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Displaying results 1 to 7 of 7.

  1. Birth order effects in the developed and developing world
    evidence from international test scores
    Author: Andersen, Dana C.; Güneş, Pinar Mine
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines the effect of birth order and family size on human capital using a consistent measure of cognitive skills across a diverse set of countries with different levels of development from PISA dataset. Using a birth order index that is... more

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    This paper examines the effect of birth order and family size on human capital using a consistent measure of cognitive skills across a diverse set of countries with different levels of development from PISA dataset. Using a birth order index that is orthogonal to family size, as well as controlling for student and family covariates, we find negative family size and birthorder effects in both developed and developing countries. Moreover, estimating the effects by country, there is no evidence of a relationship between birth order effects and the level of development, while the effect of family size is slightly higher in developing countries. The results also show that birth order effects are declining in birth order and that birth order matters more among smaller families than larger families.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272558
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15931
    Subjects: birth order; family size; human capital
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Fertility, son-preference, and the reversal of the gender gap in literacy/numeracy tests
    Author: Chae, Minhee; Meng, Xin; Xue, Sen
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study examines the relationship between fertility decline and the reversal/narrowing of the gender gap in literacy/numeracy test scores. Drawing on Becker's Quantity-Quality (Q-Q) trade-off model, we propose that in a society such as China,... more

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    This study examines the relationship between fertility decline and the reversal/narrowing of the gender gap in literacy/numeracy test scores. Drawing on Becker's Quantity-Quality (Q-Q) trade-off model, we propose that in a society such as China, where son-preference is prevalent, the Q-Q trade-off would be larger for daughters than that for sons. An exogenous reduction of fertility would make girls more likely to live in a single-sex family, which in turn increases the share of human capital investment for girls. We test this empirically. To consider the endogenous nature of the demand for children, we exploit an exogenous variation in fertility due to China's family planning policy. Utilising the policy intensity information collected from hundreds of county gazetteers to construct a novel instrument for fertility, we find that a reduction in one sibling narrows the gender gap in numeracy and literacy test scores by 14.8% and 21.4% of a standard deviation in the rural sample and 4.0% and 6.5% in the urban sample. The pattern is more pronounced in regions with a higher proportion of people who prefer a son over a daughter. We also provide suggestive evidence that the channel of the effect is indeed largely through the increased probability of girls living in single-sex families.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278906
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16208
    Subjects: gender gap; family size; test scores
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Family size and domestic violence in a high-fertility society
    Author: Pritadrajati, Dyah
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Does family size affect the prevalence of domestic violence? Using nationally representative survey data from Samoa, which has among the world's highest fertility rates, I extend the classic work on child quantity-quality trade-offs to also consider... more

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    Does family size affect the prevalence of domestic violence? Using nationally representative survey data from Samoa, which has among the world's highest fertility rates, I extend the classic work on child quantity-quality trade-offs to also consider domestic violence. Identification is based on instrumental variable (IV) strategies exploiting three distinct and plausibly exogenous drivers of additional fertility: (1) same-sex sibling pairs in families with two or more children; (2) multiple births (twin); and (3) a female firstborn. I find evidence of a direct causal link between family size and an increased prevalence of intimate partner violence by, on average, 5 percentage points, equivalent to a 13% increase from the mean. This significant effect is largely driven by physical or sexual abuse often associated with serious victim injuries. The IV estimates also suggest that larger families tend to have attitudes that condone violent behavior. The normalization of violent behavior in larger families may be linked to a lack of resources available to effectively address and resolve conflicts, ultimately contributing to an increased likelihood of violent incidents. These findings highlight the need for greater awareness of the potential victimization risks for larger families and the importance of integrated family planning and domestic violence prevention efforts.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1394 (June 2023)
    Subjects: family size; domestic violence; instrumental variable
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Does cutting child benefits reduce fertility in larger families?
    evidence from the UK’s two-child limit
    Author: Reader, Mary; Portes, Jonathan; Patrick, Ruth
    Published: April 2022
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study the impact of restricting child-related social assistance to the first two children in the family on the fertility of third and subsequent births. As of April 2017, all third and subsequent born children to low-income families in the UK did... more

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    We study the impact of restricting child-related social assistance to the first two children in the family on the fertility of third and subsequent births. As of April 2017, all third and subsequent born children to low-income families in the UK did not receive means-tested child benefits, amounting to a reduction in income relative to the previous system of approximately 3000 GBP a year per child. We use administrative births microdata and household survey data to estimate the impact of the two-child limit on higher-order births with a triple differences approach, exploiting variation over date of birth, socio-economic status, and birth order. We find some evidence that the policy led to a small decline in higher-order fertility among lowincome families. However, compared to earlier research in the UK and elsewhere, largely based on benefit increases, the impact is small. This may be due to informational barriers or to other economic and social constraints affecting low income families. Our results imply that the main impact of cuts to child benefits is not to reduce fertility but to withdraw income from low-income families, with potential implications for child poverty.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263419
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15203
    Subjects: fertility; family size; social assistance; welfare reform
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The influence of cousin order and cousin group size on educational outcomes
    Author: Barclay, Kieron; Conley, Dalton
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: MPIDR working paper ; WP 2022, 013 (March 2022)
    Subjects: Sweden; birth order; education; extended family; family size
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. A time of need
    exploring the changing poverty risk facing larger families in the UK
    Author: Stewart, Kitty; Reeves, Aaron; Patrick, Ruth
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: CASEpaper ; 224 (February 2021)
    Subjects: child poverty; family size; social security; benefits
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Human capital investments and family size in Italy: IV estimates using twin births as an instrument
    Author: Ponzo, Michela; Scoppa, Vincenzo
    Published: December 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Human capital investments at an early age appear crucial for individual outcomes. Family size might affect these investments influencing parental time and economic resources invested in children's education. This aspect is related to the children... more

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    Human capital investments at an early age appear crucial for individual outcomes. Family size might affect these investments influencing parental time and economic resources invested in children's education. This aspect is related to the children quantity-quality trade-off proposed by Becker that has been investigated only for a few countries because of data limitations. We investigate this issue for Italy - even in the absence of Census data relating family of origin to children's educational outcomes - using many waves of the Survey on Household Income and Wealth of the Bank of Italy and focusing on the educational attainments of 19-22 years old. We use twin births as an instrumental variable to identify exogenous variations in family size. In contrast with the results from other developed countries, we find a significant negative effect of family size on children's education. We show that these findings are robust to a number of checks. The effects appear stronger for women, for low income families and when spacing between births is limited, suggesting that both time and financial constraints are mechanisms at work.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250644
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14983
    Subjects: educational outcomes; family size; quantity-quality children trade-off; twin births; instrumental variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen