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  1. Health and access to care
    why it is necessary and urgent to switch from a global public good approach to a commons based approach
    Author: Coriat, Benjamin; Orsi, Fabienne; Alessandrini, Jean Francois; Boulet, Pascale; Singh-Phulgenda, Sauman
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    During the Covid 19 Pandemic, there have been countless calls for the creation of ''global public goods'' or ''global commons'' issued by a variety of actors with sometimes diametrically opposed views, as if the two notions had the same meaning. And... more

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    During the Covid 19 Pandemic, there have been countless calls for the creation of ''global public goods'' or ''global commons'' issued by a variety of actors with sometimes diametrically opposed views, as if the two notions had the same meaning. And indeed, even today these notions are still often used as synonyms and interchangeable, leading to an amalgamation of concepts. The meaning and implications of using one notion or other notion (global public good, global commons) is never examined. We believe that, contrary to the dominant view, it is urgent to put an end to this confusion which is not only of a semantic order and has huge economic and social implications. In this article, we start by recalling what constitutes the notion of ''Global Public Good'' and by extension the content of what can be called the GPG approach (section 1). Then, by difference we present the notion of common good and the commons based approach (section 2). Finally, in a concluding section, we present some of the most significant initiatives taken during the covid-19 pandemic, designed and deployed to producing and distributing health products as common goods (section 3). Our overall ambition being to highlight that the deployment of the commons based approach that we are calling for, is not a utopia, as it is already moving on.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 08 (February 2023)
    Subjects: International Institutional Arrangements; Public Goods; Health and Inequality; Property Law; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. What Drives (Gaps in) Scientific Study Participation? Evidence from a COVID-19 Antibody Survey
    Author: Dutz, Deniz; Greenstone, Michael; Hortaçsu, Ali; Lacouture, Santiago; Mogstad, Magne; Shaikh, Azeem M.; Torgovitsky, Alexander; Van Dijk, Winnie L.
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Underrepresentation of minority and poor households in scientific studies undermines policy decisions and public health. We study data from a serological study that randomized participation incentives. Participation is low (6% at $0, 17% at $100, 29%... more

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    Underrepresentation of minority and poor households in scientific studies undermines policy decisions and public health. We study data from a serological study that randomized participation incentives. Participation is low (6% at $0, 17% at $100, 29% at $500) and unequal: minority and poor households are underrepresented at low incentive levels. We develop a framework for disentangling non-contact and ``participation hesitancy'' in explaining non-participation. We find that underrepresentation occurs because poor and minority households are more hesitant, not because they are harder to contact. The $500 incentive appears to overcome differences in hesitancy and restore representativeness along observable dimensions

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30880
    Subjects: Forschung; Coronavirus; Erhebungstechnik; Minderheit; Armut; Soziale Lage; USA; General; Survey Methods; Survey Methods; Sampling Methods; Health; Health and Inequality; General; Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  3. The Intergenerational Consequences of Economic Distress
    In-Utero Exposure to Financial Crises and Birth Outcomes
    Author: Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude; Cilasun, Seyit Mümin; Tekin, Erdal; Turan, Belgi
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper uses the severe economic crisis in Turkey in 2008 as a quasi-experiment to evaluate the impact of worsening economic conditions during pregnancy on birth outcomes. Exploiting the temporal and spatial variations in economic hardship across... more

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    This paper uses the severe economic crisis in Turkey in 2008 as a quasi-experiment to evaluate the impact of worsening economic conditions during pregnancy on birth outcomes. Exploiting the temporal and spatial variations in economic hardship across provinces, we show that the deep economic downturn led to significantly lower birth weight. Furthermore, these effects are mainly observed in children born to mothers with low socioeconomic status, suggesting that credit constraints may be a significant factor in the impact of economic crises on birth outcomes in Turkey. Our study also demonstrates that mothers residing in provinces significantly hit by the economic recession are more likely to have premature babies and shorter gestational lengths, both of which elevate the prevalence of lower birth weight newborns. Finally, our analysis illustrates that selective fertility, abortion, and neonatal mortality are more common during an economic downturn, and play a significant role in explaining the impact on birth outcomes in our context

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30902
    Subjects: Finanzkrise; Schwangerschaft; Fertilität; Kinder; Gesundheit; Soziale Lage; Türkei; Health and Inequality; Health and Economic Development; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  4. Information and Disparities in Health Care Quality
    Evidence from GP Choice in England
    Author: Brown, Zach Y.; Hansman, Christopher; Keener, Jordan; Veiga, Andre F.
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Why do low income patients tend to go to lower quality health care providers, even when they are free? We show that differential information about provider quality is an important determinant of this disparity. Our empirical strategy exploits the... more

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    Why do low income patients tend to go to lower quality health care providers, even when they are free? We show that differential information about provider quality is an important determinant of this disparity. Our empirical strategy exploits the temporary presence of a website that publicly displayed summary star ratings of general practitioner (GP) offices in England. Regression discontinuity estimates show that patient demand responds sharply to the information on the website, and that this response is almost entirely driven by residents of low income neighborhoods. The results are consistent with high income patients having better private information about quality. We incorporate our estimates into a structural model of demand that allows for heterogeneity in information, preferences, and consumer inertia. We find that information differences explain 24 percent of the relationship between income and GP quality and reinforce disparities in access to care

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31033
    Subjects: Gesundheitsversorgung; Ärzte; Dienstleistungsqualität; Niedrigeinkommen; Diskriminierung; Großbritannien; Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness; Analysis of Health Care Markets; Health and Inequality; Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  5. From Syringes to Dishes
    Improving Food Security through Vaccination
    Author: Aslim, Erkmen Giray; Fu, Wei; Tekin, Erdal; You, Shijun
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on food insecurity in the United States, using data from the Household Pulse Survey. Our primary research design exploits variation in vaccine eligibility across states over time as an... more

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    This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on food insecurity in the United States, using data from the Household Pulse Survey. Our primary research design exploits variation in vaccine eligibility across states over time as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity of vaccination decision. We find that vaccination had a substantial impact on food hardship by reducing the likelihood of food insecurity by 24%, with even stronger effects among minority and financially disadvantaged populations. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and the use of regression discontinuity as an alternative identification strategy. We also show that vaccine eligibility had a positive spillover impact on food assistance programs, specifically by reducing participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which suggests that vaccination policy can be effective in alleviating the fiscal burden of the pandemic on the government. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that vaccinated individuals exhibit increased financial optimism, as measured by expectations about future loss of employment and income as well as ability to make mortgage and debt payments. Based on the point estimates, the implied elasticity of food insecurity with respect to financial optimism is between -0.57 and -0.86. Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 vaccination program has implications that extend beyond the direct health benefits. Taken together, our results underscore the critical role of medical innovations and health interventions in improving economic optimism and food security, especially among vulnerable populations, during public health crises

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31045
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Infektionskrankheit; Impfung; Ernährungspolitik; Ernährungssicherung; USA; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. Is Income Inequality Linked to Infectious Disease Prevalence?$bA Hypothesis-Generating Ecological Study Using Tuberculosis
    Author: Bhattacharya, Jay; Bhattacharya, Joydeep; Kim, Minkyong
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the association between infectious disease prevalence and income inequality. We hypothesize that random social mixing in an income-unequal society brings into contact a) susceptible and infected poor and b) the infected-poor and the... more

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    We study the association between infectious disease prevalence and income inequality. We hypothesize that random social mixing in an income-unequal society brings into contact a) susceptible and infected poor and b) the infected-poor and the susceptible-rich, raising infectious disease prevalence. We investigate this association by examining whether countries with elevated levels of income inequality have higher rates of pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) incidence per capita. We analyzed publicly available country-level panel data for a large cross-section of countries between 1995 and 2013. A "negative control" using anemia (a non-communicable disease, and hence impervious to the hypothesized mechanism) is also applied. We find that elevated levels of income inequality were positively associated with tuberculosis prevalence. All else equal, countries with income-Gini coefficients 10% apart are a statistically significant 4% different in tuberculosis incidence. Income inequality had a null effect on anemia, the negative control. Our cross-country regression results suggest that income inequality may create conditions where TB spreads more easily

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31053
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Infektionskrankheit; Welt; Health; Health and Inequality; Comparative Studies of Countries
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  7. The Health Wedge and Labor Market Inequality
    Author: Finkelstein, Amy; McQuillan, Casey C.; Zidar, Owen M.; Zwick, Eric
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Over half of the U.S. population receives health insurance through an employer, with employer premium contributions creating a flat "head tax" per worker, independent of their earnings. This paper develops and calibrates a stylized model of the labor... more

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    Over half of the U.S. population receives health insurance through an employer, with employer premium contributions creating a flat "head tax" per worker, independent of their earnings. This paper develops and calibrates a stylized model of the labor market to explore how this uniquely American approach to financing health insurance contributes to labor market inequality. We consider a partial-equilibrium counterfactual in which employer-provided health insurance is instead financed by a statutory payroll tax on firms. We find that, under this counterfactual financing, in 2019 the college wage premium would have been 11 percent lower, non-college annual earnings would have been $1,700 (3 percent) higher, and non-college employment would have been nearly 500,000 higher. These calibrated labor market effects of switching from head-tax to payroll-tax financing are in the same ballpark as estimates of the impact of other leading drivers of labor market inequality, including changes in outsourcing, robot adoption, rising trade, unionization, and the real minimum wage. We also consider a separate partial-equilibrium counterfactual in which the current head-tax financing is maintained, but 2019 U.S. health care spending as a share of GDP is reduced to the Canadian share; here, we estimate that the 2019 college wage premium would have been 5 percent lower and non-college annual earnings would have been 5 percent higher. These findings suggest that health care costs and the financing of health insurance warrant greater attention in both public policy and research on U.S. labor market inequality

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31091
    Subjects: Krankenversicherung; Betriebliche Sozialleistungen; Einkommensverteilung; Arbeitsmarkt; Lohnstruktur; USA; Incidence; Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; Health Insurance, Public and Private; Health and Inequality; General; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials; Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions; Public Policy
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  8. All Children Left Behind
    Drug Adherence and the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Author: Feng, Josh; Higgins, Matthew J.; Patel, Elena
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on chronic disease drug adherence. Focusing on asthma, we use a database that tracks the vast majority of prescription drug claims in the U.S. from 2018 to 2020. Using a difference-in-differences empirical... more

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    We study the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on chronic disease drug adherence. Focusing on asthma, we use a database that tracks the vast majority of prescription drug claims in the U.S. from 2018 to 2020. Using a difference-in-differences empirical specification, we compare monthly drug adherence in 2019 and 2020 for the set of chronic patients taking asthma medication before the onset of the pandemic. We find that the pandemic increased adherence for asthmatic adults by 10 percent. However, we find a sustained decrease in pediatric drug adherence that is most severe for the youngest children. By the end of 2020, drug adherence fell by 30 percent for children aged 0 to 5, by 12 percent for children aged 6 to 12, and 5 percent for children aged 13 to 18. These negative effects are persistent regardless of changes in medical need, socioeconomic factors, insurance coverage and access to health services. We provide suggestive evidence that the observed pediatric changes are likely driven by parental inattention

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30968
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Wirkungsanalyse; Chronische Krankheit; Arzneimittel; Medizinische Behandlung; Schätzung; USA; Health Behavior; Health and Inequality; Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology; Plastics
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  9. Obstetric Unit Closures and Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Health
    Author: Chatterji, Pinka; Ho, Chun-Yu; Wu, Xue
    Published: February 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper examines whether loss of locally available hospital-based obstetric services affects racial/ethnic disparities in intrapartum care access and birth outcomes in rural areas of the US. To conduct causal inference, we combine... more

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    This paper examines whether loss of locally available hospital-based obstetric services affects racial/ethnic disparities in intrapartum care access and birth outcomes in rural areas of the US. To conduct causal inference, we combine difference-in-difference and propensity score matching methods to control for observable and time-invariant unobservable heterogeneity across counties. Using data from Vital Statistics birth certificate records from 2005-2018 from rural counties in the mainland US, our empirical analysis reaches several findings. Women in counties that lost obstetric services are more likely to receive intrapartum care outside their counties of residence and to deliver in an urban county compared to women in matched counties. Nonetheless, there are no consistent effects of obstetric unit closure on maternal and infant health in the full sample. Among Black mothers, however, obstetric unit closure is not associated with delivering in an urban county, and there is a more consistent pattern of negative effects of closure on infant health. Importantly, the adoption of scope-of-practice laws for certified nurse midwives, the adoption of telehealth payment parity laws and the ACA Medicaid expansions have implications for narrowing racial/ethnic disparities in health in response to obstetric unit closures

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30986
    Subjects: Geburt; Gesundheitsversorgung; Gesundheit; Ethnische Gruppe; Ländlicher Raum; USA; General; Health; Analysis of Health Care Markets; Health and Inequality
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  10. (Breaking) Intergenerational Transmission of Mental Health
    Author: Bütikofer, Aline; Ginja, Rita; Karbownik, Krzysztof; Landaud, Fanny
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We estimate health associations across generations and dynasties using information on healthcare visits from administrative data for the entire Norwegian population. A parental mental health diagnosis is associated with a 9.3 percentage point (40%)... more

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    We estimate health associations across generations and dynasties using information on healthcare visits from administrative data for the entire Norwegian population. A parental mental health diagnosis is associated with a 9.3 percentage point (40%) higher probability of a mental health diagnosis of their adolescent child. Intensive margin physical and mental health associations are similar, and dynastic estimates account for about 40% of the intergenerational persistence. We also show that a policy targeting additional health resources for the young children of adults diagnosed with mental health conditions reduced the parent-child mental health association by about 40%

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31446
    Subjects: Psychische Krankheit; Intergenerationale Übertragung; Eltern; Kinder; Gesundheitspolitik; Norwegen; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse; Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
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  11. The Expansionary and Contractionary Supply-Side Effects of Health Insurance
    Author: Geddes, Eilidh; Schnell, Molly
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We examine how health insurance expansions affect the entry and location decisions of health care clinics. Exploiting county-level changes in insurance coverage following the Affordable Care Act and 1,721 retail clinic entries and exits, we find that... more

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    We examine how health insurance expansions affect the entry and location decisions of health care clinics. Exploiting county-level changes in insurance coverage following the Affordable Care Act and 1,721 retail clinic entries and exits, we find that local increases in insurance coverage do not lead to growth in the concentration of clinics on average using two-way fixed effects and instrumental variable designs. However, this null effect masks important heterogeneity by insurance type: growth in private insurance leads to large growth in clinic entry, whereas clinic penetration is dampened by increases in Medicaid coverage. Consistent with a model in which firms face demand from markets with both administered and market-based pricing, we find that the positive (negative) supply-side effects of private insurance (Medicaid) coverage are concentrated in states with low provider reimbursements under Medicaid. We further show that similar location patterns are observed among other types of health care clinics, including urgent care centers. While it has long been accepted that reductions in the prices paid by consumers following insurance expansions should lead the supply side to expand to meet increased demand (Arrow, 1963), our results demonstrate that whether health insurance expansions cause the supply side to expand or contract further depends on how the prices received by providers are affected

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31483
    Subjects: Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung; Private Krankenversicherung; Gesundheitswesen; Krankenhaus; Arztpraxis; USA; Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets; Analysis of Health Care Markets; Health Insurance, Public and Private; Health and Inequality; Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
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  12. Accounting for the Widening Mortality Gap Between Adult Americans with and without a BA
    Author: Case, Anne; Deaton, Angus
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We examine mortality differences between Americans with and without a four-year college degree over the period 1992 to 2021. From 1992 to 2010, both groups saw falling mortality, but with greater improvements for the more educated; from 2010 to 2019,... more

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    We examine mortality differences between Americans with and without a four-year college degree over the period 1992 to 2021. From 1992 to 2010, both groups saw falling mortality, but with greater improvements for the more educated; from 2010 to 2019, mortality fell for those with a BA and rose for those without; from 2019 to 2021, mortality rose for both groups, but more rapidly for the less educated. In consequence, the mortality gap between the two groups rose in all three periods, unevenly until 2010, faster between 2010 to 2019, and explosively during the pandemic. The overall period saw dramatic changes in patterns of mortality, but gaps rose consistently, not only in all-cause mortality, but in each of thirteen broad classifications of cause of death. Gaps increased for causes of death whose rates have risen in the last thirty years, whose rates have fallen in the last thirty years, and whose rates fell and then rose. Gaps rose for causes where rates were originally higher for those without a BA, and where rates were originally lower for those without a BA. Although mechanisms and stories are different for each cause of death, the widening gap is seen throughout

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31236
    Subjects: Sterblichkeit; Bildungsabschluss; Bildungsertrag; USA; Health; Health and Inequality; Returns to Education; General
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  13. Trends in the School Lunch Program
    Changes in Selection, Nutrition & Health
    Author: Bonomo, Therese; Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    There has been significant media attention on the issue of childhood obesity, leading policymakers to reform the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) to include stricter nutritional requirements. We use data on school lunch menus to document... more

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    There has been significant media attention on the issue of childhood obesity, leading policymakers to reform the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) to include stricter nutritional requirements. We use data on school lunch menus to document improvements in the nutritional quality of school meals between 1991 and 2010. We then evaluate how this change in nutritional content maps into obesity outcomes, using panel data on a nationally representative cohort of children, tracking them from kindergarten entry in fall 2010 through the end of fifth grade in spring 2016. We find little evidence that participation in the school lunch program leads to weight gain, as measured by changes in obesity, overweight, and BMI. These results suggest that improvements in the nutritional content of school lunches have been largely successful in reversing the previously negative relationship between school lunches and childhood obesity. Unrelated to school lunch participation, we find a strong relationship between mother's obesity status and both the level and growth of children's obesity, especially for girls and among high-SES families

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31287
    Subjects: Schule; Gemeinschaftsverpflegung; Ernährungspolitik; Schüler; Körpergewicht; USA; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Analysis of Education
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  14. 'We Are Not Guinea Pigs'
    The Effects of Disclosure of Medical Misconduct on Vaccine Compliance
    Author: Archibong, Belinda; Annan, Francis
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In 1996, following an epidemic, Pfizer tested a new drug on 200 children in Muslim Nigeria. 11 children died while others were disabled. We study the effects of the disclosure, in 2000, of the deaths of Muslim children in the Pfizer trials on vaccine... more

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    In 1996, following an epidemic, Pfizer tested a new drug on 200 children in Muslim Nigeria. 11 children died while others were disabled. We study the effects of the disclosure, in 2000, of the deaths of Muslim children in the Pfizer trials on vaccine compliance among Muslim mothers. Muslim mothers reduced routine vaccination of children born after the 2000 disclosure. The effect was stronger for educated mothers and mothers residing in minority Muslim neighborhoods. The disclosure did not affect other health-seeking behavior of mothers. The results illustrate the potential spillover effects of perceived medical malpractice on future vaccine hesitancy

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31655
    Subjects: Pharmaindustrie; Pharmakologie; Kriminalität; Arzneimittel; Kinder; Sterblichkeit; Konsumentenverhalten; Mütter; Muslime; Impfung; Nigeria; Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness; Health Behavior; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; Religion
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  15. Externalities from Medical Innovation
    Evidence from Organ Transplantation
    Author: Callison, Kevin; Darden, Michael; Teltser, Keith F.
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We evaluate the introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for Hepatitis C (HCV) on liver transplant allocation in the United States. We develop a model of listing and organ acceptance behavior for patients with both HCV-positive and... more

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    We evaluate the introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for Hepatitis C (HCV) on liver transplant allocation in the United States. We develop a model of listing and organ acceptance behavior for patients with both HCV-positive and HCV-negative end-stage liver disease. In the model, DAAs obviate the need for transplant for some HCV-positive patients, which shortens the waiting list, potentially benefiting HCV-negative registrants and inducing marginal HCV-negative patients to list. Using data from the universe of transplants between 2005 and 2019, we find that DAA availability resulted in an additional 5,682 liver transplants to HCV-negative recipients between 2014 and 2019, driven in part by a 37% average annual increase in HCV-negative waiting list registrations. Our estimates imply that DAAs generated $7.52 billion in positive externalities for HCV-negative patients during this period

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31673
    Subjects: Medizinische Behandlung; Innovation; Externer Effekt; Organtransplantation; USA; General; Analysis of Health Care Markets; Health and Inequality; Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
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  16. Adjusting for Scale-Use Heterogeneity in Self-Reported Well-Being
    Author: Benjamin, Daniel J.; Cooper, Kristen B; Heffetz, Ori; Kimball, Miles S.; Zhou, Jiannan
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Analyses of self-reported-well-being (SWB) survey data may be confounded if people use response scales differently. We use calibration questions, designed to have the same objective answer across respondents, to measure dimensional (i.e., specific to... more

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    Analyses of self-reported-well-being (SWB) survey data may be confounded if people use response scales differently. We use calibration questions, designed to have the same objective answer across respondents, to measure dimensional (i.e., specific to an SWB dimension) and general (i.e., common across questions) scale-use heterogeneity. In a sample of ~3,350 MTurkers, we find substantial such heterogeneity that is correlated with demographics. We develop a theoretical framework and econometric approaches to quantify and adjust for this heterogeneity. We apply our new estimators in several standard SWB applications. Adjusting for general-scale-use heterogeneity changes results in some cases

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31728
    Subjects: Lebensqualität; Lebensstandard; Zufriedenheit; Messung; Fragebogen; Befragung; Survey Methods; Sampling Methods; General; Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement; General; Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making; Health and Inequality; General Welfare, Well-Being
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  17. Investigator Racial Diversity and Clinical Trial Participation
    Author: Alsan, Marcella; Campbell, Romaine A.; Leister, Lukas; Ojo, Ayotomiwa
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We investigate whether increased racial diversity of clinical trial principal investigators could increase the enrollment of Black patients, which currently lags population and disease-burden shares. We conducted a survey experiment in which... more

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    We investigate whether increased racial diversity of clinical trial principal investigators could increase the enrollment of Black patients, which currently lags population and disease-burden shares. We conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were shown a photo of a current NIH investigator in which race (Black/White) was randomized. Sex was also randomized as a relevant benchmark. Black respondents reported 0.35 standard deviation units higher interest in participating in a clinical study led by a race concordant investigator (a 12.6% increase). Sex concordance had no effect. Further analyses indicate that perceived trustworthiness and attractiveness are the most important factors explaining these results

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31732
    Subjects: Medizinische Behandlung; Arzneimittel; Innovation; Pharmakologie; Ethnische Gruppe; Ethnische Diskriminierung; USA; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
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  18. Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality
    Maternal Endowments, Investments, and Birth Outcomes
    Author: Eshaghnia, Sadegh; Heckman, James J.
    Published: October 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Newborn health is an important component in the chain of intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. This paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of health at birth in two ways. First, we analyze the role of maternal endowments... more

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    Newborn health is an important component in the chain of intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. This paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of health at birth in two ways. First, we analyze the role of maternal endowments and investments (education and smoking in pregnancy) on the probability of having a baby who is small for gestational age (SGA). We estimate both the total impact of maternal endowments on birth outcomes, and we also decompose it into a direct, "biological" effect and a "choice" effect, mediated by maternal behaviors. Second, we estimate the causal effects of maternal education and smoking in pregnancy, and investigate whether women endowed with different traits have different returns. We find that maternal cognition affects birth outcomes primarily through maternal education, that personality traits mainly operate by changing maternal smoking, and that the physical fitness of the mother has a direct, "biological" effect on SGA. We find significant heterogeneity in the effects of education and smoking along the distribution of maternal physical traits, suggesting that women with less healthy physical constitutions should be the primary target of prenatal interventions

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31761
    Subjects: Intergenerationale Übertragung; Generationengerechtigkeit; Kinder; Gesundheit; Mütter; Bildungsniveau; Bildungsinvestition; Rauchen; Schätzung; Großbritannien; Health Behavior; Health and Inequality; Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
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  19. Adverse birth outcomes and parental labor market participation after birth
    Author: Voit, Falk A. C.
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  [Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Leibniz Universität Hannover], [Hannover]

    Numerous articles have looked at the connection between adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight or preterm birth) and an individual's later socioeconomic status. To this day very few studies have been conducted that specifically address how delivery... more

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    Numerous articles have looked at the connection between adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight or preterm birth) and an individual's later socioeconomic status. To this day very few studies have been conducted that specifically address how delivery and adverse birth outcomes affect families and the homes where children grow up. In this study, I use data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) to research the association between adverse birth outcomes and several parental labor market outcomes following childbirth. The analysis indicates that low birth weight and preterm birth are not associated with most of the considered parental labor market outcomes after birth. Initial disparities prior to childbirth account for a large extent of the negative relationship between adverse birth outcomes and labor market outcomes after birth.

     
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    hdl: 10419/283161
    Series: [Hannover economic papers (HEP)] / [Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Leibniz Universität Hannover] ; [Nummer: 710 (Jul 2023)]
    Subjects: Health and Inequality; Children; Labor market outcomes; SOEP
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. The Intergenerational Health Effects of Forced Displacement
    Japanese American Incarceration during WWII
    Author: Grossman, Daniel; Khalil, Umair; Panza, Laura
    Published: December 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the intergenerational health consequences of forced displacement and incarceration of Japanese Americans in the US during WWII. Incarcerated mothers had babies who were less healthy at birth. This decrease in health represents a shift in... more

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    We study the intergenerational health consequences of forced displacement and incarceration of Japanese Americans in the US during WWII. Incarcerated mothers had babies who were less healthy at birth. This decrease in health represents a shift in the entire birthweight distribution due to exposure to prison camps. Imprisoned individuals were less likely to have children with fathers of other ethnic groups but were more likely to receive prenatal care, invest in education, and participate in the labor market. To the extent human capital effects mitigate the full negative effects of incarceration on intergenerational health, our results are a lower bound

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31992
    Subjects: Umsiedlung; Japaner; Kinder; Geburt; Gesundheit; Intergenerationale Übertragung; Geschichte; Weltkrieg; USA; Health Behavior; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; U.S.; Canada: 1913-
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  21. Heterogeneous and Racialized Impacts of State Incarceration Policies on Birth Outcomes in the U.S
    Author: Boen, Courtney; Bair, Elizabeth; Lee, Hedwig; Venkataramani, Atheendar S.
    Published: November 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    While state incarceration policies have received much attention in research on the causes of mass incarceration in the U.S., their roles in shaping population health and health disparities remain largely unknown. We examine the impacts of two... more

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    While state incarceration policies have received much attention in research on the causes of mass incarceration in the U.S., their roles in shaping population health and health disparities remain largely unknown. We examine the impacts of two signature state incarceration policies adopted during the "tough on crime" era of the 1990s--three strikes and truth in sentencing--on Black and White birth outcomes. Using a difference-in-differences event study research design that models the dynamic impacts of these policies over time, we find that these policies had opposing effects on birth outcomes. We find that birth weight outcomes--including mean birth weight and low birth weight--for Black infants worsened markedly in the year three strikes policies were adopted. By contrast, birth outcomes for Black and White infants gradually improved after truth in sentencing policies were adopted. The discordant findings point to distinct, countervailing mechanisms by which sentencing policies can affect population health. We provide suggestive evidence that three strikes policies adversely impacted Black birth outcomes through affective mechanisms, by inducing highly racialized, stigmatizing public discourse around the time of policy adoption, while truth in sentencing likely impacted birth outcomes via material mechanisms, namely gradually reductions in community incarceration and crime rates. Altogether, these findings point to the need to further interrogate state criminal legal system policies for their impacts on population health, considering whether, how, and for whom these policies result in health impacts

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31888
    Subjects: Strafjustiz; Strafvollzug; Ethnische Diskriminierung; Ethnische Gruppe; Fertilität; Gesundheit; Kinder; USA; General; Health and Inequality; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
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  22. Decomposing Trends in U.S. Air Pollution Disparities from Electricity
    Author: Hernandez-Cortes, Danae; Meng, Kyle C.; Weber, Paige E.
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper quantifies and decomposes recent trends in U.S. PM2.5 disparities from the electricity sector using a high-resolution pollution transport model. Between 2000-2018, PM2.5 concentrations from electricity fell by 89% for the average... more

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    This paper quantifies and decomposes recent trends in U.S. PM2.5 disparities from the electricity sector using a high-resolution pollution transport model. Between 2000-2018, PM2.5 concentrations from electricity fell by 89% for the average individual, more than double the decline rate in overall U.S. ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Across racial/ethnic groups, we detect a dramatic convergence: since 2000, the Black-White PM2.5 disparity from electricity has narrowed by 95% and the Hispanic-White PM2.5 disparity has narrowed by 93%, though these disparities still exist in 2018. A decomposition reveals nearly all of these disparity trends can be attributed roughly equally to improvements in emissions intensities and compositional changes in electric generators, with small contributions from scale and residential location changes. This suggests both local air pollution policies and recent coal-to-natural gas fuel switching have played major roles in reducing U.S. racial/ethnic pollution disparities from electricity. While we detect similarly large PM2.5 improvements for the average low and high income individual, PM2.5 disparities by income are relatively small, with little change over time

     
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  23. How Did Federal Aid to States and Localities Affect Testing and Vaccine Delivery?
    Author: Clemens, Jeffrey; Hoxie, Philip G.; Kearns, John; Veuger, Stan
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We estimate whether federal aid for state and local governments played a role in advancing population testing for COVID-19 and the administration of vaccines. To overcome biases that can result from the endogeneity of federal aid allocations, we use... more

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    We estimate whether federal aid for state and local governments played a role in advancing population testing for COVID-19 and the administration of vaccines. To overcome biases that can result from the endogeneity of federal aid allocations, we use an instrumental-variables estimator reliant on the substantial variation in federal aid predicted by variation in states' congressional representation. We find that federal fiscal assistance dollars had a modest if any impact on the pace of vaccine rollouts, may have improved the equitability of vaccine administration, and had a substantial impact on the volume of tests administered. Regarding the total number of vaccines delivered, we estimate that an additional $1,000 in fiscal relief per resident, which would amount to $330 billion nationwide, translated into just under 1,200 extra doses of the vaccine being delivered per 100,000 people, with the upper bound of our confidence interval suggesting that we can rule out effects in excess of 7,030 extra doses per 100,000 people. We find that federal dollars predict a smaller gap between the vaccination rates of those with a college education relative to those with a high school education. Finally, our baseline estimate implies that each $1,000 in COVID-19 relief aid per capita generated 55,850 additional tests per 100,000 people

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30206
    Subjects: Föderalismus; Gesundheitspolitik; Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; Wirkungsanalyse; USA; State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions; Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession; Health and Inequality
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  24. Heterogeneity in Disease Resistance and the Impact of Antibiotics in the US
    Author: Cook, C. Justin; Fletcher, Jason
    Published: July 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We hypothesize that the impact of antibiotics is moderated by a population's inherent (genetic) resistance to infectious disease. Using the introduction of sulfa drugs in 1937, we show that US states that are more genetically susceptible to... more

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    We hypothesize that the impact of antibiotics is moderated by a population's inherent (genetic) resistance to infectious disease. Using the introduction of sulfa drugs in 1937, we show that US states that are more genetically susceptible to infectious disease saw larger declines in their bacterial mortality rates following the introduction of sulfa drugs in 1937. This suggests area-level genetic endowments of disease resistance and the discovery of medical technologies have acted as substitutes in determining levels of health across the US. We also document immediate effects of sulfa drug exposure to the age of the workforce and cumulative effects on educational attainment for cohorts exposed to sulfa drugs in early life

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30269
    Subjects: Arzneimittel; Gesundheitsversorgung; USA; Health; Health and Inequality; Health and Economic Development; Demographic Economics
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  25. Air Pollution and Student Performance in the U.S
    Author: Gilraine, Michael; Zheng, Angela
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We combine satellite-based pollution data and test scores from over 10,000 U.S. school districts to estimate the relationship between air pollution and test scores. To deal with potential endogeneity we instrument for air quality using (i)... more

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    We combine satellite-based pollution data and test scores from over 10,000 U.S. school districts to estimate the relationship between air pollution and test scores. To deal with potential endogeneity we instrument for air quality using (i) year-to-year coal production variation and (ii) a shift-share instrument that interacts fuel shares used for nearby power production with national growth rates. We find that each one-unit increase in particulate pollution reduces test scores by 0.02 standard deviations. Our findings indicate that declines in particulate pollution exposure raised test scores and reduced the black-white test score gap by 0.06 and 0.01 standard deviations, respectively

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30061
    Subjects: Luftverschmutzung; Bildungsniveau; USA; Health and Inequality; Education and Inequality; Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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