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  1. Emerging challenges and shifting paradigms
    new perspectives on international cooperation for development
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    Looking through the lens of “development in transition”, this document, jointly prepared by ECLAC and the OECD Development Centre, notes that some developing and emerging economies have increased their levels of national income yet still face... more

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Looking through the lens of “development in transition”, this document, jointly prepared by ECLAC and the OECD Development Centre, notes that some developing and emerging economies have increased their levels of national income yet still face daunting multidimensional development challenges. This calls for a more comprehensive approach to international cooperation that, combined with effective domestic policies, can better support countries as they move up the income ladder and seek ways to turn income gains into lasting development gains.The analysis presented here sketches out some of the features of a new paradigm of international cooperation for development. Foreword .-- Abstract .-- Introduction .-- I. Emerging global challenges: a more complex and multipolar world .-- II. Development as a continuum and the limitation of per capita income as a measurement .-- III. Latin America and the Caribbean: remaining and new challenges in the new development landscape .-- IV. Addressing global challenges: new opportunities for the biregional partnership between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean .-- V. Rethinking the international cooperation for development strategy .-- VI. Conclusions.

     
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  2. The role of historical Christian missions in the location of World Bank aid in Africa
    Author: Alpino, Matteo; Hammersmark, Eivind Moe
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Knowledge and Strategy Team, [Washington, DC]

    This article documents a positive and sizable correlation between the location of historical Christian missions and the allocation of present-day World Bank aid at the grid-cell level in Africa. The correlation is robust to an extensive set of... more

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    Orient-Institut Beirut
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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
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    This article documents a positive and sizable correlation between the location of historical Christian missions and the allocation of present-day World Bank aid at the grid-cell level in Africa. The correlation is robust to an extensive set of geographical and historical control variables that predict settlement of missions. The study finds no correlation with aid effectiveness, as measured by project ratings and survey-based development indicators. Mission areas display a different political aid cycle than other areas, whereby new projects are less likely to arrive in years with new presidents. Hence, political connections between mission areas and central governments could be one likely explanation for the correlation between missions and aid

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/33322
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9146
    Subjects: Mission; Kirche; Christentum; Missionar; Kolonialismus; Geschichte; Korrelation; Kausalität; Entwicklungshilfe; Entwicklungsprojekt; AID EFFECTIVENESS; CHRISTIAN MISSION; DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE; FOREIGN AID; GOVERNANCE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL FAVORITISM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis, Literaturhinweise, Annex, Tabellen
  3. Escaping the low-growth trap
    Guinea-Bissau country economic memorandum
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Guinea-Bissau’s massive economic potential has not so far translated into better livelihoods for its population. Growth per capita has averaged less than 1 percent per year over 2000-2019. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the factors... more

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    Guinea-Bissau’s massive economic potential has not so far translated into better livelihoods for its population. Growth per capita has averaged less than 1 percent per year over 2000-2019. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the factors behind the economic stagnation. An interplay of three constraints have impeded sustained high growth. First, the low and volatile growth performance is linked to fragility and political instability, which, together with a poorly diversified economy, with raw cashew nuts accounting for 95-98 percent of export earnings, help explain the stop-go growth cycle. Second, human capital accumulation remains low. An acute shortage of a skilled workforce is a major constraint to inclusive growth. The education system is marked by alarmingly low levels of learning. Third, private investment is particularly low—the second lowest in Africa. Years of underinvestment in infrastructure, energy, and human capital are holding the country back from achieving strong, enduring and inclusive growth. The chapter concludes by highlighting how the COVID-19 crisis exacerbates these constraints and discusses areas that could support sustainable growth. The chapter is organized as follows: section 1.1 presents a brief overview of the political and social context. Section 1.2 puts recent growth into historical and comparative perspective. Section 1.3 presents analysis that helps explain the low-growth trap and identifies possible areas that Guinea-Bissau could pursue to escape this trap. Finally, Section 1.4 discusses the economic impact of COVID-19 and potential pathways to recovery

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34752
    Subjects: Wirtschaftslage; Wirtschaftswachstum; Guinea-Bissau; COMPLETION RATES; DIVERSIFICATION; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; ENROLLMENT; FRAGILITY; GENDER EQUALITY; GOVERNANCE; HUMAN CAPITAL; JOB CREATION; LABOR MARKET; POLITICAL INSTABILITY; PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT; PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 104 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Lebanon reform, recovery and reconstruction framework (3RF)
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The framework for reform, recovery, and reconstruction (the 3RF) is part of a comprehensive response to the massive explosion on the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020. It is a people-centered recovery and reconstruction framework focusing on a period... more

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    The framework for reform, recovery, and reconstruction (the 3RF) is part of a comprehensive response to the massive explosion on the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020. It is a people-centered recovery and reconstruction framework focusing on a period of 18 months that will bridge the immediate humanitarian response and the medium-term recovery and reconstruction efforts to put Lebanon on a path of sustainable development. The overall objective of the 3RF is to help address the urgent needs of the affected population and ensure that results are delivered through an efficient, timely, and well-coordinated recovery and reconstruction effort, with the involvement of all stakeholders and support from the international community. The 3RF is structured around four strategic pillars: (1) improving governance and accountability; (2) jobs and opportunities; (3) social protection, inclusion, and culture; and (4) improving services and infrastructure. Each pillar identifies a set of strategic objectives and priority areas across both the recovery track and the reform and reconstruction track. The 3RF is also designed to contribute to: (a) consensus-building among the government of Lebanon and Lebanese non-state actors on the required enabling policy environment and on priorities for recovery and reconstruction; (b) an agreed reconstruction and recovery framework between Lebanese society and development partners; (c) a programmatic and integrated approach across all sectors; (d) harmonized financing that aligns with the framework; and (e) a gradual transition from humanitarian response to recovery and reconstruction. The report is organized as follows: section one gives context and key challenges; section two presents 3RF scope and strategic objectives; section three presents macroeconomic stabilization as a foundation for recovery and reconstruction; section four discusses the 3RF pillars; section five gives institutional and monitoring arrangements; and section six presents 3RF financing strategy

     
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  5. Human capital project
    HCI compass : a living document
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The Human Capital Index (HCI) Compass is a guidance note for clients' own assessment of progress towards HCI. The launch of the Human Capital Index (HCI) in October 2018 spurred an interesting conversation on the state of the world in terms of... more

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    The Human Capital Index (HCI) Compass is a guidance note for clients' own assessment of progress towards HCI. The launch of the Human Capital Index (HCI) in October 2018 spurred an interesting conversation on the state of the world in terms of preparing the current generation to the challenges of the future labor market. By successfully highlighting the depth of the human capital crisis and enabling policy makers to see spending in the social sectors as investments that reap benefits in the long run, the index demonstrated its usefulness as an advocacy tool. Partly due to the success of the advocacy effort, the immediate questions policy makers posed were 'what to do to improve the HCI?' and 'how best to track progress considering the slowly-moving nature of the index. The HCI Compass is a response to this query. First, it aims to help countries answer the question: "What do we need to do to improve our HCI and its sub components (child survival, adult survival, stunting, years of schooling, test scores)?" It does so by providing a checklist of key policies, legal framework and aspects of service delivery that characterize countries with good human capital outcomes and/or are proven to be important to improving the key components of the HCI. Pinpointing the set of policies and interventions that drive human capital outcomes is complicated by the fact that the underlying production function and how the different factors interact to produce outcomes is not straight forward. As such, some of the policies and service delivery indicators identified in the compass could be mere correlates rather than determinants of human capital formation. The relative importance of the indicators would also vary based on where a country currently stands and as such, the need to tailor it to each country context. Second, it aims to help countries answer the linked questions: "How well are these policies working? And how do we know we are on track?" It does so by identifying intermediate outcome variables and benchmark variables that will help policymakers assess progress on the ground towards a better HCI. We can think of these variables both as the intermediate results of the policies recommended above, and as "leading indicators" of what will happen to the HCI over time

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/33671
    Subjects: ADULT SURVIVAL; CHILD SURVIVAL; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; ENABLING ENVIRONMENT; GOVERNANCE; HCI COMPASS; HEALTH; HUMAN CAPITAL; HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX; HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT; INCLUSIVE GROWTH; LABOR PRODUCTIVITY; LEGAL FRAMEWORK; POLICY; PUBLIC EXPENDITURE; SERVICE DELIVERY; STUDENT PERFORMANCE; STUNTING
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. GRI Index 2020
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    This 2020 World Bank GRI Index is an inventory of the sustainability considerations used in World Bank lending and analytical services, as well as within its corporate practices. This sustainability disclosure index has been prepared in accordance... more

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    This 2020 World Bank GRI Index is an inventory of the sustainability considerations used in World Bank lending and analytical services, as well as within its corporate practices. This sustainability disclosure index has been prepared in accordance with the Core option of the GRI Standards1. The GRI Index covers activities carried out during fiscal year 2020, from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the World Bank's operations and staff activities through reduced travel, the extended shutdown of our offices, and a shift in staff health services. Where significant, these impacts have been noted in the report

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34529
    Subjects: ANTICORRUPTION; CHILD LABOR; CLIMATE CHANGE; CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY; DIVERSITY; EMISSIONS; EMPLOYMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS; ETHICS; GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE; GOVERNANCE; HUMAN RIGHTS; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; NONDISCRIMINATION; PROCUREMENT; STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT; SUSTAINABILITY; WASTE MANAGEMENT
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Safeguarding human capital during and beyond COVID-19
    assessing Africa's policies and institutions
    Published: August 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The 2020 Africa Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) report covers the period from January to December 2019. The addition of Somalia brought the number of the region’s International Development Association (IDA)–eligible countries to... more

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    The 2020 Africa Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) report covers the period from January to December 2019. The addition of Somalia brought the number of the region’s International Development Association (IDA)–eligible countries to 39. The overall CPIA score for the region’s 39 IDA-eligible countries came in at 3.1, the same as in the previous three years, in a context of moderating per capita growth. The average scores for most of the CPIA clusters trended down in 2019. While the average score for the economic management cluster was unchanged from last year’s assessment, the average scores for the other three clusters—structural policies, social inclusion, and public management and institutions—declined, indicating that the quality of policies and institutions in the region’s IDA countries weakened in 2019. The weakening of structural policies was reflected in the decline in the quality of trade policy, uneven improvements in the regulations affecting factor and product markets, and further deterioration of the financial sector performance. In the area of social inclusion, many countries experienced a decrease in the quality of service delivery that affects access to and quality of health and education services. In the broader area of governance, limited progress was made in strengthening property rights, and transparency and accountability. In addition, the quality of public administration declined, and financial management systems and revenue mobilization capacity weakened in many countries

     
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  8. Policy challenges for emerging and developing economies
    lessons from the past decade
    Author: Ruch, Franz Ulrich
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    The 2009 global recession demonstrated, once again, the importance of crisis prevention as well as the critical need for preserving policy room so that emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) can act when their economies are hit by shocks.... more

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    The 2009 global recession demonstrated, once again, the importance of crisis prevention as well as the critical need for preserving policy room so that emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) can act when their economies are hit by shocks. And now, with the global growth outlook still weak and vulnerabilities rising, these lessons underscore the need for comprehensive policies to improve EMDEs' resilience to shocks and lift long-term growth prospects. On the macroeconomic front, priorities include shoring up fiscal positions, keeping adequate foreign reserves, and strengthening policy frameworks. Financial sector policies to adapt to a changing global financial environment include strengthening home-host supervisor coordination and establishing prudential authorities with the appropriate tools and mandates to mitigate systemic risks. Structural policy priorities include investment in human capital and infrastructure to offset the decline in potential growth that is expected to continue over the next decade. Renewed reform momentum is needed to create the environment that generates private sector-led, productivity-driven growth supported by measures to improve governance and business climates

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9180
    Subjects: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES; FISCAL POLICY; GOVERNANCE; INVESTMENT CLIMATE; MACROECONOMIC POLICY; MONETARY POLICY; POTENTIAL GROWTH; STRUCTURAL REFORM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (55 Seiten)
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 06.08.2020
  9. MENA export performance and specialization
    the role of financial sector development and governance
    Author: Wood, Christina A.; Yang, Judy
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, D.C.

    Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth. To assess this link, the... more

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    Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth. To assess this link, the paper combines analysis highlighting external financing as a determinant of export performance, and analysis highlighting sector asset tangibility and governance. Why? Because high value-added sectors tend to have higher shares of intangible assets and to create innovative products requiring substantial research and development or investments, thereby making these sectors more dependent on external financing. Using sector- and firm-level export data with country-level indicators, the results indicate that countries with more developed financial sectors and stronger governance tend to have higher exports from sectors that are more reliant on finance external to the firm, and lower exports from sectors with higher shares of tangible assets. Interestingly, financial sector development boosts exports less in MENA than in non-MENA countries. To foster expansion of higher value exports, the results suggest a critical need for: (i) deeper financial sector development that strengthens market-based systems, such as asset registries and credit reporting agencies, and (ii) strengthening of legal and governance frameworks

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/24157
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7616
    Subjects: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmenserfolg; Kapitalstruktur; Corporate Governance; MENA-Staaten; AGENCY COSTS; AGENCY PROBLEMS; AGRICULTURE; ASSETS; BANK LOAN; BANKING; BARRIERS; BENCHMARK; BENCHMARKS; BORROWER; BORROWERS; BUSINESS CLIMATE; BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT; CAPITAL MARKET; CAPITAL MARKETS; CAPITAL STOCK; CASH FLOW; COLLATERAL; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES; COMPETITIVENESS; CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT; CORPORATE FINANCE; CORPORATE GOVERNANCE; COUNTRY-LEVEL INDICATORS; CREDIT; DEMOCRACY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; DOMESTIC MARKETS; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; ECONOMIC OUTCOMES; ENFORCEMENT; EQUITY; EXCHANGE; EXPORT GROWTH; EXPORT SECTORS; EXPORTS; EXTERNAL FINANCE; EXTERNAL FINANCING; FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT; FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS; FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY; FINANCIAL MARKET; FINANCIAL MARKETS; FINANCIAL PRODUCTS; FINANCIAL SECTOR; FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT; FINANCIAL SECTORS; FINANCIAL SYSTEM; FINANCIAL SYSTEMS; FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT; FOREIGN INVESTMENT; GDP; GDP PER CAPITA; GLOBAL EXPORTS; GLOBAL MARKET; GOOD GOVERNANCE; GOODS; GOVERNANCE; GOVERNANCE INDICATOR; GOVERNANCE INDICATORS; HUMAN CAPITAL; INCENTIVES; INCOME; INCOME GROUP; INCOME LEVELS; INFLUENCE; INSURANCE; INTANGIBLE; INTANGIBLE ASSETS; INTEREST; INTEREST RATES; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVENTORY; INVESTMENT; INVESTMENT CLIMATE; INVESTMENTS; INVESTOR; JOB CREATION; LABOR MARKETS; LEGAL FRAMEWORK; LEGAL FRAMEWORKS; LEGAL SYSTEM; LENDING; LINE OF CREDIT; LINES OF CREDIT; LIQUIDITY; LIVING STANDARDS; LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES; MACROECONOMIC STABILITY; MARKETS; MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES; MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES; ORGANIZATIONAL CAPITAL; OUTCOMES; OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL STABILITY; PRICE; PRIVATE INVESTMENT; PROPERTY RIGHTS; REAL ESTATE; RISK DIVERSIFICATION; RISK OF EXPROPRIATION; SAVINGS; SAVINGS ACCOUNT; SAVINGS ACCOUNTS; SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS; SECURITIES; SHARE; SHARES; THEORY; TRADE; TRADITIONAL BANKING; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VARIABLES; WAGES; WORKING CAPITAL; WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS; WORLD TRADE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Living with debt
    how institutions can chart a path to recovery in the Middle East and North Africa
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC

    Economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remain in crisis. The World Bank estimates the regional output to have contracted 3.8 percent in 2020 and expects it to rebound by only 2.2 percent in 2021. The regional output is expected to be... more

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    Economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remain in crisis. The World Bank estimates the regional output to have contracted 3.8 percent in 2020 and expects it to rebound by only 2.2 percent in 2021. The regional output is expected to be 7.2% below where it would be in 2021 without the pandemic. The region’s average GDP per capita is estimated to have declined 5.3 percent in 2020 and expected to rebound by only 0.6 percent in 2021. The number of poor people in the region—those making less than the $5.50 per day poverty line—is expected to increase from 176 million in 2019 to a conservative estimate of 192 million people by the end of 2021. The region’s public debt is expected to rise significantly. Most notably, MENA oil importers have the highest levels of debt. As the region copes with the economic consequences of the pandemic, most countries will face tensions between short-term needs and the long-term risks of debt-financed government spending. Countries must make tough choices along the road to recovery. During the pandemic, fiscal spending is arguably best used to support vulnerable families and invest in public health—such as disease surveillance, data transparency, and vaccinations. Public health investment as a short-term response to the pandemic could also bring long-term gains. As the pandemic subsides, there are good reasons to be cautious with additional fiscal stimulus, especially for countries with high debt, poor governance, and lack of transparency. After the pandemic, economic growth remains the most sustainable way to reduce the debt-GDP ratio, and this requires much-needed deep structural reforms. Strong institutions can chart a path to recovery. Investing in testing, disease surveillance, and data transparency can reduce the economic costs of the pandemic. As the pandemic subsides, effective and transparent pandemic surveillance would help boost demand from domestic and foreign sources. Good governance in public investment decisions can raise the effectiveness of public investment. Public debt transparency can help reduce borrowing costs. Institutional reforms can be implemented with limited fiscal costs and hold the promise of boosting long-run growth

     
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  11. Gobernanza metropolitana en América Latina
    un panorama de las experiencias contemporáneas desde una perspectiva comparada
    Contributor: Costa, Marco Aurélio (HerausgeberIn); Lui, Lizandro (HerausgeberIn); Tavares Rebello, Sara (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Brasília, DF

    El Instituto de Investigación Económica Aplicada (Ipea) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) desarollaron, en 2019, una investigación comparativa buscando caracterizar y analizar las condiciones de gobernanza metropolitana... more

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    El Instituto de Investigación Económica Aplicada (Ipea) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) desarollaron, en 2019, una investigación comparativa buscando caracterizar y analizar las condiciones de gobernanza metropolitana en países del subcontinente latinoamericano, abarcando países federativos y países unitarios. América Latina constituye una de las regiones de más elevado grado de urbanización en el mundo, y el surgimiento de ciudades de más de millón de habitantes se ha acelerado en las últimas décadas, trayendo retos para el desarrollo urbano-metropolitano. La investigación, llevada a cabo con el apoyo de consultores contratados por la CEPAL, ha permitido identificar el estado del arte de la gobernanza metropolitana en la región, contribuyendo a la reflexión sobre el diseño, monitoreo y evaluación de políticas públicas en sus espacios metropolitanos. Es un documento de referencia para los académicos de esta área y una fuente de consulta imprescindible para los administradores públicos.

     
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  12. The role of historical Christian missions in the location of World Bank aid in Africa
    Author: Alpino, Matteo; Hammersmark, Eivind Moe
    Published: February 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Knowledge and Strategy Team, [Washington, DC]

    This article documents a positive and sizable correlation between the location of historical Christian missions and the allocation of present-day World Bank aid at the grid-cell level in Africa. The correlation is robust to an extensive set of... more

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    This article documents a positive and sizable correlation between the location of historical Christian missions and the allocation of present-day World Bank aid at the grid-cell level in Africa. The correlation is robust to an extensive set of geographical and historical control variables that predict settlement of missions. The study finds no correlation with aid effectiveness, as measured by project ratings and survey-based development indicators. Mission areas display a different political aid cycle than other areas, whereby new projects are less likely to arrive in years with new presidents. Hence, political connections between mission areas and central governments could be one likely explanation for the correlation between missions and aid

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/33322
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9146
    Subjects: Mission; Kirche; Christentum; Missionar; Kolonialismus; Geschichte; Korrelation; Kausalität; Entwicklungshilfe; Entwicklungsprojekt; AID EFFECTIVENESS; CHRISTIAN MISSION; DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE; FOREIGN AID; GOVERNANCE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL FAVORITISM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis, Literaturhinweise, Annex, Tabellen
  13. Policy briefs for selected member countries of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee
    Author: Bello, Omar; Khamis, Marion; Osorio, Claudio; Peralta, Leda
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    This policy brief has the objective of profiling disaster risk management policies in five selected member states of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee: The Bahamas, Belize, The Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica, and analyze... more

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    This policy brief has the objective of profiling disaster risk management policies in five selected member states of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee: The Bahamas, Belize, The Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica, and analyze their interactions with broader development issues and instruments, such as national development plans and climate change adaptation strategies. To this end, firstly, it presents the five pillars for Disaster Risk Managenent (DRM), namely risk identification, risk reduction, preparedness, financial protection, and resilient recovery, as well as their applications to disaster assessments.1 Secondly, it describes the integration of DRM into development policies. The structure of the analysis will allow countries to identify strengths and weaknesses of the DRM policies and how they interact with other planning and development instruments. Finally, it presents policy recommendations to strengthen the role of DRM and to improve the use of resources through multisectoral projects that build resilience to disasters and climate change.

     
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  14. Emerging challenges and shifting paradigms
    new perspectives on international cooperation for development
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    Looking through the lens of “development in transition”, this document, jointly prepared by ECLAC and the OECD Development Centre, notes that some developing and emerging economies have increased their levels of national income yet still face... more

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    Looking through the lens of “development in transition”, this document, jointly prepared by ECLAC and the OECD Development Centre, notes that some developing and emerging economies have increased their levels of national income yet still face daunting multidimensional development challenges. This calls for a more comprehensive approach to international cooperation that, combined with effective domestic policies, can better support countries as they move up the income ladder and seek ways to turn income gains into lasting development gains.The analysis presented here sketches out some of the features of a new paradigm of international cooperation for development. Foreword .-- Abstract .-- Introduction .-- I. Emerging global challenges: a more complex and multipolar world .-- II. Development as a continuum and the limitation of per capita income as a measurement .-- III. Latin America and the Caribbean: remaining and new challenges in the new development landscape .-- IV. Addressing global challenges: new opportunities for the biregional partnership between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean .-- V. Rethinking the international cooperation for development strategy .-- VI. Conclusions.

     
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  15. South Asia in the world
    problem-solving perspectives on security, sustainable development, and good governance
    Published: 2004
    Publisher:  United Nations Univ. Press, Tokyo [u.a.]

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    Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
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  16. MENA export performance and specialization
    the role of financial sector development and governance
    Author: Wood, Christina A.; Yang, Judy
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, D.C.

    Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth. To assess this link, the... more

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    Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth. To assess this link, the paper combines analysis highlighting external financing as a determinant of export performance, and analysis highlighting sector asset tangibility and governance. Why? Because high value-added sectors tend to have higher shares of intangible assets and to create innovative products requiring substantial research and development or investments, thereby making these sectors more dependent on external financing. Using sector- and firm-level export data with country-level indicators, the results indicate that countries with more developed financial sectors and stronger governance tend to have higher exports from sectors that are more reliant on finance external to the firm, and lower exports from sectors with higher shares of tangible assets. Interestingly, financial sector development boosts exports less in MENA than in non-MENA countries. To foster expansion of higher value exports, the results suggest a critical need for: (i) deeper financial sector development that strengthens market-based systems, such as asset registries and credit reporting agencies, and (ii) strengthening of legal and governance frameworks

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/24157
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7616
    Subjects: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmenserfolg; Kapitalstruktur; Corporate Governance; MENA-Staaten; AGENCY COSTS; AGENCY PROBLEMS; AGRICULTURE; ASSETS; BANK LOAN; BANKING; BARRIERS; BENCHMARK; BENCHMARKS; BORROWER; BORROWERS; BUSINESS CLIMATE; BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT; CAPITAL MARKET; CAPITAL MARKETS; CAPITAL STOCK; CASH FLOW; COLLATERAL; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES; COMPETITIVENESS; CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT; CORPORATE FINANCE; CORPORATE GOVERNANCE; COUNTRY-LEVEL INDICATORS; CREDIT; DEMOCRACY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; DOMESTIC MARKETS; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; ECONOMIC OUTCOMES; ENFORCEMENT; EQUITY; EXCHANGE; EXPORT GROWTH; EXPORT SECTORS; EXPORTS; EXTERNAL FINANCE; EXTERNAL FINANCING; FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT; FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS; FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY; FINANCIAL MARKET; FINANCIAL MARKETS; FINANCIAL PRODUCTS; FINANCIAL SECTOR; FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT; FINANCIAL SECTORS; FINANCIAL SYSTEM; FINANCIAL SYSTEMS; FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT; FOREIGN INVESTMENT; GDP; GDP PER CAPITA; GLOBAL EXPORTS; GLOBAL MARKET; GOOD GOVERNANCE; GOODS; GOVERNANCE; GOVERNANCE INDICATOR; GOVERNANCE INDICATORS; HUMAN CAPITAL; INCENTIVES; INCOME; INCOME GROUP; INCOME LEVELS; INFLUENCE; INSURANCE; INTANGIBLE; INTANGIBLE ASSETS; INTEREST; INTEREST RATES; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVENTORY; INVESTMENT; INVESTMENT CLIMATE; INVESTMENTS; INVESTOR; JOB CREATION; LABOR MARKETS; LEGAL FRAMEWORK; LEGAL FRAMEWORKS; LEGAL SYSTEM; LENDING; LINE OF CREDIT; LINES OF CREDIT; LIQUIDITY; LIVING STANDARDS; LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES; MACROECONOMIC STABILITY; MARKETS; MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES; MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES; ORGANIZATIONAL CAPITAL; OUTCOMES; OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL STABILITY; PRICE; PRIVATE INVESTMENT; PROPERTY RIGHTS; REAL ESTATE; RISK DIVERSIFICATION; RISK OF EXPROPRIATION; SAVINGS; SAVINGS ACCOUNT; SAVINGS ACCOUNTS; SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS; SECURITIES; SHARE; SHARES; THEORY; TRADE; TRADITIONAL BANKING; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VARIABLES; WAGES; WORKING CAPITAL; WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS; WORLD TRADE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Gobernanza metropolitana en América Latina
    un panorama de las experiencias contemporáneas desde una perspectiva comparada
    Contributor: Costa, Marco Aurélio (HerausgeberIn); Lui, Lizandro (HerausgeberIn); Tavares Rebello, Sara (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Brasília, DF

    El Instituto de Investigación Económica Aplicada (Ipea) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) desarollaron, en 2019, una investigación comparativa buscando caracterizar y analizar las condiciones de gobernanza metropolitana... more

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    El Instituto de Investigación Económica Aplicada (Ipea) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) desarollaron, en 2019, una investigación comparativa buscando caracterizar y analizar las condiciones de gobernanza metropolitana en países del subcontinente latinoamericano, abarcando países federativos y países unitarios. América Latina constituye una de las regiones de más elevado grado de urbanización en el mundo, y el surgimiento de ciudades de más de millón de habitantes se ha acelerado en las últimas décadas, trayendo retos para el desarrollo urbano-metropolitano. La investigación, llevada a cabo con el apoyo de consultores contratados por la CEPAL, ha permitido identificar el estado del arte de la gobernanza metropolitana en la región, contribuyendo a la reflexión sobre el diseño, monitoreo y evaluación de políticas públicas en sus espacios metropolitanos. Es un documento de referencia para los académicos de esta área y una fuente de consulta imprescindible para los administradores públicos.

     
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  18. Policy challenges for emerging and developing economies
    lessons from the past decade
    Author: Ruch, Franz Ulrich
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Prospects Group, [Washington, DC, USA]

    The 2009 global recession demonstrated, once again, the importance of crisis prevention as well as the critical need for preserving policy room so that emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) can act when their economies are hit by shocks.... more

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    The 2009 global recession demonstrated, once again, the importance of crisis prevention as well as the critical need for preserving policy room so that emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) can act when their economies are hit by shocks. And now, with the global growth outlook still weak and vulnerabilities rising, these lessons underscore the need for comprehensive policies to improve EMDEs' resilience to shocks and lift long-term growth prospects. On the macroeconomic front, priorities include shoring up fiscal positions, keeping adequate foreign reserves, and strengthening policy frameworks. Financial sector policies to adapt to a changing global financial environment include strengthening home-host supervisor coordination and establishing prudential authorities with the appropriate tools and mandates to mitigate systemic risks. Structural policy priorities include investment in human capital and infrastructure to offset the decline in potential growth that is expected to continue over the next decade. Renewed reform momentum is needed to create the environment that generates private sector-led, productivity-driven growth supported by measures to improve governance and business climates

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9180
    Subjects: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES; FISCAL POLICY; GOVERNANCE; INVESTMENT CLIMATE; MACROECONOMIC POLICY; MONETARY POLICY; POTENTIAL GROWTH; STRUCTURAL REFORM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (55 Seiten)
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 06.08.2020
  19. Policy briefs for selected member countries of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee
    Author: Bello, Omar; Khamis, Marion; Osorio, Claudio; Peralta, Leda
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    This policy brief has the objective of profiling disaster risk management policies in five selected member states of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee: The Bahamas, Belize, The Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica, and analyze... more

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This policy brief has the objective of profiling disaster risk management policies in five selected member states of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee: The Bahamas, Belize, The Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica, and analyze their interactions with broader development issues and instruments, such as national development plans and climate change adaptation strategies. To this end, firstly, it presents the five pillars for Disaster Risk Managenent (DRM), namely risk identification, risk reduction, preparedness, financial protection, and resilient recovery, as well as their applications to disaster assessments.1 Secondly, it describes the integration of DRM into development policies. The structure of the analysis will allow countries to identify strengths and weaknesses of the DRM policies and how they interact with other planning and development instruments. Finally, it presents policy recommendations to strengthen the role of DRM and to improve the use of resources through multisectoral projects that build resilience to disasters and climate change.

     
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  20. Escaping the low-growth trap
    Guinea-Bissau country economic memorandum
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Guinea-Bissau’s massive economic potential has not so far translated into better livelihoods for its population. Growth per capita has averaged less than 1 percent per year over 2000-2019. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the factors... more

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    Guinea-Bissau’s massive economic potential has not so far translated into better livelihoods for its population. Growth per capita has averaged less than 1 percent per year over 2000-2019. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the factors behind the economic stagnation. An interplay of three constraints have impeded sustained high growth. First, the low and volatile growth performance is linked to fragility and political instability, which, together with a poorly diversified economy, with raw cashew nuts accounting for 95-98 percent of export earnings, help explain the stop-go growth cycle. Second, human capital accumulation remains low. An acute shortage of a skilled workforce is a major constraint to inclusive growth. The education system is marked by alarmingly low levels of learning. Third, private investment is particularly low—the second lowest in Africa. Years of underinvestment in infrastructure, energy, and human capital are holding the country back from achieving strong, enduring and inclusive growth. The chapter concludes by highlighting how the COVID-19 crisis exacerbates these constraints and discusses areas that could support sustainable growth. The chapter is organized as follows: section 1.1 presents a brief overview of the political and social context. Section 1.2 puts recent growth into historical and comparative perspective. Section 1.3 presents analysis that helps explain the low-growth trap and identifies possible areas that Guinea-Bissau could pursue to escape this trap. Finally, Section 1.4 discusses the economic impact of COVID-19 and potential pathways to recovery

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34752
    Subjects: Wirtschaftslage; Wirtschaftswachstum; Guinea-Bissau; COMPLETION RATES; DIVERSIFICATION; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; ENROLLMENT; FRAGILITY; GENDER EQUALITY; GOVERNANCE; HUMAN CAPITAL; JOB CREATION; LABOR MARKET; POLITICAL INSTABILITY; PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT; PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 104 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Lebanon reform, recovery and reconstruction framework (3RF)
    Published: December 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The framework for reform, recovery, and reconstruction (the 3RF) is part of a comprehensive response to the massive explosion on the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020. It is a people-centered recovery and reconstruction framework focusing on a period... more

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    The framework for reform, recovery, and reconstruction (the 3RF) is part of a comprehensive response to the massive explosion on the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020. It is a people-centered recovery and reconstruction framework focusing on a period of 18 months that will bridge the immediate humanitarian response and the medium-term recovery and reconstruction efforts to put Lebanon on a path of sustainable development. The overall objective of the 3RF is to help address the urgent needs of the affected population and ensure that results are delivered through an efficient, timely, and well-coordinated recovery and reconstruction effort, with the involvement of all stakeholders and support from the international community. The 3RF is structured around four strategic pillars: (1) improving governance and accountability; (2) jobs and opportunities; (3) social protection, inclusion, and culture; and (4) improving services and infrastructure. Each pillar identifies a set of strategic objectives and priority areas across both the recovery track and the reform and reconstruction track. The 3RF is also designed to contribute to: (a) consensus-building among the government of Lebanon and Lebanese non-state actors on the required enabling policy environment and on priorities for recovery and reconstruction; (b) an agreed reconstruction and recovery framework between Lebanese society and development partners; (c) a programmatic and integrated approach across all sectors; (d) harmonized financing that aligns with the framework; and (e) a gradual transition from humanitarian response to recovery and reconstruction. The report is organized as follows: section one gives context and key challenges; section two presents 3RF scope and strategic objectives; section three presents macroeconomic stabilization as a foundation for recovery and reconstruction; section four discusses the 3RF pillars; section five gives institutional and monitoring arrangements; and section six presents 3RF financing strategy

     
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  22. Human capital project
    HCI compass : a living document
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The Human Capital Index (HCI) Compass is a guidance note for clients' own assessment of progress towards HCI. The launch of the Human Capital Index (HCI) in October 2018 spurred an interesting conversation on the state of the world in terms of... more

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    The Human Capital Index (HCI) Compass is a guidance note for clients' own assessment of progress towards HCI. The launch of the Human Capital Index (HCI) in October 2018 spurred an interesting conversation on the state of the world in terms of preparing the current generation to the challenges of the future labor market. By successfully highlighting the depth of the human capital crisis and enabling policy makers to see spending in the social sectors as investments that reap benefits in the long run, the index demonstrated its usefulness as an advocacy tool. Partly due to the success of the advocacy effort, the immediate questions policy makers posed were 'what to do to improve the HCI?' and 'how best to track progress considering the slowly-moving nature of the index. The HCI Compass is a response to this query. First, it aims to help countries answer the question: "What do we need to do to improve our HCI and its sub components (child survival, adult survival, stunting, years of schooling, test scores)?" It does so by providing a checklist of key policies, legal framework and aspects of service delivery that characterize countries with good human capital outcomes and/or are proven to be important to improving the key components of the HCI. Pinpointing the set of policies and interventions that drive human capital outcomes is complicated by the fact that the underlying production function and how the different factors interact to produce outcomes is not straight forward. As such, some of the policies and service delivery indicators identified in the compass could be mere correlates rather than determinants of human capital formation. The relative importance of the indicators would also vary based on where a country currently stands and as such, the need to tailor it to each country context. Second, it aims to help countries answer the linked questions: "How well are these policies working? And how do we know we are on track?" It does so by identifying intermediate outcome variables and benchmark variables that will help policymakers assess progress on the ground towards a better HCI. We can think of these variables both as the intermediate results of the policies recommended above, and as "leading indicators" of what will happen to the HCI over time

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/33671
    Subjects: ADULT SURVIVAL; CHILD SURVIVAL; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; ENABLING ENVIRONMENT; GOVERNANCE; HCI COMPASS; HEALTH; HUMAN CAPITAL; HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX; HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT; INCLUSIVE GROWTH; LABOR PRODUCTIVITY; LEGAL FRAMEWORK; POLICY; PUBLIC EXPENDITURE; SERVICE DELIVERY; STUDENT PERFORMANCE; STUNTING
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. GRI Index 2020
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    This 2020 World Bank GRI Index is an inventory of the sustainability considerations used in World Bank lending and analytical services, as well as within its corporate practices. This sustainability disclosure index has been prepared in accordance... more

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    This 2020 World Bank GRI Index is an inventory of the sustainability considerations used in World Bank lending and analytical services, as well as within its corporate practices. This sustainability disclosure index has been prepared in accordance with the Core option of the GRI Standards1. The GRI Index covers activities carried out during fiscal year 2020, from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the World Bank's operations and staff activities through reduced travel, the extended shutdown of our offices, and a shift in staff health services. Where significant, these impacts have been noted in the report

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34529
    Subjects: ANTICORRUPTION; CHILD LABOR; CLIMATE CHANGE; CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY; DIVERSITY; EMISSIONS; EMPLOYMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS; ETHICS; GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE; GOVERNANCE; HUMAN RIGHTS; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; NONDISCRIMINATION; PROCUREMENT; STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT; SUSTAINABILITY; WASTE MANAGEMENT
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Safeguarding human capital during and beyond COVID-19
    assessing Africa's policies and institutions
    Published: August 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The 2020 Africa Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) report covers the period from January to December 2019. The addition of Somalia brought the number of the region’s International Development Association (IDA)–eligible countries to... more

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    Orient-Institut Beirut
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    The 2020 Africa Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) report covers the period from January to December 2019. The addition of Somalia brought the number of the region’s International Development Association (IDA)–eligible countries to 39. The overall CPIA score for the region’s 39 IDA-eligible countries came in at 3.1, the same as in the previous three years, in a context of moderating per capita growth. The average scores for most of the CPIA clusters trended down in 2019. While the average score for the economic management cluster was unchanged from last year’s assessment, the average scores for the other three clusters—structural policies, social inclusion, and public management and institutions—declined, indicating that the quality of policies and institutions in the region’s IDA countries weakened in 2019. The weakening of structural policies was reflected in the decline in the quality of trade policy, uneven improvements in the regulations affecting factor and product markets, and further deterioration of the financial sector performance. In the area of social inclusion, many countries experienced a decrease in the quality of service delivery that affects access to and quality of health and education services. In the broader area of governance, limited progress was made in strengthening property rights, and transparency and accountability. In addition, the quality of public administration declined, and financial management systems and revenue mobilization capacity weakened in many countries

     
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  25. Living with debt
    how institutions can chart a path to recovery in the Middle East and North Africa
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC

    Economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remain in crisis. The World Bank estimates the regional output to have contracted 3.8 percent in 2020 and expects it to rebound by only 2.2 percent in 2021. The regional output is expected to be... more

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    Bundesverfassungsgericht, Bibliothek
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    Economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remain in crisis. The World Bank estimates the regional output to have contracted 3.8 percent in 2020 and expects it to rebound by only 2.2 percent in 2021. The regional output is expected to be 7.2% below where it would be in 2021 without the pandemic. The region’s average GDP per capita is estimated to have declined 5.3 percent in 2020 and expected to rebound by only 0.6 percent in 2021. The number of poor people in the region—those making less than the $5.50 per day poverty line—is expected to increase from 176 million in 2019 to a conservative estimate of 192 million people by the end of 2021. The region’s public debt is expected to rise significantly. Most notably, MENA oil importers have the highest levels of debt. As the region copes with the economic consequences of the pandemic, most countries will face tensions between short-term needs and the long-term risks of debt-financed government spending. Countries must make tough choices along the road to recovery. During the pandemic, fiscal spending is arguably best used to support vulnerable families and invest in public health—such as disease surveillance, data transparency, and vaccinations. Public health investment as a short-term response to the pandemic could also bring long-term gains. As the pandemic subsides, there are good reasons to be cautious with additional fiscal stimulus, especially for countries with high debt, poor governance, and lack of transparency. After the pandemic, economic growth remains the most sustainable way to reduce the debt-GDP ratio, and this requires much-needed deep structural reforms. Strong institutions can chart a path to recovery. Investing in testing, disease surveillance, and data transparency can reduce the economic costs of the pandemic. As the pandemic subsides, effective and transparent pandemic surveillance would help boost demand from domestic and foreign sources. Good governance in public investment decisions can raise the effectiveness of public investment. Public debt transparency can help reduce borrowing costs. Institutional reforms can be implemented with limited fiscal costs and hold the promise of boosting long-run growth

     
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