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  1. A parsimonious model of optimal social distancing and vaccination during an outbreak
    Author: Gori, Luca; Manfredi, Piero; Marsiglio, Simone; Sodini, Mauro
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  [Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Economia e Management], [Pisa]

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    Series: Discussion papers / Dipartimento di Economia e Management, Università di Pisa ; n. 292 (2023)
    Subjects: Infectious diseases; COVID-19 transmission dynamics and interventions; Social distancing; Vaccination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. A parsimonious model of optimal social distancing and vaccination during an outbreak
    Author: Gori, Luca; Manfredi, Piero; Marsiglio, Simone; Sodini, Mauro
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Motivated by the complicated control issues of COVID-19, this article aims at investigating the optimal control of an epidemic of a Susceptible-Infective-Removed-Susceptible (SIRS) infection, where social distancing is the only control action in a... more

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    Motivated by the complicated control issues of COVID-19, this article aims at investigating the optimal control of an epidemic of a Susceptible-Infective-Removed-Susceptible (SIRS) infection, where social distancing is the only control action in a first stage, whereas a combination of social distancing and vaccination is available in a second stage. The resulting two-control optimal problem is set within a parsimonious economic framework in which a social planner minimises an objective function weighting epidemiological and economic costs by choosing the strength of social distancing in the first stage and both social distancing and the extent of an income tax to finance vaccination in the second stage. The article shows (i) how to mix social distancing and vaccination depending on the planner's degree of rationality; (ii) the importance of the planner's expectation about the date of vaccine arrival, and how the actual effi cacy of the vaccine against the infection can affect the optimal social distancing policy in the pre-vaccination period, and (iii) the use of the social distancing instrument as the only optimal control under vaccine rationing.

     
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    Language: English
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270892
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1263
    Subjects: Infectious diseases; COVID-19 transmission dynamics and interventions; Social distancing; Vaccination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Optimal age-based policies for pandemics
    an economic analysis of covid-19 and beyond
    Author: Brotherhood, Luiz Mário; Kircher, Philipp; Santos, Cézar; Tertilt, Michele
    Published: 17 January 2024
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    This paper investigates the importance of the age composition for pandemic policy design. To do so, it introduces an economic framework with age heterogeneity, individual choice, and incomplete information, emphasizing the value of testing.... more

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    This paper investigates the importance of the age composition for pandemic policy design. To do so, it introduces an economic framework with age heterogeneity, individual choice, and incomplete information, emphasizing the value of testing. Calibrating the model to the US Covid-19 pandemic reveals an 80% reduction in death toll due to voluntary actions and the lockdown implemented in the US. The optimal lockdown, however, is more stringent than what was implemented in the US. Moreover, the social planner follows an asymmetric approach by locking down the young relatively more than the old. We underscore the importance of testing, showing its impact on reduced deaths, lower economic costs and laxer lockdown. We use the framework to provide systematic insights into pandemics caused by different viruses (among others the Spanish flu), and underline the influence of economic conditions on optimal policies.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP18759
    Subjects: Covid-19; Testing; Social distancing; Age-specific policies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Denialism, politics and the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil
    an empirical analysis on observational data
    Author: Castilho, Marta dos Reis; Pero, Valéria; Razafindrakoto, Mireille; Roubaud, François; Saboia, João
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  UMR LEDa, Paris

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    Series: Document de travail / UMR LEDa ; DT/2022, 03
    Subjects: Brazil; Bolsonaro effect; Covid-19; Social distancing; Political Factors; Mobility; Mortality; Public Policies; Socioeconomic Inequalities; Vaccination
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Long social distancing
    Author: Barrero, Jose Maria; Bloom, Nicholas; Davis, Steven J.
    Published: 11-4-2022
    Publisher:  W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI

    More than ten percent of Americans with recent work experience say they will continue social distancing after the COVID-19 pandemic ends, and another 45 percent will do so in limited ways. We uncover this Long Social Distancing phenomenon in our... more

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    More than ten percent of Americans with recent work experience say they will continue social distancing after the COVID-19 pandemic ends, and another 45 percent will do so in limited ways. We uncover this Long Social Distancing phenomenon in our monthly Survey of Working Arrangements and Attitudes. It is more common among older persons, women, the less educated, those who earn less, and in occupations and industries that require many face-to-face encounters. People who intend to continue social distancing have lower labor force participation-unconditionally, and conditional on demographics and other controls. Regression models that relate outcomes to intentions imply that Long Social Distancing reduced participation by 2.5 percentage points in the first half of 2022. Separate self-assessed causal effects imply a reduction of 2.0 percentage points. The impact on the earnings-weighted participation rate is smaller at about 1.4 percentage points. This drag on participation reduces potential output by nearly one percent and shrinks the college wage premium. Economic reasoning and evidence suggest that Long Social Distancing and its effects will persist for many months or years.

     
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    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/283971
    Series: Upjohn Institute working paper ; 22, 376
    Subjects: Social distancing; infection worries; pandemic; labor force participation; potential output; college wage premium; self-assessed causal effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. How long do voluntary lockdowns keep people at home?
    the role of social capital during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Author: Kuroda, Yuta; Sato, Takaki; Matsuda, Yasumasa
    Published: May, 2022
    Publisher:  Center for Data Science and Service Research, Graduate School of Economic and Management, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

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    Language: English
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    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10097/00135069
    Series: Data science and service research discussion paper ; no. 125
    Subjects: COVID-19; Stay-at-home orders; Social capital; Civic capital; Social distancing; Mobility; Compliance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces social distancing
    Author: Andersson, Ola; Campos-Mercade, Pol; Meier, Armando N.; Wengström, Erik
    Published: January 7, 2021
    Publisher:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    We show that the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and... more

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    We show that the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and availability of COVID-19 vaccines affects compliance with public health guidelines. We find that vaccine information reduces peoples' voluntary social distancing, adherence to hygiene guidelines, and their willingness to stay at home. Vaccine information induces people to believe in a swifter return to normal life and puts their vigilance at ease. The results indicate an important behavioral drawback of the successful vaccine development: An increased focus on vaccines can lead to bad health behaviors and accelerate the spread of the virus. The results imply that, as vaccinations start and the end of the pandemic feels closer, existing policies aimed at increasing social distancing will be less effective and stricter policies might be required.

     
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    Language: English
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    hdl: 10419/240521
    Series: IFN working paper ; no. 1378 (2021)
    Subjects: Economic epidemiology; Social distancing; Vaccination; Information
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Coronagraben
    culture and social distancing in times of COVID-19
    Author: Deopa, Neha; Fortunato, Piergiuseppe
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  United Nations, Geneva

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    UNCTAD/SER.RP/2020/8
    Series: UNCTAD research paper ; No. 49
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Infektionsschutz; Kulturelle Identität; Soziale Beziehungen; Soziale Werte; Schweiz; COVID-19; Culture; Social distancing; trust; political attitudes
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (24 Seiten)
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 03.08.2020
  9. #QuedateEnCasa
    las políticas de distanciamiento social y la movilidad en América Latina y el Caribe
    Author: Aromi, Daniel; Bonel, María Paula; Cristia, Julian; Llada, Martín; Pereira, Juan I.; Pulido, Xiomara; Santamaria, Julieth
    Published: septiembre
    Publisher:  Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Departamento de Investigación y Economista Jefe, [Washington, DC]

    This study examines the impact on human mobility of the national social distancing policies implemented in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries in March 2020. To do so, it uses georeferenced data from cellular phones and variation between... more

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    This study examines the impact on human mobility of the national social distancing policies implemented in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries in March 2020. To do so, it uses georeferenced data from cellular phones and variation between countries with regard to whether these measures were introduced and when. Mobility is measured as the percentage of people traveling more than 1 kilometer per day. Results indicate that lockdowns reduced mobility by an average of 10 percentage points during the 15 days following its implementation. This accounts for a third of the decline in mobility between the first week in March and the first week in April in countries that implemented lockdowns. However, this average effect hides an important heterogeneity. To start with, the impact during the second week of implementation is 28% lower compared to the effect documented during the first week. Also, while lockdowns reduced mobility by between 16 and 19 percentage points in Argentina, Bolivia, and Ecuador, in Paraguay and Venezuela, the reduction was only 3 percentage points. Additionally, we find that school closures reduced mobility by 4 percentage points. Finally, closures of bars and restaurants and cancellation of public events were found to have no impact on the mobility measurement analyzed.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/234716
    Series: Documento de trabalho do BID ; no IDB-WP-1147
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Epidemie; Infektionsschutz; Gesundheitspolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Soziale Mobilität; Lateinamerika; Karibischer Raum; Coronavirus; Social distancing; Mobility; Lockdowns
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Do epidemics impose a trade-off between freedom and health?
    evidence from Europe during Covid-19
    Author: Bartolini, Stefano; Sarracino, Francesco; Slater, Giulia
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  Università di Siena, [Siena]

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    Series: Quaderni del Dipartimento di economia politica e statistica ; n. 848 (dicembre 2020)
    Subjects: Covid-19; Social capital; Interpersonal trust; Institutional trust; Policy stringency; Containment; Collective action; Social distancing; Europe; Freedom
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The effect of social distancing on the reach of an epidemic in social networks
    Author: Gutin, Gregory Z.; Hirano, Tomohiro; Hwang, Sung-Ha; Neary, Philip R.; Akira Toda, Alexis
    Published: May 6, 2020
    Publisher:  CFM, Centre for Macroeconomics, London

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    Series: CFM discussion paper series ; CFM-DP 2020, 13
    Subjects: Soziale Beziehungen; Soziales Netzwerk; Infektionskrankheit; Epidemie; Monte-Carlo-Simulation; Social distancing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Let's (not) get together!
    the role of social norms in social distancing during COVID-19
    Author: Martinez, Deborah; Parilli, Cristina; Scartascini, Carlos G.; Simpser, Alberto
    Published: February 2021
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    While effective preventive measures against COVID-19 are now widely known, many individuals fail to adopt them. This paper provides experimental evidence about one potentially important driver of compliance with social distancing: social norms. We... more

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    While effective preventive measures against COVID-19 are now widely known, many individuals fail to adopt them. This paper provides experimental evidence about one potentially important driver of compliance with social distancing: social norms. We asked each of 23,000 survey respondents in Mexico to predict how a fictional person would behave when faced with the choice about whether or not to attend a friend's birthday gathering. Every respondent was randomly assigned to one of four social norms conditions. Expecting that other people would attend the gathering and/or believing that other people approved of attending the gathering both increased the predicted probability that the fictional character would attend the gathering by 25% in comparison with a scenario where other people were not expected to attend nor to approve of attending. Our results speak to the potential effects of communication campaigns and media coverage of, compliance with, and normative views about COVID-19 preventive measures. They also suggest that policies aimed at modifying social norms or making existing ones salient could impact compliance.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/237463
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1168
    Subjects: COVID19; Social norms; Social distancing; Normative expectations; Empirical expectations; Compliance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. #Stayat home
    social distancing policies and mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Author: Aromi, Daniel; Bonel, María Paula; Cristia, Julián; Llada, Martín; Pereira, Juan I.; Pulido, Xiomara; Santamaria, Julieth
    Published: September 2020
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This study examines the impact on human mobility of the national social distancing policies implemented in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries in March 2020. To do so, it uses georeferenced data from cellular phones and variation between... more

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    Verlag (kostenfrei)
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    DS 144
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    This study examines the impact on human mobility of the national social distancing policies implemented in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries in March 2020. To do so, it uses georeferenced data from cellular phones and variation between countries with regard to whether these measures were introduced and when. Mobility is measured as the percentage of people traveling more than 1 kilometer per day. Results indicate that lockdowns reduced mobility by an average of 10 percentage points during the 15 days following its implementation. This accounts for a third of the decline in mobility between the first week in March and the first week in April in countries that implemented lockdowns. However, this average effect hides an important heterogeneity. To start with, the impact during the second week of implementation is 28% lower compared to the effect documented during the first week. Also, while lockdowns reduced mobility by between 16 and 19 percentage points in Argentina, Bolivia, and Ecuador, in Paraguay and Venezuela, the reduction was only 3 percentage points. Additionally, we find that school closures reduced mobility by 4 percentage points. Finally, closures of bars and restaurants and cancellation of public events were found to have no impact on the mobility measurement analyzed.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/237447
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1147
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Social distancing; Mobility; Lockdowns
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Optimal age-based policies for pandemics
    an economic analysis of covid-19 and beyond
    Author: Brotherhood, Luiz Mário; Kircher, Philipp; Santos, Cézar; Tertilt, Michele
    Published: 17 January 2024
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    This paper investigates the importance of the age composition for pandemic policy design. To do so, it introduces an economic framework with age heterogeneity, individual choice, and incomplete information, emphasizing the value of testing.... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (BIS)
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    This paper investigates the importance of the age composition for pandemic policy design. To do so, it introduces an economic framework with age heterogeneity, individual choice, and incomplete information, emphasizing the value of testing. Calibrating the model to the US Covid-19 pandemic reveals an 80% reduction in death toll due to voluntary actions and the lockdown implemented in the US. The optimal lockdown, however, is more stringent than what was implemented in the US. Moreover, the social planner follows an asymmetric approach by locking down the young relatively more than the old. We underscore the importance of testing, showing its impact on reduced deaths, lower economic costs and laxer lockdown. We use the framework to provide systematic insights into pandemics caused by different viruses (among others the Spanish flu), and underline the influence of economic conditions on optimal policies.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP18759
    Subjects: Covid-19; Testing; Social distancing; Age-specific policies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The central role of social dynamics in nudging social norms for collective health
    Author: Martínez, Déborah; Rojas, Ana María; Scartascini, Carlos G.; Simpser, Alberto
    Published: March 2024
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    Can societies be nudged to adopt beneficial behaviors? Publicizing how people behave on average-descriptive-norms nudging-has emerged as a key tool for increasing the adoption of desirable behaviors. While nudging, by describing social norms, has... more

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    Can societies be nudged to adopt beneficial behaviors? Publicizing how people behave on average-descriptive-norms nudging-has emerged as a key tool for increasing the adoption of desirable behaviors. While nudging, by describing social norms, has proven effective in one-shot interventions in small samples (marginal-effect designs), nudging on an ongoing basis at the population level may not necessarily lead to higher compliance and can give rise to major challenges. We use a simple model to show that social adjustment dynamics can drive a population's behavior in unanticipated directions. We propose a general approach to estimating equilibrium behavior and apply it to a study of mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our empirical findings align with the analytical approach and indicate that publicizing mask-wearing rates on an ongoing basis could have backfired, as initially high rates would have settled into substantially lower equilibrium rates of the behavior. In other words, if scaled up, positive marginal-effect designs do not necessarily translate into full compliance with the intervention.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Working paper / [Inter-American Development Bank] ; no IDB-WP-1548
    Subjects: COVID-19; Social norms; Social distancing; Normative expectations; Empirical expectations; Compliance
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen