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Displaying results 1 to 25 of 41.

  1. Trade Integration, Industry Reallocation, and Welfare in Colombia
    Author: Alessandria, George A.; Avila-Montealegre, Oscar I.
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study empirically and theoretically the dynamic effects of the unilateral reduction in import tariffs undertaken by Colombia from 1989-1993, with a particular emphasis on the transition and including any anticipation effects. We develop an... more

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    We study empirically and theoretically the dynamic effects of the unilateral reduction in import tariffs undertaken by Colombia from 1989-1993, with a particular emphasis on the transition and including any anticipation effects. We develop an asymmetric two-country, multi-sector heterogeneous firm model with a dynamic exporting decision, input-output linkages, capital accumulation, and trade in financial assets. The model is calibrated to match Colombian exporter dynamics, sectoral trade openness, tariffs, imbalances, and input-output linkages in the late 1980s. We introduce an anticipated phased out reform into the model and relate the predicted path of sectoral and aggregate activity to the data. Our multi-sector dynamic exporting model predicts much larger gains from these reforms than models that abstract from exporter dynamics, sectoral heterogeneity, trade in financial assets, or capital accumulation. It also captures the key macroeconomic features in terms of a temporary expansion in growth featuring a large, but short-lived investment boom financed by international borrowing, more so when the reforms are expected to be short-lived

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31378
    Subjects: Zollpolitik; Zoll; Handelsliberalisierung; Wirkungsanalyse; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Außenhandelsgewinn; Kolumbien; Economic Integration; Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
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  2. Production, Trade, and Cross-Border Data Flows
    Author: Chang, Qing; Cong, Lin William; Liyong, Wang; Zhang, Longtian
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We build a two-country general equilibrium model to analyze the effects of cross-border data flows and pre-existing development gaps in data economies on each country's production and international trade. Raw data as byproducts of consumption can be... more

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    We build a two-country general equilibrium model to analyze the effects of cross-border data flows and pre-existing development gaps in data economies on each country's production and international trade. Raw data as byproducts of consumption can be transformed into various types of working data (information) to be used by both domestic and foreign producers. Because data constitute a new production factor for intermediate goods, a large extant divide in data utilization can reduce or even freeze trade. Cross-border data flows mitigate the situation and improve welfare when added to international trade. Data-inefficient countries where data are less important in production enjoy a "latecomer's advantage'' with international trade and data flows, contributing more raw data from which the data-efficient countries generate knowledge for production. Furthermore, cross-border data flows can reverse the cyclicity of working data usage after productivity shocks, whereas shocks to data privacy or import costs have opposite effects on domestic and foreign data sectors. The insights inform future research and policy discussions concerning data divide, data flows, and their implications for trade liberalization, the data labor market, among others

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31416
    Subjects: Internationale Wirtschaft; Daten; Datenmanagement; Elektronischer Datenaustausch; Wirtschaftswachstum; Theorie; Economic Integration; Other; Economic Growth of Open Economies
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  3. Exploring European Regional Trade
    Author: Santamaría, Marta A.; Ventura, Jaume; Yeşilbayraktar, Uğur
    Published: March 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We use the new dataset of trade flows across 269 European regions in 24 countries constructed in Santamaría et al. (2020) to systematically explore for the first time trade patterns within and across country borders. We focus on the differences... more

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    We use the new dataset of trade flows across 269 European regions in 24 countries constructed in Santamaría et al. (2020) to systematically explore for the first time trade patterns within and across country borders. We focus on the differences between home trade, country trade and foreign trade. We document the following facts: (i) European regional trade has a strong home and country bias, (ii) geographic distance and national borders are important determinants of regional trade, but cannot explain the strong regional home bias and (iii) the home bias is heterogeneous across regions and seems to be driven by political regional borders

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31037
    Subjects: Interregionaler Handel; Binnenhandel; Außenhandel; Region; Staat; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration; EU-Staaten; General; Empirical Studies of Trade; Economic Integration
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  4. The Linear Algebra of Economic Geography Models
    Author: Kleinman, Benny; Liu, Ernest; Redding, Stephen
    Published: July 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We provide sufficient statistics for nominal and real wage exposure to productivity shocks in a constant elasticity economic geography model. These exposure measures summarize the first-order general equilibrium elasticity of nominal and real wages... more

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    We provide sufficient statistics for nominal and real wage exposure to productivity shocks in a constant elasticity economic geography model. These exposure measures summarize the first-order general equilibrium elasticity of nominal and real wages in each location with respect to productivity shocks in all locations. They are readily computed using commonly-available trade data and the values of trade and migration elasticities. They have an intuitive interpretation in terms of underlying economic mechanisms. Computing these measures for all bilateral pairs of locations involves a single matrix inversion and therefore remains computational efficient even with an extremely high-dimensional state space. These sufficient statistics provide theory-consistent measures of locations' exposure to productivity shocks for use in further economic and statistical analysis

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w31465
    Subjects: Produktivität; Schock; Regionalentwicklung; Wirtschaftsgeographie; Neue ökonomische Geographie; General; Economic Integration; Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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  5. Search externalities in firm-to-firm trade
    Author: Spray, John
    Published: March 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    I develop a model of firm-to-firm search and matching to show that the impact of falling trade costs on firm sourcing decisions and consumer welfare depends on the relative size of search externalities in domestic and international markets. These... more

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    I develop a model of firm-to-firm search and matching to show that the impact of falling trade costs on firm sourcing decisions and consumer welfare depends on the relative size of search externalities in domestic and international markets. These externalities can be positive if firms share information about potential matches, or negative if the market is congested. Using unique firm-to-firm transaction-level data from Uganda, I document empirical evidence consistent with positive externalities in international markets and negative externalities in domestic markets. I then build a dynamic quantitative version of the model and show that, in Uganda, a 25% reduction in trade costs led to a 3.7% increase in consumer welfare, 12% of which was due to search externalities

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781513572611
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    Series: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 91
    Subjects: Firm-to-Firm Trade; VAT Data; Search-and-Matching; Importing; Economic Integration; Empirical Studies Of Trade; Firm-To-Firm Trade; Search-And-Matching; Vat Data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Trade, jobs, and inequality
    Author: Beaton, Kimberly; Cerra, Valerie; Hadzi-Vaskov, Metodij
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper examines the impact of trade on employment, wages, and other outcomes across countries and explores the conditions and policies that help spread the gains from trade more evenly throughout the population. We exploit a large global... more

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    This paper examines the impact of trade on employment, wages, and other outcomes across countries and explores the conditions and policies that help spread the gains from trade more evenly throughout the population. We exploit a large global firm-level dataset to examine the impact of import competition on employment, wages, and firm performance, as well as the firm, industry, and country factors that mitigate any negative impact of an import shock. In contrast to the results of some well-known single-country studies, we find limited adverse impact of import competition. In some countries and industries, import competition actually strengthens employment growth. In addition, import competition tends to improve average wages, investment, and firm profitability. Country characteristics, such as educational attainment, can also improve employment prospects in response to trade shocks. Finally, we find that firms experiencing greater import competition start with higher average wages; thus any relatively slower employment growth in this group of firms could lead to lower inequality

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
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    ISBN: 9781513584355
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    Series: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 178
    Subjects: trade; jobs; employment; labor market adjustment; inequality; import competition; firms; industries; panel data; globalization; protectionism; wages; Economic Growth of Open Economies; Economic Integration; Empirical Studies of Trade; Trade and Labor Market Interactions; Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Comprehensive development plan for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and South-Southeast Mexico
    summary
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  ECLAC, Santiago

    The Comprehensive Development Plan aims to create a sustainable development space and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the people of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and south-southeast Mexico, thus making migration a choice... more

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    The Comprehensive Development Plan aims to create a sustainable development space and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the people of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and south-southeast Mexico, thus making migration a choice rather than an obligation. This is an joined up response by the United Nations system, which seeks to generate synergies and coordinate actions with the countries at the centre and the support of subregional integration institutions.

     
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  8. Comprehensive development plan for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and South-Southeast Mexico
    volume 2
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    The Comprehensive Development Plan aims to create a sustainable development space and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the people of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and south-southeast Mexico, thus making migration a choice... more

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    The Comprehensive Development Plan aims to create a sustainable development space and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the people of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and south-southeast Mexico, thus making migration a choice rather than an obligation. This is an joined up response by the United Nations system, which seeks to generate synergies and coordinate actions with the countries at the centre and the support of subregional integration institutions. Foreword .-- 1. Economic development pillar. A. Enabling infrastructure development programme. B. Trade promotion and regional integration programme. C. Productive development programme. D. Territorial development programme. E. Macroeconomics for development programme .-- 2. Social well-being pillar. A. Social and labour inclusion programme. B. Life-skills programme. C. Comprehensive child development programme. D. Lifelong health programme. E. Violence prevention and culture of peace programme .-- 3. Environmental sustainability, climate change and adaptation, and disaster risk reduction pillar. A. Generation of knowledge, data and tools for adaptation to climate change and disaster risks programme. B. Programme for strengthened resilience to prevent disaster-driven displacement. C. Climate change and nature-based solutions programme .-- 4. Pillar for the integral management of the migration cycle. A. Comprehensive national response programme. B. Regional programmes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/47251
    Parent title:
    Series: United Nations publication
    Subjects: Economic Growth; Inclusive Development; Infrastructure; International Migration; International Trade; Programme And Policy Evaluation; Public Policies; Regional Integration; Structural Change; Territorial Development; Economic Development; Social Development; Sustainable Development; Development Plans; Development Policy; Equality; Physical Infrastructure; Transport Infrastructure; Energy Resources; Foreign Trade; Trade Facilitation; Economic Integration; Industrial Development; Productivity; Value; Regional Development; Macroeconomics; Fiscal Policy; Social Welfare; Gender Equality; Social Security; Employment; Education; Child Development; Health; Violence; Social Problems; Human Rights; Justice; Environment; Climate Change; Natural Disasters; Migration; Migration Policy; DESARROLLO ECONOMICO; DESARROLLO SOCIAL; DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; PLANES DE DESARROLLO; POLITICA DE DESARROLLO; IGUALDAD; INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA; INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORTE; RECURSOS ENERGETICOS; COMERCIO EXTERIOR; FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO; INTEGRACION ECONOMICA; DESARROLLO REGIONAL; DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL; PRODUCTIVIDAD; VALOR; MACROECONOMIA; POLITICA FISCAL; BIENESTAR SOCIAL; IGUALDAD DE GENERO; SEGURIDAD SOCIAL; EMPLEO; EDUCACION; DESARROLLO DEL NIÑO; SALUD; VIOLENCIA; PROBLEMAS SOCIALES; DERECHOS HUMANOS; JUSTICIA; MEDIO AMBIENTE; CAMBIO CLIMATICO; DESASTRES NATURALES; MIGRACION; POLITICA MIGRATORIA; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT PLANS; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; EQUALITY; PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE; TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE; ENERGY RESOURCES; FOREIGN TRADE; TRADE FACILITATION; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTIVITY; VALUE; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; MACROECONOMICS; FISCAL POLICY; SOCIAL WELFARE; GENDER EQUALITY; SOCIAL SECURITY; EMPLOYMENT; EDUCATION; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HEALTH; VIOLENCE; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; HUMAN RIGHTS; JUSTICE; ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; NATURAL DISASTERS; MIGRATION; MIGRATION POLICY
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 640 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Comprehensive development plan for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and South-Southeast Mexico
    volume 1
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    The Comprehensive Development Plan aims to create a sustainable development space and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the people of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and south-southeast Mexico, thus making migration a choice... more

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    The Comprehensive Development Plan aims to create a sustainable development space and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the people of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and south-southeast Mexico, thus making migration a choice rather than an obligation. This is an joined up response by the United Nations system, which seeks to generate synergies and coordinate actions with the countries at the centre and the support of subregional integration institutions. Foreword .-- I. Priority areas for promoting development in northern Central America andsouth-southeast Mexico .-- II. A commitment to development .-- III. Policy recommendations .-- IV. Comprehensive development plan: a strategic proposal .-- V. Country prioritization process. A. El Salvador. B. Guatemala. C. Honduras. D. México.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/47247
    Parent title:
    Series: United Nations publication
    Subjects: Infrastructure; International Migration; International Trade; Programme And Policy Evaluation; Public Policies; Regional Integration; Structural Change; Sustainable Development; Territorial Development; Economic Growth; Gender Equality; Inclusive Development; Economic Development; Social Development; Development Plans; Development Policy; Equality; Physical Infrastructure; Transport Infrastructure; Energy Resources; Foreign Trade; Trade Facilitation; Economic Integration; Industrial Development; Productivity; Value; Regional Development; Macroeconomics; Fiscal Policy; Social Welfare; Social Security; Employment; Education; Child Development; Health; Violence; Social Problems; Human Rights; Justice; Environment; Climate Change; Natural Disasters; Migration; Migration Policy; DESARROLLO ECONOMICO; DESARROLLO SOCIAL; DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; PLANES DE DESARROLLO; POLITICA DE DESARROLLO; IGUALDAD; INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA; INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORTE; RECURSOS ENERGETICOS; COMERCIO EXTERIOR; FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO; INTEGRACION ECONOMICA; DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL; PRODUCTIVIDAD; VALOR; DESARROLLO REGIONAL; MACROECONOMIA; POLITICA FISCAL; BIENESTAR SOCIAL; IGUALDAD DE GENERO; SEGURIDAD SOCIAL; EMPLEO; EDUCACION; DESARROLLO DEL NIÑO; SALUD; VIOLENCIA; PROBLEMAS SOCIALES; DERECHOS HUMANOS; JUSTICIA; MEDIO AMBIENTE; CAMBIO CLIMATICO; DESASTRES NATURALES; MIGRACION; POLITICA MIGRATORIA; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT PLANS; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; EQUALITY; PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE; TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE; ENERGY RESOURCES; FOREIGN TRADE; TRADE FACILITATION; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTIVITY; VALUE; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; MACROECONOMICS; FISCAL POLICY; SOCIAL WELFARE; GENDER EQUALITY; SOCIAL SECURITY; EMPLOYMENT; EDUCATION; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; HEALTH; VIOLENCE; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; HUMAN RIGHTS; JUSTICE; ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; NATURAL DISASTERS; MIGRATION; MIGRATION POLICY
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The effect of tariffs in global value chains
    Author: Eugster, Johannes; Jaumotte, Florence; MacDonald, Margaux; Piazza, Roberto
    Published: 2022 FEB
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper empirically investigates the impact of tariffs when production is organized in global value chains. Using global input-output matrices, we construct four different tariff measures that capture the direct and indirect exposure to tariffs at... more

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    This paper empirically investigates the impact of tariffs when production is organized in global value chains. Using global input-output matrices, we construct four different tariff measures that capture the direct and indirect exposure to tariffs at different stages of the production chain for a broad set of countries and industries. Our results suggest that tariffs have significant effects on economic outcomes, including on countries and sectors not directly targeted. We find that tariffs higher up and further down in the value chain depress value added, employment, labor productivity and total factor productivity to varying degrees. We find no benefits for the sector that enjoys additional protection, yet there is some evidence of economic activity being diverted, id est positive effects on value added and employment from tariffs imposed on competitors. Our paper relates to recent innovations in theoretical gravity models and provides an empirical assessment of possible long-term effects of recent trade tensions

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400204456
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    Series: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 40
    Subjects: Tariffs; global value chains; value added; productivity; Economic Integration; Empirical Studies of Trade; International Trade Organizations; Tariffs, Global Value Chains, Value Added and Productivity; Trade Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Measurement of aggregate trade restrictions and their economic effects
    Author: Estefania-Flores, Julia; Furceri, Davide; Ahmed Hannan, Swarnali; Ostry, Jonathan David; Rose, Andrew
    Published: 2022 JAN
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the... more

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    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the international flow of goods and services. MATR is simple, ad hoc, plausible, quantitative, easily updated, based solely on policy-relevant measures of trade policy, and covers an unbalanced sample of up to 157 countries annually between 1949 and 2019. MATR is strongly correlated with, but more comprehensive than, existing measures of openness and trade policy existing measures. We use MATR to show that trade restrictions are harmful for the economy and lead to significant contractions in output

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781616359645
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    Series: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 1
    Subjects: Empricial; data; protection; tariffs; non-tariff barriers; policy; annual; panel; Economic Integration; Empricial, Data, Protection, Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers; International Trade Organizations; MATR Data Construction; Trade Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Towards transformation of the development model in Latin America and the Caribbean
    production, inclusion and sustainability : thirty-ninth session of ECLAC, Buenos Aires, 24-26 October 2022
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    In a regional and international context of weak growth, high inflation and growing inequality, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean must focus policies on reactivating, rebuilding and transforming economic and production systems to... more

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    In a regional and international context of weak growth, high inflation and growing inequality, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean must focus policies on reactivating, rebuilding and transforming economic and production systems to advance towards low-carbon and high-tech economies that address climate change and reduce their historical gaps, structural heterogeneity and dualism.This document considers the complex conditions that pose significant challenges to accelerating growth, tackling high inflation and the cost-of-living crisis, maintaining transfers to the most vulnerable households, mitigating the social costs of the crisis and boosting investment. Its chapters analyse the dynamics of globalization and the policy challenges in changing the production structure and moving towards sustainable development. In addition, they consider strategies for reducing inequality and creating universal protection systems and decent jobs in a challenging world. Nine strategic sectors expected to drive a big push for sustainability are examined through the prism of green growth. The document concludes with policy recommendations for advancing towards a renewed model for inclusive and sustainable growth. Foreword .-- I. The present and future of globalization: crises, environmental emergency .-- II. Production structure and policies for sustainable development .-- III. Inequality, employment and social policy .-- IV. Sectoral considerations: drivers of sustainable development .-- V. Policies to transform the development model .-- Tables.

     
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    ISBN: 9789210055864; 9789213583692
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    hdl: 11362/48309
    Series: United Nations publication
    Subjects: DESARROLLO ECONOMICO; MODELOS DE DESARROLLO; GLOBALIZACION; MEDIO AMBIENTE; CAMBIO CLIMATICO; CAMBIO TECNOLOGICO; TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL; PRODUCTIVIDAD; DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; POLITICA INDUSTRIAL; EMPLEO; POLITICA SOCIAL; IGUALDAD; GASTOS PUBLICOS; POLITICA ENERGETICA; TRANSPORTE; ECONOMIA VERDE; SALUD; BIENESTAR SOCIAL; CUIDADORES; TURISMO; PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS; POLITICA DE DESARROLLO; POLITICA ECONOMICA; INTEGRACION ECONOMICA; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT MODELS; GLOBALIZATION; ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE; DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY; PRODUCTIVITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; EMPLOYMENT; SOCIAL POLICY; EQUALITY; PUBLIC EXPENDITURES; ENERGY POLICY; TRANSPORT; GREEN ECONOMY; HEALTH; SOCIAL WELFARE; CAREGIVERS; TOURISM; SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; ECONOMIC POLICY; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; Employment; Environment; Inclusive Development; Inequality; Innovation; Science And Technology; Macroeconomics; Productivity; Public Policies; Social Protection; Social Rights; Sustainable Development; Circular Economy Economic Development; Development Models; Globalization; Climate Change; Technological Change; Digital Technology; Productivity; Industrial Policy; Social Policy; Equality; Public Expenditures; Energy Policy; Transport; Green Economy; Health; Social Welfare; Caregivers; Tourism; Small And Medium Enterprises; Development Policy; Economic Policy; Economic Integration
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 283 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Overcoming the EU crisis and prospects for a political union
    Author: Welfens, Paul J. J.
    Published: November 2014
    Publisher:  European Institute for International Economic Relations, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

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    Series: Discussion paper / European Institute for International Economic Relations ; 203
    Subjects: European Union; Economic Integration; Growth; Euro Crisis; Political Union
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten)
  14. Overcoming the euro crisis and prospects for a political union
    Author: Welfens, Paul J. J.
    Published: July 2015
    Publisher:  European Institute for International Economic Relations, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

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    Series: Discussion paper / European Institute for International Economic Relations ; 210
    Subjects: European Union; Economic Integration; Growth; Euro Crisis; Political Union
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten)
  15. Examining the impact of ASEAN-China free trade agreement on Indonesian manufacturing employment
    Author: Ooi, Koon Peng
    Published: June 2016
    Publisher:  Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford

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    Series: CSAE working paper / Centre for the Study of African Economies ; WPS/2016, 15
    Subjects: Trade Policy; Economic Integration; Trade and Labour Market Interactions
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  16. Economic Integration and the Transmission of Democracy
    Author: Magistretti, Giacomo; Tabellini, Marco
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In this paper, we study if exposure to the institutions of trade partners changes individuals' attitudes towards democracy and favors the process of democratization. We combine survey data with country-level measures of democracy from 1960 to 2015,... more

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    In this paper, we study if exposure to the institutions of trade partners changes individuals' attitudes towards democracy and favors the process of democratization. We combine survey data with country-level measures of democracy from 1960 to 2015, and exploit the improvement in air, relative to sea, transportation to derive a time-varying instrument for trade. Relying on within-country variation across cohorts, we find that individuals who grew up when their country was more integrated with democracies are, at the time of the survey, more supportive of democracy. In line with the change in citizens' preferences, economic integration with democratic partners has a large, positive effect on a country's democracy score. Instead, economic integration with non-democratic partners has no impact on either individuals' attitudes or countries' institutions. We provide evidence consistent with the transmission of democratic capital from more to less democratic countries

     
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30055
    Subjects: Demokratisierung; Demokratie; Meinung; Wirtschaftsintegration; Politische Willensbildung; Welt; Empirical Studies of Trade; Economic Integration; Political Economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  17. Repackaging FDI for inclusive growth
    nullifying effects and policy relevant thresholds of governance
    Author: Ofori, Isaac Kwesi; Asongu, Simplice
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study examines whether the remarkable inflow of resources in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) to SSA contributes to inclusive growth in the region. The study further investigates whether SSA's institutional fabric modulates the effect... more

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    This study examines whether the remarkable inflow of resources in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) to SSA contributes to inclusive growth in the region. The study further investigates whether SSA's institutional fabric modulates the effect of FDI on inclusive growth in SSA. To this end, we draw data on 42 SSA countries for the period 1990 - 2020 for the analysis. The evidence, which are based on the GMM estimator shows that: (1) though FDI fosters inclusive growth in SSA, the effect is weak, and (2) the weak inclusive growth inducing-effects of FDI are weakened or nullified completely by SSA' fragile governance quality. Nonetheless, the optimism, which we provide by way of threshold analysis shows that channelling resources into the development of these governance dynamics yield positive net effects from the short-term through to the long-term. Notably, the results show that the short-term to long-term FDI-induced inclusive growth gains of developing frameworks and structures for fighting corruption while addressing fragilities in regulatory quality and government effectiveness are outstanding. A few policy recommendations are discussed in the end.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262079
    Series: AGDI working paper ; WP/22, 003
    Subjects: AfCFTA; Africa; Economic Integration; FDI; Governance; Inclusive Growth
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Lessons from U.S.-China Trade Relations
    Author: Caliendo, Lorenzo; Parro, Fernando
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We review theoretical and empirical work on the economic effects of the United States and China trade relations during the last decades. We first discuss the origins of the China shock, its measurement, and present methods used to study its economic... more

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    We review theoretical and empirical work on the economic effects of the United States and China trade relations during the last decades. We first discuss the origins of the China shock, its measurement, and present methods used to study its economic effects on different outcomes. We then focus on the recent U.S.-China trade war. We discuss methods used to evaluate its effects, describe its economic effects, and analyze if this increase in trade protectionism reverted the effects of the China shock. The main lessons learned in this review are: (i) the aggregate gains from U.S.-China trade created winners and losers; (ii) China's trade expansion seems not to be the main cause of the decline in U.S. manufacturing employment during the same period; and (iii) the recent trade war generated welfare losses, had small employment effects, and was ineffective in reversing the distributional effects due to the China shock

     
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  19. The effect of tariffs in global value chains
    Author: Eugster, Johannes; Jaumotte, Florence; MacDonald, Margaux; Piazza, Roberto
    Published: 2022 FEB
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper empirically investigates the impact of tariffs when production is organized in global value chains. Using global input-output matrices, we construct four different tariff measures that capture the direct and indirect exposure to tariffs at... more

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    This paper empirically investigates the impact of tariffs when production is organized in global value chains. Using global input-output matrices, we construct four different tariff measures that capture the direct and indirect exposure to tariffs at different stages of the production chain for a broad set of countries and industries. Our results suggest that tariffs have significant effects on economic outcomes, including on countries and sectors not directly targeted. We find that tariffs higher up and further down in the value chain depress value added, employment, labor productivity and total factor productivity to varying degrees. We find no benefits for the sector that enjoys additional protection, yet there is some evidence of economic activity being diverted, id est positive effects on value added and employment from tariffs imposed on competitors. Our paper relates to recent innovations in theoretical gravity models and provides an empirical assessment of possible long-term effects of recent trade tensions

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    ISBN: 9798400204456
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    Series: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 40
    Subjects: Tariffs; global value chains; value added; productivity; Economic Integration; Empirical Studies of Trade; International Trade Organizations; Tariffs, Global Value Chains, Value Added and Productivity; Trade Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Measurement of aggregate trade restrictions and their economic effects
    Author: Estefania-Flores, Julia; Furceri, Davide; Ahmed Hannan, Swarnali; Ostry, Jonathan David; Rose, Andrew
    Published: 2022 JAN
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the... more

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    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the international flow of goods and services. MATR is simple, ad hoc, plausible, quantitative, easily updated, based solely on policy-relevant measures of trade policy, and covers an unbalanced sample of up to 157 countries annually between 1949 and 2019. MATR is strongly correlated with, but more comprehensive than, existing measures of openness and trade policy existing measures. We use MATR to show that trade restrictions are harmful for the economy and lead to significant contractions in output

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    ISBN: 9781616359645
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    Series: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 1
    Subjects: Empricial; data; protection; tariffs; non-tariff barriers; policy; annual; panel; Economic Integration; Empricial, Data, Protection, Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers; International Trade Organizations; MATR Data Construction; Trade Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Scaling Agricultural Policy Interventions
    Author: Bergquist, Lauren Falcao; Faber, Benjamin; Fally, Thibault; Hoelzlein, Matthias; Miguel, Edward; Rodríguez-Clare, Andrés
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Policies aimed at raising agricultural productivity have been a centerpiece in the fight against global poverty. Their impacts are often measured using field or quasi-experiments that provide strong causal identification, but may be too small-scale... more

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    Policies aimed at raising agricultural productivity have been a centerpiece in the fight against global poverty. Their impacts are often measured using field or quasi-experiments that provide strong causal identification, but may be too small-scale to capture the general equilibrium (GE) effects that emerge once the policy is scaled up. We propose a new approach for quantifying large-scale GE policy counterfactuals that can both complement and be informed by evidence from field and quasi-experiments. We develop a quantitative model of farm production, consumption and trading that captures important features of this setting, and propose a new solution method that relies on rich but widely available microdata. We showcase our approach in the context of a subsidy for modern inputs in Uganda, using variation from field and quasi-experiments for parameter estimation. We find that both the average and distributional impacts of the subsidy differ meaningfully when comparing a local intervention to one at scale, even for the same sample of farmers, and quantify the underlying mechanisms. We further document new insights on how GE forces differ as a function of saturation rates at different geographical scales, and on the importance of capturing a granular economic geography for counterfactual analysis

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30704
    Subjects: Agrarpolitik; Agrarsubvention; Wirkungsanalyse; Verteilungswirkung; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Experiment; Uganda; Economic Integration; Economic Development; Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
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  22. Towards transformation of the development model in Latin America and the Caribbean
    production, inclusion and sustainability : thirty-ninth session of ECLAC, Buenos Aires, 24-26 October 2022
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    In a regional and international context of weak growth, high inflation and growing inequality, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean must focus policies on reactivating, rebuilding and transforming economic and production systems to... more

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    In a regional and international context of weak growth, high inflation and growing inequality, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean must focus policies on reactivating, rebuilding and transforming economic and production systems to advance towards low-carbon and high-tech economies that address climate change and reduce their historical gaps, structural heterogeneity and dualism.This document considers the complex conditions that pose significant challenges to accelerating growth, tackling high inflation and the cost-of-living crisis, maintaining transfers to the most vulnerable households, mitigating the social costs of the crisis and boosting investment. Its chapters analyse the dynamics of globalization and the policy challenges in changing the production structure and moving towards sustainable development. In addition, they consider strategies for reducing inequality and creating universal protection systems and decent jobs in a challenging world. Nine strategic sectors expected to drive a big push for sustainability are examined through the prism of green growth. The document concludes with policy recommendations for advancing towards a renewed model for inclusive and sustainable growth. Foreword .-- I. The present and future of globalization: crises, environmental emergency .-- II. Production structure and policies for sustainable development .-- III. Inequality, employment and social policy .-- IV. Sectoral considerations: drivers of sustainable development .-- V. Policies to transform the development model .-- Tables.

     
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    ISBN: 9789210055864; 9789213583692
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    hdl: 11362/48309
    Series: United Nations publication
    Subjects: DESARROLLO ECONOMICO; MODELOS DE DESARROLLO; GLOBALIZACION; MEDIO AMBIENTE; CAMBIO CLIMATICO; CAMBIO TECNOLOGICO; TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL; PRODUCTIVIDAD; DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; POLITICA INDUSTRIAL; EMPLEO; POLITICA SOCIAL; IGUALDAD; GASTOS PUBLICOS; POLITICA ENERGETICA; TRANSPORTE; ECONOMIA VERDE; SALUD; BIENESTAR SOCIAL; CUIDADORES; TURISMO; PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS; POLITICA DE DESARROLLO; POLITICA ECONOMICA; INTEGRACION ECONOMICA; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT MODELS; GLOBALIZATION; ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE; DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY; PRODUCTIVITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; EMPLOYMENT; SOCIAL POLICY; EQUALITY; PUBLIC EXPENDITURES; ENERGY POLICY; TRANSPORT; GREEN ECONOMY; HEALTH; SOCIAL WELFARE; CAREGIVERS; TOURISM; SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; ECONOMIC POLICY; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; Employment; Environment; Inclusive Development; Inequality; Innovation; Science And Technology; Macroeconomics; Productivity; Public Policies; Social Protection; Social Rights; Sustainable Development; Circular Economy Economic Development; Development Models; Globalization; Climate Change; Technological Change; Digital Technology; Productivity; Industrial Policy; Social Policy; Equality; Public Expenditures; Energy Policy; Transport; Green Economy; Health; Social Welfare; Caregivers; Tourism; Small And Medium Enterprises; Development Policy; Economic Policy; Economic Integration
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 283 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Impact of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
    a global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) simulation
    Author: Itakura, Ken
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  [Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia], [Jakarta]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2022-22 = no. 451
    Subjects: Economic Integration; RCEP; CGE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Horses for Courses
    Measuring Foreign Supply Chain Exposure
    Author: Baldwin, Richard E.; Freeman, Rebecca; Theodorakopoulos, Angelos
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Perceptions of global supply chains (GSCs) have shifted in recent years from a positive to a more cautious view. Standard GSC measures have mostly not adapted to this change as they focus on participation in, rather than exposure to, foreign supply... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Perceptions of global supply chains (GSCs) have shifted in recent years from a positive to a more cautious view. Standard GSC measures have mostly not adapted to this change as they focus on participation in, rather than exposure to, foreign supply chains. This paper presents the tools necessary to track foreign GSC exposure, and introduces a systematic shocks approach to GSC indicator design. We use this to develop indicators that gauge the impact of a variety of foreign shocks. We argue that different indicators are appropriate to different questions and show that they can provide qualitatively different answers to the same foreign exposure question

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30525
    Subjects: Globale Wertschöpfungskette; Input-Output-Analyse; Messung; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; Input-Output Tables and Analysis; Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations; Empirical Studies of Trade; Economic Integration; General; Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  25. Responsible Sourcing? Theory and Evidence from Costa Rica
    Author: Alfaro-Ureña, Alonso; Faber, Benjamin; Gaubert, Cecile; Manelici, Isabela; Vasquez, Jose
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Multinational enterprises (MNEs) increasingly impose "Responsible Sourcing" (RS) standards on their suppliers worldwide, including requirements on worker compensation, benefits and working conditions. Are these policies just "hot air" or do they... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    Multinational enterprises (MNEs) increasingly impose "Responsible Sourcing" (RS) standards on their suppliers worldwide, including requirements on worker compensation, benefits and working conditions. Are these policies just "hot air" or do they impact exposed suppliers and their workers? What is the welfare incidence of RS in sourcing countries? To answer these questions, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium (GE) model of RS and combine it with a unique new database. In the theory, we show that the welfare implications of RS are ambiguous, depending on an interplay between what is akin to an export tax (+) and a labor market distortion (-). Empirically, we combine the near-universe of RS rollouts by MNE subsidiaries in Costa Rica since 2009 with firm-to-firm transactions and matched employer-employee microdata. We find that RS rollouts lead to significant reductions in firm sales and employment at exposed suppliers, an increase in their salaries to initially low-wage workers and a reduction in their low-wage employment share. We then use the estimated effects and the microdata to calibrate the model and quantify GE counterfactuals. We find that while MNE RS policies have led to significant gains among the roughly one third of low-wage workers employed at exposed suppliers ex ante, the majority of low-wage workers lose due to adverse indirect effects on their wages and the domestic price index

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30683
    Subjects: Multinationales Unternehmen; Beschaffung; Verantwortung; Corporate Social Responsibility; Costa Rica; Economic Integration; Economic Development; Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers