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Displaying results 1 to 8 of 8.

  1. Bringing satellite-based air quality estimates down to earth
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25560
    Subjects: Luftverschmutzung; Messung; Weltraumtechnik; Luftreinhaltung; Umweltpolitik; Schätzung; USA; Luftverschmutzung; particulate matter
    Scope: 12 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe

  2. Trade policy uncertainty, offshoring, and the environment
    evidence from US manufacturing establishments
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study long-run environmental impacts of trade liberalization on US manufacturing by exploiting a plausibly exogenous reduction in US trade policy uncertainty: the conferral of Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) to China. Using detailed data... more

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    We study long-run environmental impacts of trade liberalization on US manufacturing by exploiting a plausibly exogenous reduction in US trade policy uncertainty: the conferral of Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) to China. Using detailed data on establishment-level pollution emissions and business characteristics - including trade activities and global subsidiary information - from 1997 to 2017, we show that establishments reduce toxic emissions in response to a reduction in trade policy uncertainty. Emission abatement is mainly driven by a decline in pollution emission intensity, and not by establishment exits or a reduction in production scale. Emission reduction is more pronounced for (i) establishments with foreign sourcing networks and (ii) those under more stringent environmental regulations. We provide further evidence that supports the pollution haven hypothesis whereby offshoring is central to the mechanism - US manufacturers begin to source from abroad and establish more subsidiaries in China after PNTR, especially those that emit pollutants heavily.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/272546
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15919
    Subjects: pollution haven hypothesis; toxics release inventory; pollution emissions; trade and environment; trade policy uncertainty; offshoring; particulate matter; PNTR
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Role of policy interventions in limiting emissions from vehicles in Delhi, 2020-2030
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Urban India, particularly metros, is a major hotspot of air pollution with a PM2.5 concentration level ranging above the permissible limits defined by the WHO for most of the year. Unsurprisingly, special efforts have been made by the Government of... more

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    Urban India, particularly metros, is a major hotspot of air pollution with a PM2.5 concentration level ranging above the permissible limits defined by the WHO for most of the year. Unsurprisingly, special efforts have been made by the Government of India in recent years to improve air quality. Since the transport sector is a major source of air pollution in urban India, the Government of India adopted BS-VI emission standards in 2016 in principle for all major on-road vehicle categories. The rollout of Euro 6 in India began with the capital city Delhi. Furthermore, India's policymakers have been proactive in introducing clean fuel such as CNG, as well as electric vehicle and hydrogen fuel vehicles for urban transport. In this paper, we analyze the interplay between the policy shifts on transport and the level of emissions for Delhi for the next 10 years. We devised three scenarios, starting with the Optimistic Scenario (OPS), which assumes that all of the set policy targets of the Government of India will be realized as planned. A Pessimistic Scenario (PES) assumes implementation of the Optimistic Scenario with a delay of three years, and finally, the Business as Usual Scenario (BAU) assumes no policy interventions in the transport sector and a status quo to be in operation for the coming decade. We predict a significant decline in the emissions of particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the OPS/PES scenarios due to the proposed introduction of BS-VI and battery electric fuel vehicles. We find a 20.67% decrease in the overall PM emissions level in the city by 2030. By contrast, our BAU scenario predicts that emissions will increase significantly if no policy intervention is undertaken. In sum, policy interventions may lead to a substantial reduction in emissions in Delhi and thereby a longer life for Delhi inhabitants.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/249476
    Series: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1297 (December 2021)
    Subjects: air pollution; transport policy; auto industry; emissions; particulate matter; India
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture
    1990/2020 / Cora Vos, Claus Rösemann, Hans-Dieter Haenel, Ulrich Dämmgen, Ulrike Döring, Sebastian Wulf, Brigitte Eurich-Menden, Annette Freibauer, Helmut Döhler, Carsten Schreiner, Bernhard Osterburg, Roland Fuß

    Der vorliegende Berichtsband einschließlich des umfangreichen Datenanhangs dient als Begleitdokument zum National Inventory Report (NIR) über die deutschen Treibhausgas-Emissionen sowie zum Informative Inventory Report (IIR) über die deutschen... more

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    Der vorliegende Berichtsband einschließlich des umfangreichen Datenanhangs dient als Begleitdokument zum National Inventory Report (NIR) über die deutschen Treibhausgas-Emissionen sowie zum Informative Inventory Report (IIR) über die deutschen Schadstoffemissionen (insbesondere Ammoniak). Der Bericht dokumentiert die im deutschen landwirtschaftlichem Inventarmodell Py-GAS-EM integrierten Berechnungsverfahren sowie die Eingangsdaten, Emissionsergebnisse und Unsicherheiten der Berichterstattung 2022 für die Jahre 1990 bis 2020. Der Bereich Landwirtschaft umfasst dabei die Emissionen aus der Tierhaltung und der Nutzung landwirtschaftlicher Böden sowie aus der Vergärung von Energiepflanzen. Emissionen aus dem Vorleistungsbereich, aus der Nutzung von Energie sowie Landnutzungsänderungen werden den Regelwerken entsprechend an anderer Stelle in den nationalen Inventaren berichtet. Die Berechnungsverfahren beruhen in erster Linie auf den internationalen Regelwerken zur Emissionsberichterstattung und wurden durch die Arbeitsgruppe „Landwirtschaftliche Emissionsinventare“ des Thünen-Instituts in den vergangenen Jahren beständig weiterentwickelt, teilweise in Zusammenarbeit mit dem KTBL. Dies betrifft im Wesentlichen die Berechnung des Energiebedarfs, der Fütterung und der tierischen N-Bilanz bei den wichtigen Tierkategorien. Zusätzlich wurden technische Maßnahmen wie Abluftreinigung (Minderung von Ammoniakemissionen) und die Vergärung von Wirtschaftsdünger (Minderung von Methan- und Lachgasemissionen) berücksichtigt. Für die Berechnung von Emissionen aus der Vergärung von Wirtschaftsdünger und Energiepflanzen (einschließlich Gärrestausbringung) entwickelte die vorgenannte Arbeitsgruppe in Zusammenarbeit mit dem KTBL eine deutsche Methodik ... The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National Inventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammonia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model Py-GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2022 for the years 1990 - 2020. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding agriculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national inventories. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most important animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and laughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforementioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology ...

     

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  5. Air pollution and adult cognition: evidence from brain training
    Published: May 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We exploit novel data from brain-training games to examine the impacts of air pollution on a comprehensive set of cognitive skills of adults. We find that exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) impairs adult cognitive function, and that these effects... more

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    We exploit novel data from brain-training games to examine the impacts of air pollution on a comprehensive set of cognitive skills of adults. We find that exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) impairs adult cognitive function, and that these effects are largest for those in prime working age. These results confirm a hypothesized mechanism for the impacts of air pollution on productivity. We also find that the cognitive effects are largest for new tasks and for those with low ability, suggesting that air pollution increases inequality in workforce productivity.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/236384
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14353
    Subjects: air pollution; particulate matter; cognition; cognitive skills
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Why are pollution damages lower in developed countries?
    insights from high-income, high-particulate matter Hong Kong
    Published: July 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Conventional wisdom suggests that marginal damages from particulate matter pollution are high in less-developed countries because they are highly polluted. Using administrative data on the universe of births and deaths, we explore birthweight and... more

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    Conventional wisdom suggests that marginal damages from particulate matter pollution are high in less-developed countries because they are highly polluted. Using administrative data on the universe of births and deaths, we explore birthweight and mortality effects of gestational particulate matter exposure in high-pollution yet high-income Hong Kong. The marginal effects of particulates on birthweight are large but we fail to detect an effect on neonatal mortality. We interpret our stark mortality results in a comparative analysis of pollution-mortality relationships across studies. We provide early evidence that marginal mortality damages from pollution are high in less-developed countries because they are less developed, not because they are more polluted.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/245642
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14591
    Subjects: particulate matter; early childhood; comparative analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture
    1990/2019 / Claus Rösemann, Hans-Dieter Haenel, Cora Vos, Ulrich Dämmgen, Ulrike Döring, Sebastian Wulf, Brigitte Eurich-Menden, Annette Freibauer, Helmut Döhler, Carsten Schreiner, Bernhard Osterburg, Roland Fuß

    Der vorliegende Berichtsband einschließlich des umfangreichen Datenanhangs dient als Begleitdokument zum National Inventory Report (NIR) über die deutschen Treibhausgas-Emissionen sowie zum Informative Inventory Report (IIR) über die deutschen... more

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    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)
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    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 417
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    Der vorliegende Berichtsband einschließlich des umfangreichen Datenanhangs dient als Begleitdokument zum National Inventory Report (NIR) über die deutschen Treibhausgas-Emissionen sowie zum Informative Inventory Report (IIR) über die deutschen Schadstoffemissionen (insbesondere Ammoniak). Der Bericht dokumentiert die im deutschen landwirtschaftlichem Inventarmodell Py-GAS-EM integrierten Berechnungsverfahren sowie die Eingangsdaten, Emissionsergebnisse und Unsicherheiten der Berichterstattung 2021 für die Jahre 1990 bis 2019. Der Bereich Landwirtschaft umfasst dabei die Emissionen aus der Tierhaltung und der Nutzung landwirtschaftlicher Böden sowie aus der Vergärung von Energiepflanzen. Emissionen aus dem Vorleistungsbereich, aus der Nutzung von Energie sowie Landnutzungsänderungen werden den Regelwerken entsprechend an anderer Stelle in den nationalen Inventaren berichtet. Die Berechnungsverfahren beruhen in erster Linie auf den internationalen Regelwerken zur Emissionsberichterstattung und wurden durch die Arbeitsgruppe „Landwirtschaftliche Emissionsinventare“ des Thünen-Instituts in den vergangenen Jahren beständig weiterentwickelt, teilweise in Zusammenarbeit mit dem KTBL. Dies betrifft im Wesentlichen die Berechnung des Energiebedarfs, der Fütterung und der tierischen N-Bilanz bei den wichtigen Tierkategorien. Zusätzlich wurden technische Maßnahmen wie Abluftreinigung (Minderung von Ammoniakemissionen) und die Vergärung von Wirtschaftsdünger (Minderung von Methan- und Lachgasemissionen) berücksichtigt. Für die Berechnung von Emissionen aus der Vergärung von Wirtschaftsdünger und Energiepflanzen (einschließlich Gärrestausbringung) entwickelte die vorgenannte Arbeitsgruppe in Zusammenarbeit mit dem KTBL eine deutsche Methodik. Die THG-Gesamtemissionen aus der deutschen Landwirtschaft sanken von 76,5 Tg CO2eq im Jahr 1990 auf 61,8 Tg CO2eq im Jahr 2019 (-19,2 %). Dieser Trend ergab sich aus Veränderungen folgender Teil-Emissionen (gerundet): • Abnahme um 9,1 Tg CO2eq (-27,7 %) als CH4 aus der Verdauung, • Abnahme um 2,3 Tg CO2eq (-21,3 %) als CH4 und N2O aus dem Wirtschaftsdünger-Management, • Zunahme um 1,6 Tg CO2eq als CH4 und N2O aus der Vergärung von Energiepflanzen (Fermenter + Gärrestlager; 1990: 0 Tg), • Abnahme um 4,5 Tg CO2eq (-15,3 %) als N2O aus landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden, • Abnahme um 0,41 Tg CO2eq (-15,2 %) als CO2 aus Kalkung (Landwirtschaft und Forst), • Zunahme um 0,04 Tg CO2eq (+8,8 %) als CO2 aus Harnstoffanwendung. ... The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National Inventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammonia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model Py-GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2021 for the years 1990 - 2019. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding agriculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national inventories. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most important animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and laughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforementioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology. Total GHG emissions from German agriculture decreased from 76.5 Tg CO2eq in 1990 to 61.8Tg CO2eq in 2019 (-19.2 %). This reduction is a consequence of the following emission changes of partial sources (rounded figures): • decrease of 9.1 Tg CO2eq (-27.7 %) as CH4 from enteric fermentation, • decrease of 2.3 Tg CO2eq (-21.3 %) as CH4 and N2O from manure management, • increase of 1.6 Tg CO2eq as CH4 and N2O from anaerobic digestion of energy crops (digester + storage of digestate; 1990: 0 Tg), • decrease of 4.5 Tg CO2eq (15.3 %) as N2O from agricultural soils, • decrease of 0.41 Tg CO2eq (-15.2 %) as CO2 from liming (agriculture and forest), • increase of 0.04 Tg CO2eq (+8.8 %) as CO2 from application of urea.

     

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  8. Ambient air pollution and helping behavior
    evidence from the streets in Beijing
    Published: May 2024
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We conducted a large-scale lost letter experiment with a novel design across all seasons in Beijing to study whether ambient air pollution influences helping behavior. We assessed air pollution by PM2.5 and PM10. Our novel design allowed us to... more

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    We conducted a large-scale lost letter experiment with a novel design across all seasons in Beijing to study whether ambient air pollution influences helping behavior. We assessed air pollution by PM2.5 and PM10. Our novel design allowed us to collect real-time granular data from the streets. To mitigate endogeneity bias, we used the occurrence and intensity of thermal inversion as instrumental variables. We found that ambient air pollution increased the probability for a lost letter to be posted. Our finding suggests that when exposed to ambient air pollution, individuals may cope with the resulting adverse mental states by helping others.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17011
    Subjects: air pollution; helping behavior; particulate matter; thermal inversion; China
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen