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  1. Punching up or punching down?
    how stereotyping the rich and the poor impacts redistributive preferences in Germany
    Author: Diermeier, Matthias; Fischer, Madeleine L.; Niehues, Judith
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Redistribution and the welfare state have been linked by academic discourse to narratives that portray specific societal groups as 'deserving' or 'undeserving'. The present analysis contributes to this scholarship in a twofold manner. First, it... more

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    Redistribution and the welfare state have been linked by academic discourse to narratives that portray specific societal groups as 'deserving' or 'undeserving'. The present analysis contributes to this scholarship in a twofold manner. First, it provides a holistic view on the beneficiaries and benefactors of welfare and asks how the public perception of the rich and the poor drives redistributive preferences. It is revealed that these beliefs, particularly about the 'deserving' poor, are significant determinants of strong redistributive preferences. Despite powerful prevailing prejudices about the rich, support for redistribution in Germany is not motivated by the urge to castigate this group for their affluence. Second, we are interested in the distribution of the different moralistic beliefs about the rich and the poor over socio-demographic characteristics. Regarding stereotypical beliefs about the poor, we quantify the phenomenon of 'punching down', performed by those immediately above the lowest income quintile. In fact, members of the second income quintile show levels of disdain similar to their wealthier counterparts on the other end of the income distribution. On the other hand, moralistic beliefs about the 'deserving poor' are equally held across different socio-economic levels. Implications and limitations of our findings are also discussed.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272228
    Series: SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research ; 1182 (2023)
    Subjects: Inequality; welfare state; redistribution; poor; rich; distancing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Herding, rent-seeking taxpayers, and endemic corruption
    Author: Epstein, Gil S.; Gang, Ira N.
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In an environment with extensive corruption where much of the population evades paying their full taxes due, we tackle the question of optimal taxation when constituencies with opposing objectives (the poor and the rich) push tax policy in different... more

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    In an environment with extensive corruption where much of the population evades paying their full taxes due, we tackle the question of optimal taxation when constituencies with opposing objectives (the poor and the rich) push tax policy in different directions. We think in terms of a government policy-maker, here called the tax administrator (TA), and rent-seeking lobbying efforts by poor and rich constituencies. We recognize taxpayers' inter-dependency as reflected in increased evasion likelihood when others are thought to be evading. Thus, our modelling incorporates elements from the theory of information cascades (herding) into a standard model of tax evasion. The poor and rich undergo a rent-seeking contest seeking to influence the TA in setting policy so that their constituency is favoured. The TA maximizes an objective function that is a weighted average of expected social welfare, their own interests, and investment in better tax administration.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292672959
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/273945
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 162
    Subjects: tax evasion; corruption; herd behaviour; rent seeking; tax administration; poor
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten)
  3. Deepening financial inclusion through collaboration to create innovative and appropriate financial products for the poor
    Author: Omwansa, Tony K.; Waema, Timothy Mwololo
    Published: January 2014
    Publisher:  Kenya Bankers Association, Nairobi

    The Central Bank of Kenya has in the recent years introduced several regulatory interventions aimed at increasing financial inclusion. Mobile operators and financial institutions have successfully launched numerous services either to increase the... more

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    The Central Bank of Kenya has in the recent years introduced several regulatory interventions aimed at increasing financial inclusion. Mobile operators and financial institutions have successfully launched numerous services either to increase the convenience for existing customers or to reach out to new customers. There is evidence of more un-banked people moving into the formal financial grid and money initially circulating in informal systems can now be accounted for. Mobile money has made it much easier to receive and transfer money as well as make payments. Agency banking and cash merchants have taken the cash-incash-out points much closer to the consumers. Despite this progress, access to formal financial services in Kenya is still low. In particular, the very poor people who are characterised by low literacy levels and generally low, irregular and sporadic income, in most cases do not have the appropriate financial tools that fit their lifestyle and can help alleviate their poverty. Research shows that the poor need financial tools that are appropriate, flexible, convenient, quick and affordable. The mobile money channel and the agent network provide the best avenue so far for reaching the very poor, but the business case for serving this segment of the market has not been well developed to incentivise the main players to be actively involved. The findings in this paper are an amalgamation of three studies conducted in Kenya. The first study focused on developing case studies on how the prepaid and pay-as-you-go models riding on the rails of mobile money are being used to conveniently provide commodities and services to the very poor. The second study focused on the adoption drivers for mobile money at the base of the pyramid while the third evaluated the impact of pure mobile phone based micro-financing in Kenya. Building on literature about the poor and their money combined with evidence from the studies mentioned, the authors present practical and evidence-based recommendations to demonstrate that it takes additional players and innovative approaches to enable financial institutions and mobile network operators to develop and aggressively promote sophisticated financial services for the poor. The paper discusses key adoption drivers, lessons learnt about the characteristics and impact of new forms of financial services for the very poor. Design features for making financial services for the poor innovative and appropriate are discussed in the context of adoption drivers. The design features form a good basis for analysing the challenges of designing and deploying these products. Mobile money needs to be viewed more and more as a platform, as opposed to a product or service to be consumed. There is need for a deliberate effort to conduct multidisciplinary and all inclusive research and development on relevant products for thepoor that could be bundled with or ride on the rails of mobile money. Deploying and successfully managing services based on business models targeting the poor would require synergy between stakeholders, a vital ingredient that would facilitate financial inclusion and more broadly translate to benefits for the consumers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249507
    Series: KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy working paper series ; WPS, 14, 01 = 6
    Subjects: mobile money; poor; financial inclusion
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Poverty, social networks, and clientelism
    Author: Ravanilla, Nico; Hicken, Allen
    Published: September 2021
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Why are the poor susceptible to clientelism, and what factors shield them from the influence of vote buying? We explore the role of both formal and informal social networks in shaping the likelihood of being targeted with private inducements. We... more

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    Why are the poor susceptible to clientelism, and what factors shield them from the influence of vote buying? We explore the role of both formal and informal social networks in shaping the likelihood of being targeted with private inducements. We argue that when the poor lack access to formal social networks, they become increasingly reliant on vote buying channelled through informal networks. To test our theory, we build the informal, family-based network linkages between voters and local politicians spanning a city in the Philippines. We then collect survey data on formal network connections, electoral handouts, and voting behaviour of 900 voters randomly drawn from these family networks. We show first that campaigns disproportionately target poorer voters. We then show that familial ties further influence targeting among poor voters. Finally, we show that access to formal networks such as workers' associations mitigate voter fears of punishment for failing to reciprocate.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292670849
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248358
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 144
    Subjects: social networks; poor; vote buying; clientelism; voting behaviour; Philippines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Land tenure, access to credit, and agricultural performance of ARBs, farmer beneficiaries, and other rural workers
    Author: Galang, Ivory Myka R.
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

    Policymakers and donors have long viewed credit programs as salient means to develop the agriculture sector, especially the small-farm agriculture. Credit programs in the country have evolved from subsidized directed credit programs to a more... more

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    Policymakers and donors have long viewed credit programs as salient means to develop the agriculture sector, especially the small-farm agriculture. Credit programs in the country have evolved from subsidized directed credit programs to a more market-based approach. There have been little to no studies that examine poor agricultural producers' access to credit and how it affects agricultural performance, especially in the context of Agrarian Reform Beneficiary Organization (ARBO) members. This policy study utilized primary data from the Baseline Survey of Project ConVERGE, a project of the Department of Agrarian Reform, to analyze the borrowing incidence among ARBO member households, particularly those engaged in farm production. It appears from the results of the study that: membership in an ARBO is associated with better credit access; borrowing ARBO agricultural households are better off than nonborrowing ARBO agricultural households; and farmer associations/cooperatives are among the top sources of agricultural credit in the countryside aside from microfinance institutions; and Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA)-holding ARBO agricultural households have higher borrowing incidence than the average ARBO agricultural households. Strengthening the capacity of credit retailers through trainings, especially in leadership and credit management, is needed to further improve their lending performance.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/241033
    Series: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; no. 2020, 44 (December 2020)
    Subjects: credit; loan; formal credit; informal credit; CLOA; collective CLOA; individual CLOA; agricultural households; poor; DAR
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen