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  1. International trade in health services
    a development perspective
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  United Nations [u.a.], Geneva

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    Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
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    TU Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Universität Potsdam, Universitätsbibliothek
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  2. Export innovation of SMEs through the extensive margin in Latin America
    Author: Park, Hyunjun; Mulder, Nanno; Park, Yuri
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    In Latin America and the Caribbean, there is little direct evidence on export innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in (SMEs). This type of innovation refers to the adaptation of products and business processes to technical standards,... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    In Latin America and the Caribbean, there is little direct evidence on export innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in (SMEs). This type of innovation refers to the adaptation of products and business processes to technical standards, tastes and other customer requirements in the target markets. The successful fulfillment of these requirements by a firm can be measured indirectly through the sale of a new product to an existing market, the entry of an existing product to a new destination, or both. These movements can be measured using firm-level customs data, as is done in this study for Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Mexico for the period 2000 to 2015.The results confirm the well-known fact that a high share of SMEs enter and leave the universe of exporting firms each year. Among the four countries, exporting SMEs in Costa Rica had the lowest entry and exit rates and the highest survival rates. On average, SMEs in Costa Rica and Mexico incorporated more new products into their export basket than those in Chile and Colombia. This is because SMEs in the latter two countries exported mostly natural resources concentrated in few products, while SMEs in the former two countries were selling a relatively more diversified basket of manufactures. Within the sample, Costa Rica was the country where exporting SMEs added more destinations to their export basket each year. In contrast, Mexico was the one where SMEs added the smallest number of new destinations (less than one) on average, due to their great dependence on the United States as an export market.Export innovation is also analyzed with respect to the three dimensions (firms, products, and markets) simultaneously. For this purpose, the change in export value of each firm during this period is broken down into two parts. The first is the intensive margin, which refers to the change in export value of the same firms selling the same products to the same destinations. The second is the extensive margin, which has two components: (i) the extensive margin of entry (which reveals export innovation), including new combinations of companies, products and target markets, and (ii) the extensive margin of exit, referring to combinations of companies, products and destination markets that cease to exist. In all countries except Costa Rica, the extensive margin contributed proportionately more to the growth of exports of SMEs than to that of large companies. In Chile and Colombia, export innovation was concentrated in selling existing products to new markets. In contrast, in Costa Rica and Mexico the export of new products to established destinations was the predominant type of export innovation.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/44113
    LC/TS.2018/72
    LC TS.2018 72
    CEPAL11362/44113
    LC/TS.2018/72
    Series: Series international trade ; 140
    Subjects: PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS; EMPRESAS MEDIANAS; EXPORTACIONES; COMPETITIVIDAD; INNOVACIONES; SMALL ENTERPRISES; MEDIUM ENTERPRISES; EXPORTS; COMPETITIVENESS; INNOVATIONS
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (39 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Gesehen am 20.02.2019
  3. El potencial dinamizador de las exportaciones en Centroamérica y la República Dominicana
    evidencia empírica a partir del análisis de matrices insumo-producto
    Author: Minzer, Rodolfo; Orozco, Roberto Carlos
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Ciudad de México

    En este estudio se analizan los resultados de las diferentes formas de inserción comercial seguidas por un grupo de países de la subregión en la generación de valor agregado y empleo a partir de sus exportaciones. El enfoque adoptado, sustentado en... more

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    En este estudio se analizan los resultados de las diferentes formas de inserción comercial seguidas por un grupo de países de la subregión en la generación de valor agregado y empleo a partir de sus exportaciones. El enfoque adoptado, sustentado en matrices de insumo-producto nacionales, permite cuantificar la importancia del comercio internacional para estos países, y en particular la importancia del comercio centroamericano. Las principales dos variables estimadas —el valor agregado generado por las exportaciones y el empleo inducido por estas— son utilizadas para calcular la razón de valor agregado por ocupado, que puede ser interpretada como un indicador de la productividad laboral, o bien como el retorno por ocupado como resultado de la actividad exportadora. La aplicación de estos conceptos a nivel nacional y sectorial permite realizar un análisis estructural de las economías de los países de la subregión, el que arroja luces tanto de las semejanzas como las diferencias de las distintas actividades exportadores de cada país. Resumen ejecutivo .-- I. Motivación .-- II. Marco conceptual: metodología y fuentes de información .-- III. El valor agregado doméstico incorporado en las exportaciones y las ocupaciones inducidas por estas .-- IV. Integración económica regional .-- V. Resumen y conclusiones.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/44144
    CEPAL11362/44144
    LC/MEX/TS.2018/22
    LC/TS.2018/76
    Series: Serie estudios y perspectivas ; 177
    Subjects: COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL; EXPORTACIONES; EMPLEO; VALOR; ANALISIS DE INSUMO-PRODUCTO; INTEGRACION ECONOMICA; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS; EMPLOYMENT; VALUE; INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Is there effectively a level playing field for developing country exports ?
    Author: Supper, Erich
    Published: 2001
    Publisher:  United Nations, New York [u.a.]

    This publication investigates the extent to which progress in reducing impediments and distortions to trade has leveled the playing field for developing country exports. It also looks into whether, and how, critical measures and disparities in... more

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    Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
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    This publication investigates the extent to which progress in reducing impediments and distortions to trade has leveled the playing field for developing country exports. It also looks into whether, and how, critical measures and disparities in post-Uruguay Round practice are actually dealt with by the international trading framework.--Publisher's description.

     
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  5. Potential trade implications of Latin America and the Caribbean’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement
    Author: Saalfield, Jon
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago

    This paper investigates Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and their potential implications for the region’s balance of payments. The first section summarizes prevailing trade dynamics, finding that in LAC,... more

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    This paper investigates Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and their potential implications for the region’s balance of payments. The first section summarizes prevailing trade dynamics, finding that in LAC, exports of raw materials help to cover the cost of importing capital goods. The second section turns to the region’s NDCs to identify policies affecting import expenditure. The third section employs a similar methodology on the export side, tallying policies affecting output and global cost competitiveness in key sectors (crops, livestock, timber, metals and minerals, manufactured goods, fisheries, and tourism). Abstract .-- Introduction .-- I. Regional trade profile .-- II. Import side policies in the NDCs .-- III. Export side policies in the NDCs .-- IV. Conclusions and recommendations.

     
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  6. Promoción de exportaciones y desempeño exportador
    el caso de Chile
    Author: Zaclicever, Dayna
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    Las políticas de promoción de exportaciones, implementadas generalmente a través de agencias especializadas, pueden contribuir a reducir las barreras de información que limitan el acceso de las empresas a los mercados externos.Este documento analiza... more

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    Las políticas de promoción de exportaciones, implementadas generalmente a través de agencias especializadas, pueden contribuir a reducir las barreras de información que limitan el acceso de las empresas a los mercados externos.Este documento analiza el impacto de las medidas llevadas adelante en 2011-2015 por el gobierno chileno para fomentar las exportaciones de productos alimenticios y forestales, destino de gran parte de los fondos invertidos en el período en los proyectos de promoción. Resumen .-- Introducción .-- I. La promoción de exportaciones en Chile. A. El Programa de Promoción de Exportaciones. B. Perfil de medidas y empresas beneficiadas .-- II. Promoción de exportaciones y desempeño exportador .-- III. Conclusiones.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/46545
    Series: Serie comercio internacional ; 156
    Subjects: Außenwirtschaftsförderung; Export; Lebensmittel; Holzprodukt; Chile; COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL; EXPORTACIONES; PROMOCION DE LAS EXPORTACIONES; PROGRAMAS DE ACCION; FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO; ESTUDIOS DE CASOS; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS; EXPORT PROMOTION; PROGRAMMES OF ACTION; TRADE FACILITATION; CASE STUDIES
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Recovery measures for the tourism sector in Latin America and the Caribbean present an opportunity to promote sustainability and resilience
    Published: July 2020
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

    Tourism in the region has come to a temporary standstill, beginning in April 2020, as a result of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This paralysis has not only hit Caribbean economies and employment hard, but also many local communities in... more

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    Tourism in the region has come to a temporary standstill, beginning in April 2020, as a result of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This paralysis has not only hit Caribbean economies and employment hard, but also many local communities in Latin America. In this brief, the contribution of tourism to exports, gross domestic product (GDP) and employment is reviewed, together with the recent downturn in this activity in the region. An impact scenario shows that the slump in tourism may cause total GDP growth in the Caribbean and Latin America to fall by 8 percentage points and 1 percentage point, respectively, while total employment could potentially decline by 9 percentage points in the Caribbean and 2 percentage point in Latin America. As countries have taken measures to mitigate the impact of the crisis on tourism, recommendations are provided to step up the sector’s preparation for the economic recovery, while enhancing diversification as well as environmental and social sustainability.

     
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  8. La inserción del Uruguay en las cadenas de valor de América del Sur
    Author: Lalanne, Álvaro
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    El presente trabajo realiza una lectura del posicionamiento de Uruguay desde la perspectiva de la literatura de las cadenas globales de valor con información incluida en las matrices de CEPAL para el año 20111. Este trabajo no pretende realizar una... more

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    El presente trabajo realiza una lectura del posicionamiento de Uruguay desde la perspectiva de la literatura de las cadenas globales de valor con información incluida en las matrices de CEPAL para el año 20111. Este trabajo no pretende realizar una presentación completa de las métricas sino que presenta una adaptación de las mismas al caso de Uruguay en la región sudamericana, manteniendo las referencias originales.En la primera sección se presenta una adaptación de las herramientas básicas de análisis de matrices multipaís y las propuestas que tiene la literatura para la caracterización de las cadenas, los países y los sectores involucrados. Estas propuestas se enfocan en diferentes aspectos relacionados con las cadenas globales de valor: el valor agregado, el comercio bilateral, la participación de las cadenas en el comercio o el largo y la posición en las cadenas. En la segunda sección se muestran los resultados para el caso de Uruguay en su integración sudamericana y en la tercera se sintetizan las conclusiones del análisis. Resumen .-- Introducción .-- I. Medidas de participación en cadenas globales de valor .-- II. La inserción del Uruguay en las cadenas regionales de valor .-- III. Resumen de los resultados y comentarios finales.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/45797
    Series: Serie estudios y perspectivas ; 49
    Subjects: Außenhandel; Globale Wertschöpfungskette; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration; Uruguay; COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL; EXPORTACIONES; VALOR; INTEGRACION ECONOMICA; RELACIONES ECONOMICAS; POLITICA COMERCIAL; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS; VALUE; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; ECONOMIC RELATIONS; TRADE POLICY
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Seizing the opportunity
    Published: 2016
    Publisher:  The World Bank, Washington, DC

    Following the partial lifting of nuclear-related sanctions in November 2013 under the interim Joint Plan of Action (JPOA), Iran's economy rebounded in 20141 and is estimated to have expanded by 0.5 percent in 2015. A less accommodative monetary... more

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    Following the partial lifting of nuclear-related sanctions in November 2013 under the interim Joint Plan of Action (JPOA), Iran's economy rebounded in 20141 and is estimated to have expanded by 0.5 percent in 2015. A less accommodative monetary policy stance reduced inflationary pressures, with the Consumer Price Index falling to 8.9 percent in February 2016, from a peak of 45.1 percent in June 2013. Notwithstanding this positive development,the pace of job creation has remained weak and the unemployment rate rose to 11.7 percent in 2015, up from 10.6 percent in 2014. The fiscal balance of the central government also deteriorated, mostly due to low oil prices, from a deficit of 1.2 percent of GDP in 2014 to a deficit of 2.7 percent of GDP in 2015. Similarly, the current account surplus is estimated to have shrank from 3.8 percent of GDP in 2014 to 0.6 percent of GDP in 2015 due to falling oil receipts

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/24409
    Series: Iran economic monitor ; March 2016
    Subjects: AGRICULTURE; AUDITS; AVERAGING; BANKRUPTCY; BENCHMARKING; BENCHMARKS; BONDS; CAPACITY BUILDING; CAPITAL; CAPITAL GAINS; CAPITAL MARKETS; CENTRAL BANK; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPETITIVENESS; CONSUMERS; CONSUMPTION; CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS; CPI; CREDIT; DEBT; DEMAND; DEVALUATION; DEVELOPMENT; DISTRIBUTION; ECONOMIC ACTIVITY; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC IMPACT; ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS; ECONOMIC LOSS; ECONOMIC OUTLOOK; ECONOMIC SECTORS; ECONOMIC SIZE; ECONOMY; EFFICIENCY; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; EQUILIBRIUM; EQUITY; EQUITY CAPITAL; EXCHANGE; EXOGENOUS VARIABLES; EXPECTATIONS; EXPECTED RETURN; EXPENDITURES; EXPORTS; FINANCIAL RESOURCES; FISCAL POLICIES; FISCAL POLICY; FREE TRADE; GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES; HUMAN CAPITAL; INCOME; INFLATION; INFLATION RATE; INFLUENCE; INTEREST; INTEREST RATE; INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVENTORIES; LABOR FORCE; LIQUIDITY; MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS; MACROECONOMICS; MARGINAL COST; MARKET PRICES; MARKETS; METALS; MINES; MODELS; MONETARY POLICY; MONEY; MONEY SUPPLY; NATURAL RESOURCES; NET EXPORTS; OIL; OIL PRICES; OPEC; OPPORTUNITY COST; ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES; OWNERSHIP; PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION; PAYMENTS; POLICY ENVIRONMENT; POLICY MAKERS; POTENTIAL OUTPUT; PRICE INCREASES; PRODUCERS; PRODUCTION; PROFITABILITY MEASURES; PROJECTIONS; PURCHASING POWER; REAL GDP; RESOURCES; REVENUES; RISK PREMIUM; RISKS; STOCK; SUBSIDY; TAX REVENUES; TAXES; TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE; TOTAL REVENUE; TRADE POLICIES; TRANSPARENCY; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNEMPLOYMENT RATE; UNEMPLOYMENT RATES; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VALUES; VARIABLES; WAGES; WEALTH; WELFARE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Rising uncertainties
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Improving the efficiency and equity of public spending and strengthening revenue mobilization remains a priority in all Western Balkan countries. Public sector wage bills and pensions constitute the largest share of public spending in the region.... more

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    Improving the efficiency and equity of public spending and strengthening revenue mobilization remains a priority in all Western Balkan countries. Public sector wage bills and pensions constitute the largest share of public spending in the region. Tighter controls on wage bills, reducing tax expenditures, and better targeting of social benefits would open space for more public investment, improve equity, and enable the build-up of fiscal buffers to mitigate rising risks. As outlined in this report, fiscal rules can help anchor spending and fiscal sustainability. However, their credibility in the region needs to be restored after they have been repeatedly breached in some countries. Fiscal management reforms are needed as a part of broader structural reforms that help increase the region's export competitiveness. This includes strengthening state institutions that protect the rule of law and private sector competition to unleash productivity growth and innovation by enabling a level playing field between firms. Together, these reforms would help unlock stronger, more equitable, and more sustainable growth, ensuring faster convergence with EU income levels. A strong commitment to sound macro-fiscal policy and structural reforms was always important—rising uncertainties have made it an imperative

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/32532
    Series: Western Balkans regular economic report ; no. 16 (Fall 2019)
    Subjects: ACCESS TO FINANCE; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC OUTLOOK; EMPLOYMENT; EUROBONDS; EXPORTS; FISCAL TRENDS; FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT; INFLATION; MONETARY POLICY; PUBLIC EXPENDITURE; PUBLIC FINANCE; RISKS
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Reform momentum needed
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    The Western Balkans econo ... more

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    The Western Balkans econo ...

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/31506
    Series: Western Balkans regular economic report ; no. 15 (Spring 2019)
    Subjects: ACCESS TO FINANCE; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EXPORTS; FISCAL POLICY; HUMAN CAPITAL; INFLATION; JOB CREATION; LABOR TAX; MARKET COMPETITION; REFORM MOMENTUM
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 102 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Higher but fragile growth
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Growth in the Western Balkans has strengthened to an estimated 3.5 percent. In most of the region, growth projections for 2018 have been revised upward. Growth was stimulated by higher public investment and consumption. Driven by tax reforms and... more

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    Growth in the Western Balkans has strengthened to an estimated 3.5 percent. In most of the region, growth projections for 2018 have been revised upward. Growth was stimulated by higher public investment and consumption. Driven by tax reforms and faster growth, higher tax revenues created fiscal space, which some countries rushed to use for current spending and capital investment. Higher exports are also necessary for more secure long-term growth. External imbalances have been high but mostly stable. The risks clouding a positive growth outlook are both external and internal. A possible tightening of the financing conditions in international capital markets is a downside risk, especially in countries that have external and fiscal imbalances. With domestic sovereign bond markets often underdeveloped, Western Balkan countries are exposed to rises in global interest rates. Robust growth in the region also depends heavily on domestic and regional political stability, which define the speed of structural reforms. Mitigating these external and internal risks requires both a firm commitment to fiscal consolidation and acceleration of structural reforms

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/32088
    Series: Western Balkans regular economic report ; no. 14 (Fall 2018)
    Subjects: ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC OUTLOOK; EMPLOYMENT; EXPORTS; JOB CREATION; MONETARY POLICY; PUBLIC SPENDING; REGIONAL INTEGRATION; TAXATION
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 5 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Vulnerabilities slow growth
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    GDP growth in the Western Balkans slowed from 3.1 percent in 2016 to an estimated 2.4 percent in 2017. Regional growth in 2017 is less optimistic than the 2.6 percent expected when the Fall issue of this report was published. It slowed in Serbia due... more

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    GDP growth in the Western Balkans slowed from 3.1 percent in 2016 to an estimated 2.4 percent in 2017. Regional growth in 2017 is less optimistic than the 2.6 percent expected when the Fall issue of this report was published. It slowed in Serbia due to a harsh winter and stalled in FYR Macedonia, where the political crisis deterred both public and private investment. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) grew at a rate like the last two years. The dynamism of the smaller economies of Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro drove regional growth in 2017, with support from higher growth in trading partners, a pickup in commodity prices, and the execution of large investment projects. Bold structural reforms are necessary if the region is to grow sustainably over the medium term. Regional GDP growth is projected to rise from 2.4 percent in 2017 to 3.2 percent in 2018 and 3.5 percent in 2019. Countries are expected to grow faster, pushed up by projected stronger growth in Europe, except for Albania, where moderation is expected as large investment projects are completed, and Montenegro, which is expected to undergo a much-needed fiscal consolidation. Among risks to the outlook are trade protectionism, normalization of interest rates globally, and low potential growth and uncertainty about domestic policy or policy reversals. These risks can be mitigated by rationalizing spending to build fiscal space for growth-enhancing reforms, and by a more strategic approach to boost competitiveness. Policies to lift physical and human capital, expand labor force participation, and improve market institutions should help raise growth potential and reduce inequality

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10986/29728
    Series: Western Balkans regular economic report ; no. 13 (Spring 2018)
    Subjects: ACCESS TO FINANCE; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC OUTLOOK; EXPORTS; FISCAL TRENDS; JOB CREATION; MONETARY POLICY; NON-PERFORMING LOANS; REVENUE COLLECTION
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. MENA export performance and specialization
    the role of financial sector development and governance
    Author: Wood, Christina A.; Yang, Judy
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, D.C.

    Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth. To assess this link, the... more

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    Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth. To assess this link, the paper combines analysis highlighting external financing as a determinant of export performance, and analysis highlighting sector asset tangibility and governance. Why? Because high value-added sectors tend to have higher shares of intangible assets and to create innovative products requiring substantial research and development or investments, thereby making these sectors more dependent on external financing. Using sector- and firm-level export data with country-level indicators, the results indicate that countries with more developed financial sectors and stronger governance tend to have higher exports from sectors that are more reliant on finance external to the firm, and lower exports from sectors with higher shares of tangible assets. Interestingly, financial sector development boosts exports less in MENA than in non-MENA countries. To foster expansion of higher value exports, the results suggest a critical need for: (i) deeper financial sector development that strengthens market-based systems, such as asset registries and credit reporting agencies, and (ii) strengthening of legal and governance frameworks

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/24157
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7616
    Subjects: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmenserfolg; Kapitalstruktur; Corporate Governance; MENA-Staaten; AGENCY COSTS; AGENCY PROBLEMS; AGRICULTURE; ASSETS; BANK LOAN; BANKING; BARRIERS; BENCHMARK; BENCHMARKS; BORROWER; BORROWERS; BUSINESS CLIMATE; BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT; CAPITAL MARKET; CAPITAL MARKETS; CAPITAL STOCK; CASH FLOW; COLLATERAL; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES; COMPETITIVENESS; CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT; CORPORATE FINANCE; CORPORATE GOVERNANCE; COUNTRY-LEVEL INDICATORS; CREDIT; DEMOCRACY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; DOMESTIC MARKETS; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; ECONOMIC OUTCOMES; ENFORCEMENT; EQUITY; EXCHANGE; EXPORT GROWTH; EXPORT SECTORS; EXPORTS; EXTERNAL FINANCE; EXTERNAL FINANCING; FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT; FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS; FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY; FINANCIAL MARKET; FINANCIAL MARKETS; FINANCIAL PRODUCTS; FINANCIAL SECTOR; FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT; FINANCIAL SECTORS; FINANCIAL SYSTEM; FINANCIAL SYSTEMS; FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT; FOREIGN INVESTMENT; GDP; GDP PER CAPITA; GLOBAL EXPORTS; GLOBAL MARKET; GOOD GOVERNANCE; GOODS; GOVERNANCE; GOVERNANCE INDICATOR; GOVERNANCE INDICATORS; HUMAN CAPITAL; INCENTIVES; INCOME; INCOME GROUP; INCOME LEVELS; INFLUENCE; INSURANCE; INTANGIBLE; INTANGIBLE ASSETS; INTEREST; INTEREST RATES; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVENTORY; INVESTMENT; INVESTMENT CLIMATE; INVESTMENTS; INVESTOR; JOB CREATION; LABOR MARKETS; LEGAL FRAMEWORK; LEGAL FRAMEWORKS; LEGAL SYSTEM; LENDING; LINE OF CREDIT; LINES OF CREDIT; LIQUIDITY; LIVING STANDARDS; LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES; MACROECONOMIC STABILITY; MARKETS; MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES; MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES; ORGANIZATIONAL CAPITAL; OUTCOMES; OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL STABILITY; PRICE; PRIVATE INVESTMENT; PROPERTY RIGHTS; REAL ESTATE; RISK DIVERSIFICATION; RISK OF EXPROPRIATION; SAVINGS; SAVINGS ACCOUNT; SAVINGS ACCOUNTS; SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS; SECURITIES; SHARE; SHARES; THEORY; TRADE; TRADITIONAL BANKING; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VARIABLES; WAGES; WORKING CAPITAL; WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS; WORLD TRADE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The labor content of exports database
    Author: Calì, Massimiliano; Francois, Joseph F.; Hollweg, Claire H.; Manchin, Miriam; Oberdabernig, Doris Anita; Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo; Rubinova, Stela; Tomberger, Patrick
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Group, Washington, D.C.

    This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database... more

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    This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7615
    Subjects: Export; Wertschöpfung; Datenbank; ACCOUNTING; AGRICULTURE; AVERAGE WAGE; AVERAGE WAGES; BANK; BILATERAL TRADE; CLERKS; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES; COMPETITIVENESS; COUNTRY COMPARISONS; DEMAND; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; DIRECT VALUE; DOMESTIC INPUTS; DOMESTIC PRODUCTION; DRIVERS; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC SYSTEMS; ECONOMICS; ECONOMIES; ECONOMY; EFFECTS; EMPLOYEES; EMPLOYMENT; EQUILIBRIUM; EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS; EXPORT GROWTH; EXPORT PRODUCTION; EXPORT SECTOR; EXPORTS; FINANCIAL SERVICES; GDP; GDP PER CAPITA; GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM; GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; GLOBAL TRADE; GOODS; GOVERNMENTS; GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT; GROSS VALUE; INCOME; INCOME GROUPS; INCOME LEVELS; INDUSTRY; INFORMATION; INPUTS; INSURANCE; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVESTMENT; JOB; JOBS; LABOR; LABOR COMPENSATION; LABOR COSTS; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR FORCE; LABOR INTENSITIES; LABOR INTENSITY; LABOR MARKET; LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS; LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES; LABOR MARKETS; LABOR OFFICE; LABOR SHARE; LABOR VALUE; LABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT; LABORERS; LAGS; LAND; MARKETS; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; MULTIPLIERS; NATIONAL INCOME; NATURAL RESOURCES; NOMINAL WAGES; OCCUPATIONS; ORGANIZATIONS; OUTCOMES; OUTPUTS; POLICIES; PREVIOUS STUDIES; PRICES; PRIVATE SECTOR; PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES; PRIVATE SERVICES; PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION FUNCTION; PRODUCTION PROCESS; PRODUCTIVITY; PUBLIC SERVICES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RENTS; SAVING; SECURITY; SERVANTS; SERVICES; SEWAGE; SHARES; SKILL GROUPS; SKILLED LABOR; SKILLED WORKERS; SUPPLIERS; SUPPLY; TELECOMMUNICATIONS; THEORY; TOTAL EMPLOYMENT; TOTAL OUTPUT; TOTAL WAGES; TRADE; TRADE AGREEMENT; TRADE DATA; TRADE FLOWS; TRADE MODEL; TRADE POLICY; TRANSPORT; TRENDS; UNSKILLED LABOR; UNSKILLED WORKERS; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VALUE OF OUTPUT; VARIABLES; WAGES; WATER SUPPLY; WORKER; WORKERS; WORLD TRADE; WTO
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Potential trade implications of Latin America and the Caribbean’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement
    Author: Saalfield, Jon
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago

    This paper investigates Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and their potential implications for the region’s balance of payments. The first section summarizes prevailing trade dynamics, finding that in LAC,... more

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    This paper investigates Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and their potential implications for the region’s balance of payments. The first section summarizes prevailing trade dynamics, finding that in LAC, exports of raw materials help to cover the cost of importing capital goods. The second section turns to the region’s NDCs to identify policies affecting import expenditure. The third section employs a similar methodology on the export side, tallying policies affecting output and global cost competitiveness in key sectors (crops, livestock, timber, metals and minerals, manufactured goods, fisheries, and tourism). Abstract .-- Introduction .-- I. Regional trade profile .-- II. Import side policies in the NDCs .-- III. Export side policies in the NDCs .-- IV. Conclusions and recommendations.

     
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  17. La inserción internacional del Uruguay desde la perspectiva de las cadenas de valor
    insumos para la política
    Author: Lalanne, Alvaro
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    Este trabajo analiza la evolución de las exportaciones uruguayas en cadenas de valor a partir de matrices insumo-producto y también mediante una clasificación basada en el tipo de bien comerciado y la combina con otras fuentes de datos para describir... more

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    Este trabajo analiza la evolución de las exportaciones uruguayas en cadenas de valor a partir de matrices insumo-producto y también mediante una clasificación basada en el tipo de bien comerciado y la combina con otras fuentes de datos para describir aspectos relacionados con la política comercial, la gobernanza, fiscalidad y el upgrading de la producción nacional a partir de cinco categorías de bienes según su tipo de participación en cadenas. Resumen .-- Síntesis ejecutiva .-- Introducción .-- I. La participación del Uruguay en cadenas regionales de valor a través de matrices insumo producto .-- II. La participación del Uruguay en cadenas a través de datos de comercio .-- III. La política comercial en las cadenas de valor uruguayas .-- IV. Gobernanza en cadenas de valor y políticas fiscales .-- V. El upgrading en cadenas de valor .-- VI. Síntesis de resultados.

     
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  18. Revisiting constant market share analysis
    an exercise applied to NAFTA
    Author: Escaith, Hubert
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Ciudad de México

    This article proposes a new formulation of constant market share (CMS) trade analysis inspired by the statistical principles supporting revealed comparative advantages (RCA). This novel approach is methodologically consistent and rooted in... more

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    This article proposes a new formulation of constant market share (CMS) trade analysis inspired by the statistical principles supporting revealed comparative advantages (RCA). This novel approach is methodologically consistent and rooted in information theory. It also avoids the discrete-form residuals that plague traditional CMS analysis, while remaining simple to compute. The new “comparative market share analysis decomposition” (CMSD) is applied to the changes in the structure and origin of United States imports after the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is shown in this exercise that both CMSD and RCA can be paired together in order to shed light on the dynamics of competitiveness and comparative advantages in international trade. Abstract .-- Introduction .-- I. The dynamics of export competitiveness and constant market share analysis .-- II. Comparative market share analysis: a probabilistic reinterpretation of CMS .-- III. Empirical application: NAFTA and the United States Imports .-- IV. Complementing CMSD with RCA .-- V. Conclusions.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/47123
    hdl: 11362/47123
    LC/TS.2021/94
    LC/MEX/TS.2021/16
    Series: Serie estudios y perspectivas ; 192
    Subjects: Freihandelsabkommen; Marktanteil; Komparativer Vorteil; USMCA-Staaten; COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL; MERCADOS; PARTICIPACION EN EL MERCADO; EXPORTACIONES; COMPETITIVIDAD; ANALISIS COMPARATIVO; NAFTA; POLITICA COMERCIAL; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; MARKETS; MARKET SHARE; EXPORTS; COMPETITIVENESS; COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS; NAFTA; TRADE POLICY
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (38 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 10.12.2021
  19. Análisis de la cadena de valor forestal
    Author: Morales Olmos, Virginia
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    Uruguay es el tercer productor en Sudamérica de celulosa blanqueada de madera dura, en tanto, en el caso de la madera sólida, participa en el mercado de coníferas que es el principal a nivel mundial y tiene un rol destacado en un nicho en el mercado... more

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    Uruguay es el tercer productor en Sudamérica de celulosa blanqueada de madera dura, en tanto, en el caso de la madera sólida, participa en el mercado de coníferas que es el principal a nivel mundial y tiene un rol destacado en un nicho en el mercado de no coníferas (de maderas duras).Este trabajo se realizó en el marco del análisis de la Cadena de Valor Forestal de Uruguay llevada adelante por ONUDI, CEPAL y la Oficina del Coordinador Residente (OCR). El objetivo fue identificar el potencial de actividades productivas de Uruguay en dos aspectos: generación de valor agregado y generación de empleo. Como aporte original se resalta el análisis del sector forestal uruguayo en el marco de la cadena global de valor. El sector se encuentra inserto en dos cadenas forestales de valor a nivel global: la cadena celulósica y la de madera sólida, pero con participaciones diferentes. Resumen .-- Introducción .-- I. La cadena de valor en Uruguay .-- II. Revisión de antecedentes .-- III. Mercados .-- IV. Participación de las exportaciones de productos forestales del Uruguay en el mercado global .-- V. Identificación de casos exitosos y de referencia. Identificación de instrumentos de política y su viabilidad .-- VI. Entrevistas a informantes calificados .-- VII. Conclusiones y recomendaciones.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/47263
    Series: Serie Estudios y perspectivas ; 52
    Subjects: Holzindustrie; Holzhandel; Holz; Zellstoff; Export; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung; Uruguay; RECURSOS FORESTALES; INDUSTRIA FORESTAL; INDUSTRIA DE LA MADERA; VALOR; COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL; EXPORTACIONES; POLITICA INDUSTRIAL; FOREST RESOURCES; FORESTRY INDUSTRY; WOOD-USING INDUSTRY; VALUE; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS; INDUSTRIAL POLICY
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. The economic and financial effects on Latin America and the Caribbean of the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine
    Author: Bárcena, Alicia
    Published: 28 March 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

    The conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine has come at a time of great uncertainty in the world, relating to several factors: uneven rates of vaccination against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and new variants of the virus; inflationary... more

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    The conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine has come at a time of great uncertainty in the world, relating to several factors: uneven rates of vaccination against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and new variants of the virus; inflationary pressure and difficulty in maintaining fiscal stimulus packages; trade tensions and risks in the Chinese real estate sector; disruption of supply chains and rises in freight charges; and extreme events caused by climate change.The conflict will have an impact on the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean through several channels, but primarily the trade channel (with direct and indirect effects), the commodity price channel (including terms of trade and inflation issues) and the financial channel. A. Three channels that transmit the impact of the conflict to the region. 1. Trade channel. 2. Pricing channel. 3. Financial channel .-- B. Macroeconomic effects. 1. Inflation and monetary policy. 2. Fiscal policy. 3. Economic activity, employment and poverty .-- C. Proposals amid a worsening context marked by uncertainty and volatility.

     
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  21. China and Latin America and the Caribbean
    exports competition in the United States market
    Author: Artecona, Raquel; Perrotti, Daniel E.; Welslau, Lennard
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago

    This paper uses an augmented gravity trade model to examine the impact of Chinese exports to the United States on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) exports to the same market over the last two decades. The analysis relies on a sample of 33 LAC... more

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    This paper uses an augmented gravity trade model to examine the impact of Chinese exports to the United States on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) exports to the same market over the last two decades. The analysis relies on a sample of 33 LAC countries and trade data disaggregated to the 10- digit Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) level. The results show that the impact of Chinese exports on US imports from LAC is negative and statistically significant across model specifications and levels of aggregation in the trade data. In addition, the model suggests that after accounting for such export competition, Free Trade Agreements with the United States, on average, increased imports from LAC countries by up to 1.5 percent. That is, countries with a trade agreement with the US have an advantage over those without, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Abstract. -- Introduction. I. Export competition between China and Latin America and the Caribbean .-- II. Similarity of Latin American and Chinese export structures. -- III. Gravity models of trade. -- IV. Augmented gravity models and export competition. -- V. Estimation approach. -- VI. Data .-- VII. Results. A. Baseline gravity model. B. Specification tests. C. Instrumental variable results. D. Industry results .-- VIII. Conclusions.

     
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  22. Beyond the copper sector
    Chile's engagement in international production networks
    Author: Zaclicever, Dayna
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    Although international trade has been a major driver of Chile’s economic growth in the last decades, exports remain highly concentrated in the mining and metals sectors (which capture copper products at different levels of processing). This export... more

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    Although international trade has been a major driver of Chile’s economic growth in the last decades, exports remain highly concentrated in the mining and metals sectors (which capture copper products at different levels of processing). This export specialization pattern reflects in Chile’s insertion in international production networks, where it is positioned as an upstream provider of low and medium lowtechnology inputs.This document analyses Chile’s engagement in international value chains along the period 1995- 2014, providing evidence at both the aggregate and firm level. Abstract .-- Introduction .-- I. Chile’s participation in international value chains: an aggregate view .-- II. A firm-level perspective of Chile’s forward engagement in international value chains .-- III. Concluding remarks.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 11362/43334
    LC/TS.2018/3
    Series: Series international trade ; 139
    Subjects: Globale Wertschöpfungskette; Unternehmensnetzwerk; Chile; POLITICA INDUSTRIAL; DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL; COMPETITIVIDAD; VALOR; EXPORTACIONES; COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; COMPETITIVENESS; VALUE; EXPORTS; INTERNATIONAL TRADE
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Gravámenes incluidos en las cadenas exportadoras del Uruguay
    Author: Brun, Martín; Lalanne, Álvaro
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    El presente trabajo analiza la carga tributaria contenida en las exportaciones de bienes de Uruguay en el período 2012-2016. Para ello realiza un relevamiento de todos los impuestos y otros gravámenes obligatorios y los clasifica según se traten de... more

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    El presente trabajo analiza la carga tributaria contenida en las exportaciones de bienes de Uruguay en el período 2012-2016. Para ello realiza un relevamiento de todos los impuestos y otros gravámenes obligatorios y los clasifica según se traten de gravámenes a los productos, a la producción o a la renta. Adicionalmente se incluye información sobre los aportes patronales a la seguridad social. El trabajo adopta un enfoque de cadena, distinguiendo a los gravámenes que recaen directamente sobre los exportadores, de los que recaen sobre los productores de los insumos. Resumen .-- Introducción .-- I. Cadenas exportadoras analizadas .-- II. Marco conceptual: las cargas consideradas y su naturaleza .-- III. Metodología .-- IV. Estimación de la carga tributaria total de las cadenas exportadoras .-- V. Instrumentos de apoyo al sector exportador .-- VI. Conclusiones.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/43527
    LC/MVD/TS.2018/2
    LC/TS.2018/27
    Series: Serie estudios y perspectivas ; 34
    Subjects: EXPORTACIONES; IMPUESTOS A LA EXPORTACION; POLITICA FISCAL; FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO; EXPORTS; EXPORT TAXES; FISCAL POLICY; TRADE FACILITATION
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. La innovación exportadora en las pequeñas y medianas empresas
    programas de apoyo y financiamiento en América Latina
    Author: Mulder, Nanno; Pellandra, Andrea
    Published: [2017]
    Publisher:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    El presente estudio revisa varios programas e instrumentos financieros para apoyar la innovación exportadora de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) en 9 países de América Latina, Australia y Canadá. La innovación exportadora se refiere a todas... more

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    El presente estudio revisa varios programas e instrumentos financieros para apoyar la innovación exportadora de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) en 9 países de América Latina, Australia y Canadá. La innovación exportadora se refiere a todas las actividades en una empresa orientadas al cumplimiento con las certificaciones o los estándares internacionales, la adecuación de productos a la demanda internacional y la optimización de los canales de comercialización. Estos programas e instrumentos apuntan a resolver varias fallas de mercados que disminuyen la intensidad de la innovacion exportadora de las pymes y, en consecuencia, su grado de internacionalización. Resumen .-- Introducción .-- I. El concepto de innovación para exportar .-- II. Los instrumentos de apoyo a la innovación exportadora .-- III. Conclusiones y recomendaciones.

     
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 11362/43194
    LC/TS.2017/162
    Series: Serie comercio internacional ; 138
    Subjects: Mittelstandspolitik; Außenwirtschaftsförderung; Innovationsmanagement; Lateinamerika; Australien; Kanada; PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS; EMPRESAS MEDIANAS; EXPORTACIONES; DESARROLLO DE LAS EXPORTACIONES; SMALL ENTERPRISES; MEDIUM ENTERPRISES; EXPORTS; EXPORT DEVELOPMENT
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. World cereal trade
    what role for developing countries?
    Published: 1993

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    Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek, Jacob-und-Wilhelm-Grimm-Zentrum
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    Universität Potsdam, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Source: Philologische Bibliothek, FU Berlin; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    ISBN: 9264140255
    RVK Categories: QS 200 ; ZB 87300 ; ZC 31000
    Subjects: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EXPORTS; GRAINS; Graanhandel; IMPORTS; Entwicklungsländer; Grain trade; Getreidewelthandel; Getreidehandel
    Scope: 119 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Les échanges mondiaux de céréales