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  1. Jobs and global supply chains in South-East Asia
    Author: Viegelahn, Christian; Phu Huynh; Kim, Kee Beom
    Published: 2023
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    South-East Asia has become a key player in global supply chains (GSCs) during recent decades, and the region's participation in GSCs has had a profound impact on labour markets. This paper presents new 2000-2021 estimates of the number of GSC-related... more

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    South-East Asia has become a key player in global supply chains (GSCs) during recent decades, and the region's participation in GSCs has had a profound impact on labour markets. This paper presents new 2000-2021 estimates of the number of GSC-related jobs in the region, with an estimated 75 million workers linked to GSCs in 2021-or more than one in four workers. Over time, the region has become increasingly dependent on GSCs for employment despite some short periods of sharp volatility and setbacks, including in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also presents the results of an econometric analysis, finding that the region's increased GSC participation was associated with some important, albeit mixed, progress in improving job quality. While deeper GSC integration was robustly tied to a rapid decline in working poverty and gains in labour productivity, it also shows that a positive relationship between increased GSC participation and greater wage employment, high-skill employment, and female employment was limited to specific sectors. Several policies could strengthen the links between GSCs and decent work. These include well-designed social protection and labour market policies, and investments in a broad range of skills that allow countries to shift into higher value-added segments of a value chain. Also, deep trade agreements, which increasingly include labour provisions, can help strengthen the link between increased GSC participation and decent work.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220390948; 9789220390955; 9789220390962; 9789220390979
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278520
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 91 (June 2023)
    Subjects: labour economics; future of work; employment; labour market; trade; COVID-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Robots and unions
    the moderating effect of organised labour on technological unemployment
    Author: Haapanala, Henri; Marx, Ive; Parolin, Zachary
    Published: February 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced... more

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    We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced democracies over 1998-2019, we find that stronger trade unions in a country are associated with a greater decline in the industry sector employment of young and low-educated workers. We also show that the unemployment rates for low-educated workers remain constant in strongly unionised countries with increasing exposure to robots, whereas in weakly unionised countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions exacerbating the insider-outsider effects of technological change within the industrial sector, which however is not fully passed on to unemployment.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/252204
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15080
    Subjects: trade unions; technological change; outsiders/insiders; dual labour market; unemployment; labour economics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Using online vacancy and job applicants' data to study skills dynamics
    Author: Bennett, Fidel; Escudero, Verónica; Liepmann, Hannah; Podjanin, Ana
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    We assess whether online data on vacancies and applications to a job board are a suitable source for studying skills dynamics outside of Europe and the United States, where a rich literature has examined skills dynamics using online vacancy data.... more

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    We assess whether online data on vacancies and applications to a job board are a suitable source for studying skills dynamics outside of Europe and the United States, where a rich literature has examined skills dynamics using online vacancy data. Yet, the knowledge on skills dynamics is scarce for other countries, irrespective of their level of development. We first propose a taxonomy that systematically aggregates three broad categories of skills - cognitive, socioemotional and manual - and fourteen commonly observed and recognizable skills sub-categories, which we define based on unique skills identified through keywords and expressions. Our aim is to develop a taxonomy that is comprehensive but succinct, suitable for the labour market realities of developing and emerging economies and adapted to online vacancies and applicants' data. Using machine-learning techniques, we then develop a methodology that allows implementing the skills taxonomy in online vacancy and applicants' data, thus capturing both the supply and the demand side. Implementing the methodology with Uruguayan data from the job board BuscoJobs, we assign skills to 64 per cent of applicants' employment spells and 94 per cent of vacancies. We consider this a successful implementation since the exploited text information often does not follow a standardized format. The advantage of our approach is its reliance on data that is currently available in many countries across the world, thereby allowing for country-specific analysis that does not need to assume that occupational skills bundles are the same across countries. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to explore this approach in the context of emerging economies. 4950

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220376621; 9789220376638; 9789220376645; 9789220376652
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265591
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 75 (August 2022)
    Subjects: labour economics; employment; informal employment; occupational classification; ISCO; skilled workers; unskilled workers; occupational qualification; skills; lifelong learning; information and communication technologies; Internet; technological change; data collecting; databases
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Mobile internet, skills and structural transformation in Rwanda
    Author: Caldarola, Bernardo; Grazzi, Marco; Occelli, Martina; Sanfilippo, Marco
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper examines the relationship between mobile internet, employment and structural transformation in Rwanda. Thanks to its ability to enable access to a wide range of ICT technologies, internet coverage has the potential to affect the dynamics... more

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    This paper examines the relationship between mobile internet, employment and structural transformation in Rwanda. Thanks to its ability to enable access to a wide range of ICT technologies, internet coverage has the potential to affect the dynamics and the composition of employment significantly. To demonstrate this, we have combined GSMA network coverage maps with individual-level information from national population censuses and labour force surveys, creating a district-level dataset of Rwanda that covers the period 2002 to 2019. Our results show that an increase in mobile internet coverage affects the labour market in two ways. First, by increasing employment opportunities. Second, by contributing to changes in the composition of the labour market. Education, migration and shifts in demand are all instrumental in explaining our findings.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220369487; 9789220369494; 9789220369500; 9789220369517
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263123
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 60 (April 2022)
    Subjects: labour economics; employment; migrant workers; skilled workers; unskilled workers; skills; economic and social development; information and communication technologies; intermediate technology; technological change
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Welfare effects of unemployment benefits when informality is high
    Author: Liepmann, Hannah; Pignatti, Clemente
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    We analyze for the first time the welfare effects of unemployment benefits (UBs) in a context of high informality, exploiting matched administrative and survey data with individual-level information on UB receipt, formal and informal employment,... more

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    We analyze for the first time the welfare effects of unemployment benefits (UBs) in a context of high informality, exploiting matched administrative and survey data with individual-level information on UB receipt, formal and informal employment, wages and consumption. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that dismissal from a formal job causes a large drop in consumption, which is between three to six times larger than estimates for developed economies. This is generated by a permanent shift of UB recipients towards informal employment, where they earn substantially lower wages. We then exploit a kink in benefits and show that more generous UBs delay program exit through a substitution of formal with informal employment. However, the disincentive effects are small and short-lived. Because of the high insurance value and the low efficiency costs, welfare effects from increasing UBs are positive for a range of values of the coefficient of relative risk aversion.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220351840; 9789220351857; 9789220351864
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263105
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 39 (August/2021)
    Subjects: labour economics; informal employment; labour policy; unemployment benefits
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (75 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 07.11.2021
  6. COVID-19, jobs and the future of work in the LDCs
    a (disheartening) preliminary account
    Author: Parisotto, Aurelio; Elsheikhi, Adam
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the COVID-19-induced health and labour market crises in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), drawing on a large set of available data and sources. It highlights how the outbreak is affecting jobs... more

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    This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the COVID-19-induced health and labour market crises in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), drawing on a large set of available data and sources. It highlights how the outbreak is affecting jobs and incomes via multiple channels of transmission. It looks at policy responses so far and provides some suggestions for national employment and economic policies, as well as international support to help LDCs on their path to a job-rich recovery and future resilience While the effects of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the most advanced nations are receiving much attention, the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are at risk of suffering the most severe economic and social damages. Plummeting exports and drops in tourism and remittances, coupled with even a few weeks of lockdown, are profoundly affecting labour markets in LDCs, not least because most people work informally, have little cash reserves, no paid sick leave, no access to teleworking and nothing to fall back on. At the same time, governments have limited fiscal space available to provide relief to individuals and enterprises. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the health and labour market crises in the LDCs, drawing on a large set of available data and sources. It highlights how the outbreak is affecting jobs and incomes via multiple channels of transmission. It looks at policy responses so far and provides some suggestions for national employment and economic policies, as well as international support to help LDCs on their path to a job-rich recovery and future resilience

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220339275; 9789220339282; 9789220339299
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263086
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 20 (12/2020)
    Subjects: labour economics; employment policy; migrant workers; unskilled workers; working conditions; hours of work; social justice; vulnerable groups; COVID-19; safety management
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (41 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 11.01.2021
  7. Who creates jobs with broad skillsets?
    the crucial role of firms
    Author: De Marzo, Giordano; Mathew, Nanditha; Sbardella, Angelica
    Published: 2023
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Our study investigates the heterogeneity of skill demands within occupations, the firm activities that are associated with demand for broader skill sets, and the firm characteristics that are related to particular skills and different combinations of... more

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    Our study investigates the heterogeneity of skill demands within occupations, the firm activities that are associated with demand for broader skill sets, and the firm characteristics that are related to particular skills and different combinations of skills. We use a unique matched database of firm-level data and online job vacancy data for a developing economy, namely, India. Employing a multi-level machine learning technique and an innovative skill taxonomy, we identify and categorize skill requirements of firms. Our empirical analysis provides robust evidence of significant heterogeneity in skill requirements across firms within the same occupations. Additionally, we show that firms demanding diverse skills differ from their counterparts. Firms that are competitive in international markets, as well as those that are more innovative, require digital skills and specific combinations of digital and other skills. Our findings highlight the crucial role played by firms in defining the changing nature of work.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789220392706; 9789220392669; 9789220392676; 9789220392683; 9789220392690
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278563
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 94 (June 2023)
    Subjects: labour economics; future of work; training; skills; lifelong learning; enterprises
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen