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  1. The labor content of exports database
    Author: Calì, Massimiliano; Francois, Joseph F.; Hollweg, Claire H.; Manchin, Miriam; Oberdabernig, Doris Anita; Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo; Rubinova, Stela; Tomberger, Patrick
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Group, Washington, D.C.

    This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database... more

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

     

    This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
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    Content information
    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/24156
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7615
    Subjects: Export; Wertschöpfung; Datenbank; ACCOUNTING; AGRICULTURE; AVERAGE WAGE; AVERAGE WAGES; BANK; BILATERAL TRADE; CLERKS; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES; COMPETITIVENESS; COUNTRY COMPARISONS; DEMAND; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; DIRECT VALUE; DOMESTIC INPUTS; DOMESTIC PRODUCTION; DRIVERS; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC SYSTEMS; ECONOMICS; ECONOMIES; ECONOMY; EFFECTS; EMPLOYEES; EMPLOYMENT; EQUILIBRIUM; EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS; EXPORT GROWTH; EXPORT PRODUCTION; EXPORT SECTOR; EXPORTS; FINANCIAL SERVICES; GDP; GDP PER CAPITA; GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM; GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; GLOBAL TRADE; GOODS; GOVERNMENTS; GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT; GROSS VALUE; INCOME; INCOME GROUPS; INCOME LEVELS; INDUSTRY; INFORMATION; INPUTS; INSURANCE; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVESTMENT; JOB; JOBS; LABOR; LABOR COMPENSATION; LABOR COSTS; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR FORCE; LABOR INTENSITIES; LABOR INTENSITY; LABOR MARKET; LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS; LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES; LABOR MARKETS; LABOR OFFICE; LABOR SHARE; LABOR VALUE; LABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT; LABORERS; LAGS; LAND; MARKETS; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; MULTIPLIERS; NATIONAL INCOME; NATURAL RESOURCES; NOMINAL WAGES; OCCUPATIONS; ORGANIZATIONS; OUTCOMES; OUTPUTS; POLICIES; PREVIOUS STUDIES; PRICES; PRIVATE SECTOR; PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES; PRIVATE SERVICES; PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION FUNCTION; PRODUCTION PROCESS; PRODUCTIVITY; PUBLIC SERVICES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RENTS; SAVING; SECURITY; SERVANTS; SERVICES; SEWAGE; SHARES; SKILL GROUPS; SKILLED LABOR; SKILLED WORKERS; SUPPLIERS; SUPPLY; TELECOMMUNICATIONS; THEORY; TOTAL EMPLOYMENT; TOTAL OUTPUT; TOTAL WAGES; TRADE; TRADE AGREEMENT; TRADE DATA; TRADE FLOWS; TRADE MODEL; TRADE POLICY; TRANSPORT; TRENDS; UNSKILLED LABOR; UNSKILLED WORKERS; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VALUE OF OUTPUT; VARIABLES; WAGES; WATER SUPPLY; WORKER; WORKERS; WORLD TRADE; WTO
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Heterogeneity in subjective wellbeing
    an application to occupational allocation in Africa
    Published: 2012
    Publisher:  World Bank, Development Research Group, Macroeconomics and Growth Team, Middle East and Northern Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC

    Using an extraordinarily rich panel dataset from Ghana, this paper explores the nature of self-employment and informality in developing countries through the analysis of self-reported happiness with work and life. Subjective job satisfaction measures... more

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Inter-library loan:
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

     

    Using an extraordinarily rich panel dataset from Ghana, this paper explores the nature of self-employment and informality in developing countries through the analysis of self-reported happiness with work and life. Subjective job satisfaction measures allow assessment of the relative desirability of different jobs in ways that, conditional wage comparisons cannot. By exploiting recent advances in mixed (random parameter) ordered probit models, the distribution of subjective well-being across sectors of employment is quantified. There is little evidence for the overall inferiority of the small firm informal sector: there is not a robust average satisfaction premium for formal work vs. self-employment or informal salaried work, and owners of informal firms that employ others are on average significantly happier than workers in the formal private sector. Moreover, the estimated distribution of parameters predicting satisfaction reveal substantial heterogeneity in subjective well-being within sectors that conventional fixed parameter models, such as standard ordered probit models, cannot detect: Whatever the average satisfaction premium in a sector, all job categories contain both relatively happy and disgruntled workers. Specifically, roughly 67, 50, 40 and 59 percent prefer being a small-firm employer, sole proprietor, informal salaried, civic worker respectively, than formal work. Hence, there is a high degree of overlap in the distribution of satisfaction across sectors. The results are robust to the inclusion of fixed effects and alternate measures of satisfaction. Job characteristics, self-perceived autonomy and experimentally elicited measures of attitudes toward risk do not appear to explain these distributional patterns.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/12074
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 6244
    Subjects: Zufriedenheit; Selbstständige; Informelle Wirtschaft; Berufswahl; Afrika; Ghana; ACCOUNTING; ATTRITION; AVERAGE WAGES; CLERICAL WORKERS; DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS; DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT; DRIVERS; EARNING; EARNINGS PROSPECTS; EMPLOYEE; EMPLOYMENT; EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; ENTREPRENEURSHIP; ESTIMATED PARAMETERS; FIRING; FIRM SIZE; FORMAL SECTOR WAGE; FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS; HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HOUSEHOLD WEALTH; HUMAN CAPITAL; INFORMAL ECONOMY; INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT; INFORMAL LABOR MARKETS; INFORMAL SECTOR; JOB CHARACTERISTICS; JOB SATISFACTION; JOB STATUS; JOB TENURE; JOBS; LABOR COMPENSATION; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR ECONOMICS; LABOR FORCE; LABOR MARKET; LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCE; LABOR MARKET INDICATORS; LABOR MARKET PARTICIPANTS; LABOR MARKETS; LABORERS; LABOUR; LABOUR MARKET; MANUAL LABOR; OCCUPATION; PRESENT ANALYSIS; PREVIOUS RESULTS; PREVIOUS SECTION; PRIMARY CAUSE; PRIVATE SECTOR; PRODUCTIVITY; PROFESSIONS; PSE; PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES; PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS; PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS; RETIREMENT; SALARIED EMPLOYMENT; SALARIED WORKERS; SELFEMPLOYMENT; SMALL BUSINESSES; TURNOVER; UNEMPLOYED; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNEMPLOYMENT RATES; UNPAID WORKERS; URBAN EMPLOYMENT; WAGE DIFFERENTIALS; WAGE EMPLOYMENT; WAGE PREMIUM; WORK IN PROGRESS; WORK SATISFACTION; WORKER; WORKERS; WORKING; WORKING HOURS; WORKPLACE
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 48 S., 3,5 MB), graph. Darst.
  3. Heterogeneity in subjective wellbeing
    an application to occupational allocation in Africa
    Published: 2012
    Publisher:  World Bank, Development Research Group, Macroeconomics and Growth Team, Middle East and Northern Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC

    Using an extraordinarily rich panel dataset from Ghana, this paper explores the nature of self-employment and informality in developing countries through the analysis of self-reported happiness with work and life. Subjective job satisfaction measures... more

    Location:
    Orient-Institut Beirut
    Signature:
    Online
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 2 (6244)
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    Using an extraordinarily rich panel dataset from Ghana, this paper explores the nature of self-employment and informality in developing countries through the analysis of self-reported happiness with work and life. Subjective job satisfaction measures allow assessment of the relative desirability of different jobs in ways that, conditional wage comparisons cannot. By exploiting recent advances in mixed (random parameter) ordered probit models, the distribution of subjective well-being across sectors of employment is quantified. There is little evidence for the overall inferiority of the small firm informal sector: there is not a robust average satisfaction premium for formal work vs. self-employment or informal salaried work, and owners of informal firms that employ others are on average significantly happier than workers in the formal private sector. Moreover, the estimated distribution of parameters predicting satisfaction reveal substantial heterogeneity in subjective well-being within sectors that conventional fixed parameter models, such as standard ordered probit models, cannot detect: Whatever the average satisfaction premium in a sector, all job categories contain both relatively happy and disgruntled workers. Specifically, roughly 67, 50, 40 and 59 percent prefer being a small-firm employer, sole proprietor, informal salaried, civic worker respectively, than formal work. Hence, there is a high degree of overlap in the distribution of satisfaction across sectors. The results are robust to the inclusion of fixed effects and alternate measures of satisfaction. Job characteristics, self-perceived autonomy and experimentally elicited measures of attitudes toward risk do not appear to explain these distributional patterns.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/12074
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 6244
    Subjects: Zufriedenheit; Selbstständige; Informelle Wirtschaft; Berufswahl; Afrika; Ghana; ACCOUNTING; ATTRITION; AVERAGE WAGES; CLERICAL WORKERS; DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS; DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT; DRIVERS; EARNING; EARNINGS PROSPECTS; EMPLOYEE; EMPLOYMENT; EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; ENTREPRENEURSHIP; ESTIMATED PARAMETERS; FIRING; FIRM SIZE; FORMAL SECTOR WAGE; FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS; HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HOUSEHOLD WEALTH; HUMAN CAPITAL; INFORMAL ECONOMY; INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT; INFORMAL LABOR MARKETS; INFORMAL SECTOR; JOB CHARACTERISTICS; JOB SATISFACTION; JOB STATUS; JOB TENURE; JOBS; LABOR COMPENSATION; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR ECONOMICS; LABOR FORCE; LABOR MARKET; LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCE; LABOR MARKET INDICATORS; LABOR MARKET PARTICIPANTS; LABOR MARKETS; LABORERS; LABOUR; LABOUR MARKET; MANUAL LABOR; OCCUPATION; PRESENT ANALYSIS; PREVIOUS RESULTS; PREVIOUS SECTION; PRIMARY CAUSE; PRIVATE SECTOR; PRODUCTIVITY; PROFESSIONS; PSE; PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES; PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS; PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS; RETIREMENT; SALARIED EMPLOYMENT; SALARIED WORKERS; SELFEMPLOYMENT; SMALL BUSINESSES; TURNOVER; UNEMPLOYED; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNEMPLOYMENT RATES; UNPAID WORKERS; URBAN EMPLOYMENT; WAGE DIFFERENTIALS; WAGE EMPLOYMENT; WAGE PREMIUM; WORK IN PROGRESS; WORK SATISFACTION; WORKER; WORKERS; WORKING; WORKING HOURS; WORKPLACE
    Scope: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 48 S., 3,5 MB), graph. Darst.
  4. The labor content of exports database
    Author: Calì, Massimiliano; Francois, Joseph F.; Hollweg, Claire H.; Manchin, Miriam; Oberdabernig, Doris Anita; Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo; Rubinova, Stela; Tomberger, Patrick
    Published: March 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Group, Washington, D.C.

    This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database... more

    Location:
    Orient-Institut Beirut
    Signature:
    Online
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    VS 2 (7615)
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

    Location:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Inter-library loan:
    No inter-library loan

     

    This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Content information
    Volltext (kostenfrei)
    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10986/24156
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7615
    Subjects: Export; Wertschöpfung; Datenbank; ACCOUNTING; AGRICULTURE; AVERAGE WAGE; AVERAGE WAGES; BANK; BILATERAL TRADE; CLERKS; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES; COMPETITIVENESS; COUNTRY COMPARISONS; DEMAND; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT POLICY; DIRECT VALUE; DOMESTIC INPUTS; DOMESTIC PRODUCTION; DRIVERS; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC SYSTEMS; ECONOMICS; ECONOMIES; ECONOMY; EFFECTS; EMPLOYEES; EMPLOYMENT; EQUILIBRIUM; EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS; EXPORT GROWTH; EXPORT PRODUCTION; EXPORT SECTOR; EXPORTS; FINANCIAL SERVICES; GDP; GDP PER CAPITA; GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM; GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; GLOBAL TRADE; GOODS; GOVERNMENTS; GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT; GROSS VALUE; INCOME; INCOME GROUPS; INCOME LEVELS; INDUSTRY; INFORMATION; INPUTS; INSURANCE; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INVESTMENT; JOB; JOBS; LABOR; LABOR COMPENSATION; LABOR COSTS; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR FORCE; LABOR INTENSITIES; LABOR INTENSITY; LABOR MARKET; LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS; LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES; LABOR MARKETS; LABOR OFFICE; LABOR SHARE; LABOR VALUE; LABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT; LABORERS; LAGS; LAND; MARKETS; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; MULTIPLIERS; NATIONAL INCOME; NATURAL RESOURCES; NOMINAL WAGES; OCCUPATIONS; ORGANIZATIONS; OUTCOMES; OUTPUTS; POLICIES; PREVIOUS STUDIES; PRICES; PRIVATE SECTOR; PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES; PRIVATE SERVICES; PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION FUNCTION; PRODUCTION PROCESS; PRODUCTIVITY; PUBLIC SERVICES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RENTS; SAVING; SECURITY; SERVANTS; SERVICES; SEWAGE; SHARES; SKILL GROUPS; SKILLED LABOR; SKILLED WORKERS; SUPPLIERS; SUPPLY; TELECOMMUNICATIONS; THEORY; TOTAL EMPLOYMENT; TOTAL OUTPUT; TOTAL WAGES; TRADE; TRADE AGREEMENT; TRADE DATA; TRADE FLOWS; TRADE MODEL; TRADE POLICY; TRANSPORT; TRENDS; UNSKILLED LABOR; UNSKILLED WORKERS; VALUE; VALUE ADDED; VALUE OF OUTPUT; VARIABLES; WAGES; WATER SUPPLY; WORKER; WORKERS; WORLD TRADE; WTO
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen