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Displaying results 1 to 15 of 15.

  1. Forecasting banknote circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic using structural time series models
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt am Main

    As part of the Eurosystem’s annual banknote production planning, the national central banks draw up forecasts estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 per cent... more

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    As part of the Eurosystem’s annual banknote production planning, the national central banks draw up forecasts estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated net issuance) had been issued by the national central banks of France, Germany, Italy and Spain (‘4 NCBs’). To date, the 4 NCBs have been using ARIMAX models to forecast the banknotes issued nationally in circulation by denomination (‘benchmark models’). This paper presents the structural time series models developed by the 4 NCBs as an additional forecasting tool. The forecast accuracy measures used in this study show that the structural time series models outperform the benchmark models currently in use at each of the 4 NCBs for most of the denominations. However, it should be borne in mind that the statistical informative value of this comparison is limited by the fact the projection period is only twelve months.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9783957299512
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/273732
    Series: Discussion paper / Deutsche Bundesbank ; no 2023, 20
    Subjects: euro; demand for banknotes; forecast of banknotes in circulation; structural time series models; ARIMA models; intervention variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Forecasting banknote circulation during the Covid-19 pandemic using structural time series models

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Questioni di economia e finanza / Banca d'Italia ; number 771 (May 2023)
    Subjects: euro; demand for banknotes; forecast of banknotes in circulation; structural time seriesmodels; ARIMA models; intervention variables
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 83 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The impact of the euro on trade
    two decades into monetary union
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    The consensus back in 2008 – ten years after the introduction of the euro – was that the adoption of a common currency had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al., 2008).... more

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    The consensus back in 2008 – ten years after the introduction of the euro – was that the adoption of a common currency had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al., 2008). Since then, six more countries have joined the euro area, and firms have internationalised their production processes. These two phenomena are interrelated and may have changed the way the common currency affects the euro area economy. Therefore, with the common currency now into its third decade – and with more countries queuing to adopt it – this paper revisits the trade effects of the euro, focusing on the newer euro adopters (i.e. those countries that have adopted the euro since 2007) and their interaction with the first wave of euro area members via supply chains. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it revisits the estimated aggregate impact of the euro on euro area trade, as well as on trade within and between the two waves of adopters. Data on bilateral flows between 1990 and 2015 for an extended sample of countries to estimate a gravity equation indicate a significant trade impact, ranging between 4.3% and 6.3% in total on average, with the magnitude being the highest for exports from the second wave of adopters to the first wave of adopters. If a synthetic control approach (Abadie and Gardeazabal, 2003; Abadie et al., 2010) is used instead, the estimated gains associated with euro adoption are greater. In particular, exports of both intermediate and final products from countries belonging to the first wave of euro adopters to those belonging to the second wave are estimated to have increased by about 30% using this approach. The second contribution made by this paper relates to the channels through which trade might be affected by a currency union. This question is explored by looking separately at trade in intermediate goods and final products. While we find that trade gains were mainly driven by trade in intermediate goods among countries that adopted the currency earlier (5.3%), our results also show that the euro had a positive effect on the exports of final products from the second wave of adopters to other euro area countries. This effect is as high as 10.6% with the gravity model and 32% with the synthetic control approach. One of the reasons for the difference in the range of estimates between the two approaches might be that the gravity model can control for unobserved characteristics via fixed effects, while the synthetic control approach may fail to do so. These results suggest that the euro facilitated the establishment and expansion of international production chains in Europe. In turn, this is likely to have increased business cycle synchronisation in the euro area and to have supported market access for later adopters.

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289948371
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246214
    Series: Occasional paper series / European Central Bank ; no 283 (October 2021)
    Subjects: euro; trade flows; global value chains; gravity equation; synthetic control approach
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (59 Seiten), Illustrationen, Diagramme
  4. Capital flows in the euro area
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  Europ. Comm., Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Brussels

    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    VS 289 (497)
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    ISBN: 9789279285790
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    Series: Array ; 497
    Subjects: capital flows; euro; imbalances
    Scope: Online-Ressource (50 S.), graph. Darst.
  5. Where do we stand with "whatever it takes"?
    Author: Whelan, Karl
    Published: 11 June 2022
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP17378
    Subjects: European Central Bank; euro; whatever it takes; fragmentation; OMT
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten)
  6. The role of the euro in Southern Neighbourhood countries
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

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    ISBN: 9789276446309
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    Series: Array ; 163 (June 2022)
    Subjects: Southern Neighbourhood; euro; international currency; foreign exchange reserves; exchangerate; invoicing currency; external public debt; foreign deposits and loans
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The EU’s response to the COVID-19 crisis
    a game changer for the international role of the euro?
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

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    ISBN: 9789276529323
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    Series: Array ; 164 (June 2022)
    Subjects: international role of the euro; international currencies; international monetary system; safe assets; euro; US dollar; NGEU; SURE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Signaling virtue or vulnerability?
    the changing impact of exchange rate regimes on government bond yields
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, Germany

    Do exchange rate regimes affect the conditions under which developed countries borrow? This paper argues that they do, but their impact on yields depends on the prevailing macroeconomic context. When investors regard inflation as the most relevant... more

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    Z 125 - 2022,5
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Do exchange rate regimes affect the conditions under which developed countries borrow? This paper argues that they do, but their impact on yields depends on the prevailing macroeconomic context. When investors regard inflation as the most relevant risk to bond holdings, monetary union has a distinct advantage over floating and fixed exchange rates because of its credible in-built mechanism to control inflation. However, once default is seen as the most relevant risk, exchange rate rigidity becomes a liability due to its constraining effect on governments' ability to respond to adverse shocks. We test our argument with a moving window panel analysis for twenty-three OECD countries from 1980 to 2017. We find that before the late 2000s, inflation was penalized under floating and (to a lesser extent) fixed exchange rate regimes, but not in countries in monetary union. Since the 2010s, inflation carries no penalty under any exchange rate regime. Variables linked to default risk (debt and entitlement spending) did not affect yields under any exchange rate arrangements until the mid-2000s. Afterwards, countries in monetary union (and to a lesser extent in fixed exchange rate regimes) were significantly penalized for public debt and entitlement spending, whereas countries with floating regimes were not. Our results speak to the literatures on governments' institutional commitments and "room to move. Haben Wechselkursregime einen Einfluss auf die Konditionen, zu denen entwickelte Länder Staatsanleihen ausgeben können? Wir argumentieren in diesem Beitrag, dass dies der Fall ist, wobei ihre Wirkung auf die Anleiherenditen vom vorherrschenden makroökonomischen Kontext abhängt. Erachten Investoren Inflation als das entscheidende Risiko für Investitionen in Anleihen, so hat eine Währungsunion durch ihren glaubwürdigen integrierten Mechanismus zur Inflationskontrolle klare Vorteile gegenüber flexiblen und festen Wechselkursen. Wird jedoch ein Ausfall der Rückzahlungen als das entscheidende Risiko angesehen, werden starre Wechselkurse zum Nachteil, da sie die Fähigkeit von Regierungen, auf negative Schocks zu reagieren, verringern. Wir testen unser Argument mithilfe einer für den Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2017 mit gleitenden Zeitfenstern durchgeführten Panelanalyse von 23 OECD-Ländern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Inflation vor den späten 2000er-Jahren in flexiblen und (weniger stark) in festen Wechselkursregimen finanziell abgestraft wurde, jedoch nicht in den Ländern einer Währungsunion. Seit den 2010er-Jahren wirkt sich Inflation in keinem der Wechselkursregime auf die Renditen aus. Mit dem Ausfallrisiko verknüpfte Variablen (Staatsverschuldung und Sozialausgaben) hatten bis zur Mitte der 2000er-Jahre in keinem der Wechselkursregime einen Einfluss auf die Renditen. Danach wurden Länder in einer Währungsunion erheblich (und Länder in festen Wechselkursregimen weniger stark) für Staatsverschuldung und Sozialausgaben abgestraft, während dies bei Ländern in flexiblen Regimen nicht der Fall war. Unsere Ergebnisse tragen zur Literatur über institutionelle Selbstverpflichtungen und Handlungsspielräume von Regierungen bei."

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 21.11116/0000-000B-36A1-2
    Series: MPIfG discussion paper ; 22, 5
    Subjects: bond yields; euro; exchange rate regimes; financial markets; international political economy; Anleiherenditen; Euro; Finanzmärkte; internationale politische Ökonomie; Wechselkurssysteme
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (IV, 44 Seiten), Diagramme
  9. The impact of the euro on trade
    two decades into monetary union
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    The consensus back in 2008 – ten years after the introduction of the euro – was that the adoption of a common currency had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al., 2008).... more

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    DS 535
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    The consensus back in 2008 – ten years after the introduction of the euro – was that the adoption of a common currency had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al., 2008). Since then, six more countries have joined the euro area, and firms have internationalised their production processes. These two phenomena are interrelated and may have changed the way the common currency affects the euro area economy. Therefore, with the common currency now into its third decade – and with more countries queuing to adopt it – this paper revisits the trade effects of the euro, focusing on the newer euro adopters (i.e. those countries that have adopted the euro since 2007) and their interaction with the first wave of euro area members via supply chains. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it revisits the estimated aggregate impact of the euro on euro area trade, as well as on trade within and between the two waves of adopters. Data on bilateral flows between 1990 and 2015 for an extended sample of countries to estimate a gravity equation indicate a significant trade impact, ranging between 4.3% and 6.3% in total on average, with the magnitude being the highest for exports from the second wave of adopters to the first wave of adopters. If a synthetic control approach (Abadie and Gardeazabal, 2003; Abadie et al., 2010) is used instead, the estimated gains associated with euro adoption are greater. In particular, exports of both intermediate and final products from countries belonging to the first wave of euro adopters to those belonging to the second wave are estimated to have increased by about 30% using this approach. The second contribution made by this paper relates to the channels through which trade might be affected by a currency union. This question is explored by looking separately at trade in intermediate goods and final products. While we find that trade gains were mainly driven by trade in intermediate goods among countries that adopted the currency earlier (5.3%), our results also show that the euro had a positive effect on the exports of final products from the second wave of adopters to other euro area countries. This effect is as high as 10.6% with the gravity model and 32% with the synthetic control approach. One of the reasons for the difference in the range of estimates between the two approaches might be that the gravity model can control for unobserved characteristics via fixed effects, while the synthetic control approach may fail to do so. These results suggest that the euro facilitated the establishment and expansion of international production chains in Europe. In turn, this is likely to have increased business cycle synchronisation in the euro area and to have supported market access for later adopters.

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789289948371
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246214
    Series: Occasional paper series / European Central Bank ; no 283 (October 2021)
    Subjects: euro; trade flows; global value chains; gravity equation; synthetic control approach
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (59 Seiten), Illustrationen, Diagramme
  10. Better out than in?
    regional disparity and heterogeneous income effects of the euro
    Published: October 7, 2021
    Publisher:  Australian National University, Crawford School of Public Policy, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Canberra

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    Format: Online
    Series: CAMA working paper ; 2021, 88 (October 2021)
    Subjects: currency union; euro; synthetic control method; regional income disparity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The Eurozone convergence through crises and structural changes
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 334 (2017,38)
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    Series: Working paper / EconomiX ; 2017, 38
    Subjects: Convergence; business cycle synchronization; euro; crises; structural breaks
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  12. Macroeconomic policy making and current account imbalances in the euro area
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    The paper analyses the role of fiscal and monetary policy for the development of the current account imbalances in the euro area, including the most recent developments during the coronavirus crisis. Several financial transmission channels such as... more

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    The paper analyses the role of fiscal and monetary policy for the development of the current account imbalances in the euro area, including the most recent developments during the coronavirus crisis. Several financial transmission channels such as international bank lending, changes in TARGET2 balances, international rescue credit and government bond purchases of euro area central banks are identified. It is found that differing fiscal policy stances which have interacted differently with the ECB’s monetary policy have been at roots of first diverging and then converging current account positions in the euro area. Since the European financial and debt crisis, public financing mechanisms and the unconventional monetary of the ECB have contributed to the persistence of intra-euro area current account imbalances.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/236695
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9153 (2021)
    Subjects: current account; current account imbalances; financial account; euro; EU; European Monetary Union; monetary policy; fiscal policy; TARGET2
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The role of the euro in the Eastern partnership countries
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    ISBN: 9789276237679
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    Series: Array ; 138 (February 2021)
    Subjects: Eastern Partnership; euro; international currency; foreign exchange reserves; exchange rate; invoicing currency; external public debt; foreign deposits and loans
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Gravity and heterogeneous trade cost elasticities
    Published: 02 July 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Series: Array ; DP16318
    Subjects: Außenhandelselastizität; Kosten; Außenhandel; Räumliche Interaktion; Welt; Currency Unions; euro; Gravity; Heterogeneity; RTA; Trade Costs; Trade Elasticity,translog; WTO
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. After 25 Years as faithful members of the EU
    public support for the euro and trust in the ECB in Austria, Finland and Sweden
    Published: September 2020
    Publisher:  Department of Economics, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund

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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/260311
    Series: Working paper / Department of Economics, Lund University ; 2020, 19
    Subjects: euro; trust; ECB; EU; monetary union; Austria; Finland; Sweden
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen