lived through them.For the case of disease and vaccination, the results show that there was no evidence that exposure during early life to either a polio outbreak, or to introduction of the vaccine against the disease, had long-term impacts on adult income, education, or health. Through the study of the case of polio, this thesis contributes to our understanding of scarring effects of disease exposure,particularly by showing that not all shocks and diseases have repercussions felt across the years, even if those effects are theoretically plausible, a case that had not really been discussed in the literature so far.For the case of forced migration, the results show that asylum-seeking children who arrived in Sweden as a consequence of the mid-90's war in Yugoslavia had lower educational outcomes, compared to non-displaced children, measured almost a decade after the exposure occurred. Finally, for the case of parental death, the results provide evidence that there is an association between parental loss during childhood and lower adult income, educational attainment, and worse health. This analysis also suggests that children's grief and emotional trauma related to losing a parent is a relevant mechanism for the observed effects.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789187793714
    Series: Lund studies in economic history ; 98
    Subjects: vaccine; polio; migration; forced migration; Yugoslavia; refugees; parental death; Early-life; income; education; health; Sweden
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Dissertation, Lund University, 2021
  8. When externalities collide
    influenza and pollution
    Author: Zivin, Joshua S. Graff; Neidell, Matthew; Sanders, Nicholas J.; Singer, Gregor
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London

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    Series: Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy working paper ; no. 392
    Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working paper ; no. 364
    Subjects: air pollution; influenza; hospitalizations; vaccine; externalities
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Social distancing, vaccination and evolution of COVID-19 transmission rates in Europe
    Author: Chudik, Alexander; Pesaran, M. Hashem; Rebucci, Alessandro
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, [Cambridge]

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    Series: Cambridge working paper in economics ; 2230
    Subjects: COVID-19; multiplication factor; under-reporting; social distancing; self-isolation; SIR model; reproduction number; pandemics; vaccine
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The tortoise and the hare
    the race between vaccine rollout and new Covid variants
    Author: Turner, David; Égert, Balázs; Guillemette, Yvan; Botev, Jamila
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    New variants of the virus are spreading which, together with seasonal effects, are estimated to be able to raise effective reproduction numbers by up to 90%. Meanwhile, many countries are rolling out vaccination programmes, but at varying speeds.... more

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    New variants of the virus are spreading which, together with seasonal effects, are estimated to be able to raise effective reproduction numbers by up to 90%. Meanwhile, many countries are rolling out vaccination programmes, but at varying speeds. Hence the race is on to beat the variants with the vaccines. Vaccination is very powerful at reducing virus transmission: fully vaccinating 20% of the population is estimated to have the same effect as closing down public transport and all-but-essential workplaces; fully vaccinating 50% of the population would have a larger effect than simultaneously applying all forms of containment policies in their most extreme form (closure of workplaces, public transport and schools, restrictions on travel and gatherings and stay-at-home requirements). For a typical OECD country, relaxing existing containment policies would be expected to raise GDP by about 4-5%. Quick vaccination would thus help limit the extent to which containment policies need to be escalated in future epidemic waves, providing huge welfare benefits both in terms of fewer infections and stronger economic activity.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/236693
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9151 (2021)
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Impfung; Morbidität; Bruttoinlandsprodukt; Wirkungsanalyse; OECD-Staaten; Covid; Sars-Cov-2; reproduction number; vaccine; variant; lockdown; weekly tracker
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Could vaccine dose stretching reduce COVID-19 deaths?
    Author: Więcek, Witold; Ahuja, Amrita; Kremer, Michael; Simoes Gomes, Alexandre; Snyder, Christopher M.; Tabarrok, Alexander; Tan, Brandon Joel
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  BREAD, the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development, [Cambridge, Massachusetts]

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    Series: BREAD working paper ; no. 590
    Subjects: vaccine; pandemic; epidemiology; public health; supply
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Covid-19 vaccine efficacy and Russian public support for anti-pandemic measures
    Author: Borisova, Ekaterina; Ivanov, Denis S.
    Published: 1.7.2021
    Publisher:  BOFIT, the Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies, Helsinki

    In this study, we use random assignment of vignettes that feature optimistic and pessimistic scenarios with respect to vaccine safety and efficacy on a sample of roughly 1,600 Russians in order to gauge public support for anti-pandemic measures under... more

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    In this study, we use random assignment of vignettes that feature optimistic and pessimistic scenarios with respect to vaccine safety and efficacy on a sample of roughly 1,600 Russians in order to gauge public support for anti-pandemic measures under various scenarios. Negative information on vaccine safety and efficacy reduces support for the anti-pandemic measures among individuals who fear Covid-19 and were initially supportive of government restrictions. These individuals tend to be old, and therefore vulnerable to Covid-19, and politically active. This loss of support is strongest for economically costly measures such as banning of large gatherings and the shuttering of non-essential businesses. Mask-wearing, which involves only minor costs, finds broad acceptance. We interpret the reactions in light of adaptation, fatigue over Covid-19 restrictions, and fatalism. The political consequences of non-pharmaceutical measures to deal with a pandemic include loss of public support over time, erosion of trust in government, and political backlash.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789523233812
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    hdl: 10419/240387
    Series: BOFIT discussion papers ; 2021, 9
    Subjects: Covid-19; vaccine; non-pharmaceutical measures; anti-pandemic restrictions; lockdown; anxiety
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. An assessment of the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in the Philippines
    challenges and ways forward
    Author: Ulep, Valerie Gilbert; Uy, Jhanna
    Published: January 2021
    Publisher:  Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

    The Philippine Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has been in existence for almost 40 years. It is one of the major programs of the Department of Health (DOH) that aims to provide Filipino children with access to safe and effective vaccines... more

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    The Philippine Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has been in existence for almost 40 years. It is one of the major programs of the Department of Health (DOH) that aims to provide Filipino children with access to safe and effective vaccines against diseases like measles, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. The Philippine EPI has achieved many milestones in this regard, including the steep decline in the country's mortality and morbidity due to vaccine-preventable disease rates. Moreover, polio and maternal and neonatal tetanus was certified as eliminated in 2000 and 2017, respectively. Despite this progress, the program has never achieved its target to fully immunize at least 95 percent of Filipino children. Coverage of basic vaccines has only hovered between 70 and 80 percent in the last 30 years. This study assesses the performance of the EPI in the Philippines. Central to this assessment is the policy question: why has the country struggled to maintain immunization coverage over the years and repeatedly failed to achieve its national immunization target? While demand factors like vaccine confidence have contributed to the weak performance of the program, the sharp decline in immunization coverage is largely a result of deep-seated supply-side systems issues related to leadership, planning, and the supply chain, which led to recurring vaccine stock-outs in the past decade.

     
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/241052
    Series: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; no. 2021, 04 (January 2021)
    Subjects: Philippines; Expanded Program on Immunization; vaccine; supply-side
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Drivers of Covid-19 vaccinations
    vaccine administration and delivery efficiency in the United States
    Author: Goel, Rajeev K.; Nelson, Michael A.
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    This paper adds some formal research to the success of ongoing efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by examining the drivers of the administration and delivery efficiency of coronavirus vaccines. For this purpose, we use data from the 50 US states... more

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    This paper adds some formal research to the success of ongoing efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by examining the drivers of the administration and delivery efficiency of coronavirus vaccines. For this purpose, we use data from the 50 US states and place the formal analysis in the context of socio-economic drivers of vaccinations. Results show that state economic prosperity and rural population aid vaccine administration and delivery efficiency. Delivery efficiency improves in states with more nursing homes per capita, in states with more COVID-19 deaths, and with more health workers. The subset of health workers, including physicians and nurses, did not significantly impact administration or efficiency. On the other hand, vaccination efficiency was lower in states with a centralized public health agency. States with a larger share of the elderly population and those with Democrats as governors were no different from others with regard to vaccinations. Robustness checks are performed using vaccination from a more recent period. Finally, a state’s legacy of corrupt activity, across two different time dimensions, is broadly consistent with the greasing effects of corruption. While the study uses data from a single nation that is among the first to start vaccinating its population, the findings have relevance for other nations, especially in the Global South, that are starting vaccinations or lagging behind in delivering vaccines.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235342
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 8972 (2021)
    Subjects: Covid-19; coronavirus; vaccine; efficiency; rural; deaths; health workers; corruption; networking; United States
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. COVID-19 vaccine and risk-taking
    Author: Smart, Shanike J.; Polachek, Solomon W.
    Published: January 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We assess whether the COVID-19 vaccine induces COVID-19 risky behavior (e.g., going to bars and restaurants) and thus reduces vaccine efficacy. A key empirical challenge is the endogeneity bias when comparing risk-taking by vaccination status since... more

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    We assess whether the COVID-19 vaccine induces COVID-19 risky behavior (e.g., going to bars and restaurants) and thus reduces vaccine efficacy. A key empirical challenge is the endogeneity bias when comparing risk-taking by vaccination status since people choose whether to get vaccinated. To address this bias, we exploit rich survey panel data on individuals followed before and after vaccine availability over 14 months in an event study fixed effects model with individual, time, sector, and county-by-time fixed effects and inverse propensity weights. We find evidence that vaccinated persons, regardless of the timing of vaccination, increase their risk-taking by increasing engagement in some risk-taking activities. The evidence is consistent with the "lulling effect". While vaccine availability may reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19, it also contributes to further spread of the virus by incentivizing risk-taking in the short term.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282834
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16707
    Subjects: COVID-19; risk-taking; vaccine; lulling effect
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen