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  1. Scientific and Parascientific Communication
    Contributor: Mur-Dueñas, Pilar (Herausgeber); Lorés, Rosa (Herausgeber)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel

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  2. Scientific and Parascientific Communication
    Contributor: Mur-Dueñas, Pilar (Herausgeber); Lorés, Rosa (Herausgeber)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel ; OAPEN FOUNDATION, The Hague

    There is an increasing need for scholars and scientists to not only conduct research that has a significant impact on society but also to communicate that research widely. Such research outreach also contributes to engaging wide, diverse audiences.... more

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    There is an increasing need for scholars and scientists to not only conduct research that has a significant impact on society but also to communicate that research widely. Such research outreach also contributes to engaging wide, diverse audiences. As such, the discursive practices have become more and more complex, multimodal, and multimedia-based for scholars and scientists. Scientific communication is currently shared to a great extent with peers in technology-mediated contexts, which allows formal scientific publications to be opened to public viewing. Alongside this so-called “primary output” (Puschmann 2015), new ways, modes, and discourses are being used to bring science closer to a lay audience and promote citizen participation. The affordances of existing and emergent platforms are fostering a change in audience roles, and with it, the erosion of boundaries between scientific communities and the general public, entailing the dissemination of scientific information and knowledge beyond the former (Trench 2008). We are thus witnessing the development of discursive practices which may be referred to as instances of “parascientific communication”. These practices transcend previously well-delimited communities and spheres of communication. Parascientific genres are evolving based on authoritative or expert knowledge (communicated through conventional, sanctioned scientific genres) but not subjected to the filters of internal, formal science communication (Kelly and Miller 2016). This Special Issue seeks to gain a better understanding of the purposes and specific features of these new scientific communication practices.

     
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  3. The WTO and vaccine supply chain resilience during a pandemic
    Author: Bown, Chad
    Published: 05 February 2023
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; DP17876
    Subjects: WTO; COVID-19; vaccines; supply chain; subsidies; export restrictions
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. After you
    cognition and health-distribution preferences
    Author: Brun, Martín; D'Ambrosio, Conchita; Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada; Ramos Morilla, Xavier
    Published: 2023 May
    Publisher:  ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, [Verona]

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    Series: Working paper series / ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality ; 647 (2023)
    Subjects: social preferences; redistribution; COVID-19; vaccines; cognition; COME-HERE survey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. After you
    cognition and health-distribution preferences
    Author: Brun, Martín; D'Ambrosio, Conchita; Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada; Ramos Morilla, Xavier
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  BSE, Barcelona School of Economics, [Barcelona]

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    Series: BSE working paper ; 1392 (May 2023)
    Subjects: social preferences; redistribution; COVID-19; vaccines; cognition; COME-HERE survey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. International evidence on vaccines and the mortality to infections ratio in the pre-Omicron era
    Author: Aizenman, Joshua; Cukierman, Alex; Jinjarak, Yothin; Xin, Weining
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  The Pinhas Sapir Center for Development, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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    Series: Discussion paper / The Pinhas Sapir Center for Development ; no. 2022, 13
    Subjects: vaccines; mortality; infections; mortality/infection ratio; policy implications
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. After you
    cognition and health-distribution preferences
    Author: Brun, Martín; D'Ambrosio, Conchita; Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada; Ramos Morilla, Xavier
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyse individuals' preferences vaccine-distribution schemes in the World, the EU, and their country of residence that emphasise circumstances rather than outcomes or effort. We link preferences to previously-measured cognition, and find that... more

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    We analyse individuals' preferences vaccine-distribution schemes in the World, the EU, and their country of residence that emphasise circumstances rather than outcomes or effort. We link preferences to previously-measured cognition, and find that high-cognition individuals are 35% more likely to always support such schemes. These preferences are not driven by scheme convenience nor vaccine hesitancy, but appear to be caused by prosociality. We argue that this latter is linked to the perception of less equality of opportunity in society: despite having similar ideals about the role that effort and luck should play in life, high-cognition individuals perceive outcomes to be more determined by luck.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16126
    Subjects: social preferences; redistribution; COVID-19; vaccines; cognition; COME-HERE survey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Refueling a quiet fire
    old truthers and new discontent in the wake of Covid-19
    Author: Beccari, Gabriele; Giaccherini, Matilde; Kopinska, Joanna; Rovigatti, Gabriele
    Published: November 2023
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper investigates the factors that contributed to the proliferation of online COVID skepticism on Twitter across Italian municipalities. We demonstrate that socio-demographic factors are likely to mitigate the emergence of skepticism, while... more

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    This paper investigates the factors that contributed to the proliferation of online COVID skepticism on Twitter across Italian municipalities. We demonstrate that socio-demographic factors are likely to mitigate the emergence of skepticism, while populist political leanings were more likely to foster it. Furthermore, we find that the presence of pre-COVID anti-vax sentiment, represented by old "truthers" on Twitter, amplifies online COVID skepticism in local communities. Additionally, exploiting the spatial variation in economic restrictive policies with severe implications for suspended workers belonging to non-essential economic sectors, we find that COVID skepticism spreads more in municipalities significantly affected by this economic lockdown. Finally, the diffusion of COVID skepticism is positively associated with COVID vaccine hesitancy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282491
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10803 (2023)
    Subjects: Twitter; scepticism; public health; media; vaccines; Covid-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Vax populi
    the social costs of online vaccine skepticism
    Author: Giaccherini, Matilde; Kopinska, Joanna; Rovigatti, Gabriele
    Published: 29 January 2024
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    This paper quantifies the impact of online vaccine skepticism on pediatric vaccine uptake, vaccine-preventable hospitalizations, and their related costs. We propose an instrumental variable strategy that leverages the complex structure of social... more

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    This paper quantifies the impact of online vaccine skepticism on pediatric vaccine uptake, vaccine-preventable hospitalizations, and their related costs. We propose an instrumental variable strategy that leverages the complex structure of social networks. By matching Italian vaccine-related tweets for 2013-2018 with vaccine coverage and preventable hospitalizations data, we find that a 10pp increase in anti-vaccine sentiment causes a 0.43pp decrease in Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine coverage. This shift results in an additional 2.1 hospitalizations per 100,000 residents and an 11% increase in relevant healthcare expenses. Conversely, we find no statistically significant impact on vaccines not targeted by online misinformation (e.g., Hexavalent, Meningococcal, Pneumococcal). The results of a simulated model further suggest that informative campaigns are the most effective method to mitigate the effects of online misinformation and reduce polarization.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP18788
    Subjects: Social network; Twitter; vaccines; controversialness; polarization; text analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Scientific and Parascientific Communication
    Contributor: Mur-Dueñas, Pilar (Herausgeber); Lorés, Rosa (Herausgeber)
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel

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  11. mRNA vaccines: a lucky shot?
    Author: Veugelers, Reinhilde
    Published: 13 December 2021
    Publisher:  Bruegel, Brussels

    MRNA technology has proved in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic its breakthrough value as a basis for vaccines. There has been rapid development of highly safe, effective and robust mRNA vaccines, and these can be delivered at large scale. Yet the... more

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    MRNA technology has proved in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic its breakthrough value as a basis for vaccines. There has been rapid development of highly safe, effective and robust mRNA vaccines, and these can be delivered at large scale. Yet the technology is the result of a long process of accumulation of innovation and capacity. It was a bumpy process that could easily have turned out differently. The mRNA vaccines story suggests that a vibrant vaccine ecosystem cannot be taken for granted in terms of delivering the breakthroughs needed for global pandemic preparedness and response. This paper examines the background of mRNA technology development to understand better how public vaccine research and development policy can be improved to generate the full global social benefits from breakthrough novel vaccine technologies, like mRNA.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/264199
    Series: Bruegel working paper ; 2021, issue 13
    Subjects: COVID-19; health economics and policy; technology; vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten)
  12. Living through a pandemic
    competing Covid-19 narratives in rural Zimbabwe
    Author: Bwerinofa, Iyleen Judy; Mahenehene, Jacob; Manaka, Makiwa; Mulotshwa, Bulisiwe; Murimbarimba, Felix; Mutoko, Moses; Sarayi, Vincent; Scoones, Ian
    Published: August 2022
    Publisher:  Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom

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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781804700204
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    hdl: 20.500.12413/17593
    Series: IDS working paper ; volume 2022, number 575
    Subjects: Covid-19; narratives; lockdown; vaccines; resilience; Zimbabwe
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The rollout of COVID-19 booster vaccines is associated with rising excess mortality in New Zealand
    Author: Gibson, John K.
    Published: June 2022
    Publisher:  University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

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    Series: Working paper in economics / [University of Waikato] ; 22, 11
    Subjects: COVID-19; excess mortality; instrumental variables; vaccines; New Zealand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Using Donald Trump's COVID-19 vaccine endorsement to give public health a shot in the arm
    a large-scale ad experiment
    Author: Larsen, Bradley J.; Ryan, Timothy J.; Greene, Steven; Hetherington, Marc J.; Maxwell, Rahsaan; Tadelis, Steve
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    Series: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 22, 08 (March, 2022)
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Impfung; Gesundheitspolitik; Gesundheitsmarketing; Politische Kommunikation; Experiment; USA; COVID-19; vaccines; vaccine-hesitancy; political polarization; advertising; online auctions; political science; economics; marketing
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Pandemic precarity and the complicated case of Maharashtra
    interrogating state capacity and its fault lines
    Author: Jha, Manish K.
    Published: May 2022
    Publisher:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The state of Maharashtra and the city of Mumbai have been referred to as the epidemic epicentre of India since the time of the plague of 1896 and influenza epidemic of 1918. During the COVID-19 pandemic too, the state experienced the highest cases... more

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    The state of Maharashtra and the city of Mumbai have been referred to as the epidemic epicentre of India since the time of the plague of 1896 and influenza epidemic of 1918. During the COVID-19 pandemic too, the state experienced the highest cases with maximum fatalities. Against the structural backdrop of India's underfinanced public health infrastructure, this paper engages with the subnational state's capacity, legitimacy, and authority in managing the pandemic. The paper highlights the socio-economic and spatial-demographic context to explain the reasons behind the severity of the pandemic in Maharashtra. Through an analysis of regulatory information at different levels during crucial phases of the pandemic, and statistics about tests, caseloads, medical resources (such as hospital beds, essential drugs, and oxygen), migrants' welfare, excess deaths, vaccines, etc., the paper explores how knowledge about the unfolding crisis and the capacity to respond kept changing as the pandemic progressed. The emphasis is on demonstrating how the state improved its response, from a situation of confusion to an augmentation of infrastructure and a coordinated response. Despite fiscal constraints and centre-state tensions, the reliance on rational bureaucracy, scientific knowledge, and the decentralization of the response helped to develop several models and good practices that were widely acknowledged. The paper emphasizes that the case of Maharashtra underscores the importance of decentralized planning and recognizes the value of collaborative federalism.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292671778
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    hdl: 10419/264351
    Series: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 46
    Subjects: pandemic; migrants; excess deaths; vaccines; COVID-19; oxygen; capacity
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Vax populi
    the social costs of online vaccine skepticism
    Author: Giaccherini, Matilde; Kopinska, Joanna; Rovigatti, Gabriele
    Published: December 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper quantifies the impact of online vaccine skepticism on pediatric vaccine uptake and health outcomes. We propose a novel methodology that combines Natural Language Processing and an instrumental variable strategy that leverages the... more

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    This paper quantifies the impact of online vaccine skepticism on pediatric vaccine uptake and health outcomes. We propose a novel methodology that combines Natural Language Processing and an instrumental variable strategy that leverages the intransitivity of the social network's connections. By matching the universe of Italian vaccine-related tweets for 2013-2018 with vaccine coverage and preventable hospitalizations at the municipality level, we find that a 10pp increase in anti-vaccine sentiment causes i) a 0.43pp decrease in coverage of the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine, ii) additional 2.1 hospitalizations among vulnerable populations per 100,000 residents, and iii) an 11% increase in the relevant healthcare expenses, equivalent to 7,311 euros. Drawing on the results of a simulated model, we further show the importance of targeted interventions to counter misinformation and improve vaccine uptake.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/271828
    Edition: Original version: December 2022, this version: March 2023
    Series: CESifo working papers ; 10184 (2022)
    Subjects: social media; Twitter; vaccines; controversialness; polarization; text analysis
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Strengthening health systems to address inequities in COVID-19 vaccine access in the Asia-Pacific region
    Author: Ulep, Valerie Gilbert
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The economic and health recovery of countries in the Asia-Pacific region from the pandemic is hinged on the rapid and equitable deployment of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. However, in the initial years of the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out, highly... more

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    The economic and health recovery of countries in the Asia-Pacific region from the pandemic is hinged on the rapid and equitable deployment of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. However, in the initial years of the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out, highly unequal distribution of vaccines occurred across and within countries. Even though the tight global supply was indeed an issue, health system challenges, particularly in terms of financing, service delivery, human resources, regulatory capacity and governance, played an important role in the inequitable deployment of vaccines. Recommendations given in this paper revolve around the importance of strengthening the health system to enable the equitable allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 221 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; health systems; inequities; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Vaccine research and development (R&D) in the Asia-Pacific
    the economics of vaccine R&D and policy recommendations to overcome market failures and promote R&D cooperation
    Author: Postigo, Antonio
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of national, regional, and global vaccine research and development (R&D) systems. Translating public and private R&D efforts into effective vaccines in a timely manner requires... more

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    The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of national, regional, and global vaccine research and development (R&D) systems. Translating public and private R&D efforts into effective vaccines in a timely manner requires not only sufficient financial and scientific resources but also a policy-driven R&D ecosystem that fosters innovation, public-private partnerships, and international cooperation. This paper outlines several supply-side and demand-side factors behind vaccine R&D that generate economic disincentives for pharmaceutical firms to invest in vaccine R&D and can lead to a market failure for vaccines targeting diseases in low-income countries. Most developing countries in Asia-Pacific not only lack the financial and technological resources to invest in vaccine R&D, but it is also not sensible to develop and replicate R&D capabilities in each country. Consequently, low-income countries are dependent on vaccines researched, developed, and manufactured by other nations that they must obtain through trade and international cooperation. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for the largest share of global R&D spending and large shares in publications and patents on vaccine R&D. The region is home to dozens of state-owned and private pharmaceutical firms and contract research organizations that conduct vaccine R&D. Global pharmaceutical firms have not only offshored part of their vaccine manufacturing to Asia-Pacific but also transferred some of their R&D activities. Countries in Asia-Pacific have used several supply-side and demand-side approaches to incentivize investments in vaccine R&D. For instance, high-income countries are major contributors to product development partnerships and philanthropic foundations and have launched programs to boost university-industry R&D ties. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many high- and middle-income countries in the region established advanced market commitments for vaccine doses. The COVID-19 pandemic also showed the possibilities and challenges of international cooperation in vaccine R&D. Pharmaceutical firms in some developing countries built their vaccine R&D capabilities through technological transfer from highincome countries. Regional institutions and intergovernmental organizations in AsiaPacific have also helped promote and coordinate regional cooperation in vaccine R&D. This paper proposes policy actions to stimulate investments in vaccine R&D and promote regional cooperation along four dimensions, namely a) on the prioritization of targets in the vaccine R&D pipeline; b) on how to overcome market failures in vaccine R&D; c) on fostering partnerships between relevant stakeholders at the national and regional levels; and d) on increasing the preparedness and response of national and regional vaccine R&D systems.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/266153
    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 216 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; medical products; R&D; regional cooperation; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 106 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Vaccine global value chains and regional production capacity in Asia and the Pacific
    Author: Pavida Pananond; Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of vaccines in public health management and economic recovery. Its worldwide impact has raised national security concerns and implications on health policies, particularly... more

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    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of vaccines in public health management and economic recovery. Its worldwide impact has raised national security concerns and implications on health policies, particularly on Asia Pacific countries' readiness to cope with the next pandemic. This report explains the rise of COVID-19 vaccine production of key vaccines and differentiates them into two different approaches: the internalization-driven production, in which the leading pharmaceutical multinationals control most of the vaccine production in a few locations; and the externalization-driven production, whereby lead companies extend their vaccine production to various regions. These two approaches are led by various factors, including vaccine technology, strategy and missions of the vaccine producers, and the availability and capacity of qualified contract manufacturers in host countries. Pros and cons for each approach need to be considered to limit the impact of nationalistic interests and policies that have been part of the delay in vaccine distribution in some countries. The ultimate objective of a vaccine policy is a speedy and efficient administration of vaccines in the population, not national production, even if the latter is a desirable goal for politicians.

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 217 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; Global Value Chains; multinationals; global supply chains; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Trade and trade barriers in vaccines and inputs to vaccine production in the Asia-Pacific region
    Author: Gupta, Pralok; Bhattacharjee, Ayona
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The COVID-19 pandemic re-emphasized the role of vaccines in prevention and control of outbreaks and infectious diseases, but not all countries are able to produce them. Limited domestic capacities combined with other bottlenecks have often resulted... more

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    The COVID-19 pandemic re-emphasized the role of vaccines in prevention and control of outbreaks and infectious diseases, but not all countries are able to produce them. Limited domestic capacities combined with other bottlenecks have often resulted in vaccine stockouts in many countries. In this context, international trade could be instrumental in overcoming challenges pertaining to vaccine availability. This study is an analysis of trade and trade barriers related to vaccines and vaccine inputs in the AsiaPacific region, the second largest regional trader of vaccine inputs. Using trade-related data of the Asia-Pacific region, we find that while there was high dependence of this region on vaccine imports from the rest of the world, there was significant intraregional trade in vaccine inputs during the last two decades. Analysis of tariff data shows that vaccines remained duty free or at low tariffs in many countries within this region while several non-tariff measures from the pre-COVID-19 period still continued. This study includes results from a primary survey of stakeholders concerned with vaccine production and trade in India. Being a significant player for vaccines in the Asia-Pacific region, experiences from India can provide substantial insights and takeaways for other trading nations. The interview results highlighted that tariffs were not particularly important for COVID-19 vaccines, but Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) played a crucial role in vaccine trade. Our findings imply the need for diversification of import sources of vaccines and vaccine inputs; lowering of tariffs; reduction in export restrictions; promoting regulatory coherence to enhance intraregional trade of vaccines within the region; emphasizing the development of transportation and storage capabilities in poor countries in addition to ensuring the supply of vaccines through trade and the use of trade agreements to ease trade restrictions.

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 218 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; vaccine inputs; trade barriers; non-tariff measures; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Regulatory cooperation in vaccines in the Asia-Pacific region
    Author: Lacey, Simon; Mitchell, Andrew D.
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    The global health crisis that came to be known as the COVID-19 pandemic and started to sweep across the world in early 2020 revealed many vulnerabilities in the economic, social, and political fabric underpinning what much of the world had come to... more

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    The global health crisis that came to be known as the COVID-19 pandemic and started to sweep across the world in early 2020 revealed many vulnerabilities in the economic, social, and political fabric underpinning what much of the world had come to accept as normal. In ways that we are still grappling to understand, the pandemic and the many disruptions it brought about have ushered in significant changes to the way we work, consume, spend our leisure time, and even our relationships to government. In many ways, the pandemic has wrought a significant realignment between citizens and governments, both in terms of the expectations the former have of the latter and the powers the latter claims and exerts over the former. This paper explores the ways in which medicines (of which vaccines are a subset) are regulated today and what goals governments generally pursue in this policy area. It then turns to an examination of international regulatory cooperation in medicines before examining the unprecedented levels of international cooperation seen in response to the COVID-19 pandemic between not only governments but also the private sector and non-governmental organizations. The paper seeks to elucidate the regulatory cooperation in the area of vaccines that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Asia-Pacific and concludes by discussing the present outlook while also setting out some policy recommendations for governments going forward.

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 219 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; regulatory cooperation; regional cooperation; AsiaPacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten)
  22. International transport and logistics of vaccines across borders
    the case of the Asia-Pacific region
    Author: Rawinkhan Srinon; Duangpun Kritchanchai; Thananya Wasusri
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    Vaccines against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have provided hope for containing the pandemic, but there are challenging obstacles to international transport and logistics of the new vaccines and vaccine inputs needed for manufacturing. This... more

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    Vaccines against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have provided hope for containing the pandemic, but there are challenging obstacles to international transport and logistics of the new vaccines and vaccine inputs needed for manufacturing. This study identifies key barriers in the Asia-Pacific region to the timely and effective transport of vaccines from the countries where they are manufactured to the countries where they are needed. The main hurdles for vaccines are import and export restrictions and limitations, and the lack of policy priority. Major bottlenecks include securing vaccine import approval by the national food and drug authority, having correct and efficient shipment routes (reliable direct flights and transport capacity), ensuring timeliness on customs clearance along with security control measures, assuring cold chain integrity along the supply chain and implementing transparency and visibility through tracking and tracing systems. It is recommended that Governments develop a national cold chain tracking and tracing system to ensure information sharing and monitoring. Furthermore, there is a lack of cold chain capacity for traditional, frozen and ultra-cold vaccines, in particular in low-income and lower-middle-income countries in the Pacific and Central Asia subregions. To overcome obstacles and ease bottlenecks for import and export of vaccines and vaccine inputs, it is recommended that Governments in the region ensure good cooperation and coordination, including national, regional and international cooperation, among key industrial stakeholders in the public and private sectors. Such cooperation and coordination will help to smooth and ease the import and export process for both vaccines and vaccine inputs. Many countries in the region, such as Australia, India, Indonesia and Thailand, have reduced the cross-border processing time to less than three hours. Lastly, cold chain facilities and readiness are the key to the supply chain of vaccines. Where complying with different requirements and procedures for temperature management and control of different vaccines during transportation and cross-border processing is a challenge, it is recommended to conduct country-wide personnel training with an easy-to-understand procedure manual in local languages to build flexibility and capability.

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 220 (2022)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; logistics; supply chain; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Practical means of applying the TRIPS Agreement's flexibilities to spur vaccine production
    Author: Mitchell, Andrew D.; Taubman, Antony
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  ARTNeT, United Nations ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

    Timely and equitable access to vaccines and other health technologies is vital in effectively responding to pandemics and treating other communicable diseases. This paper shows how countries might overcome real or purported intellectual property (IP)... more

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    Timely and equitable access to vaccines and other health technologies is vital in effectively responding to pandemics and treating other communicable diseases. This paper shows how countries might overcome real or purported intellectual property (IP) barriers to regional COVID-19 vaccine production. In particular, it examines how countries can utilise IP flexibilities to increase and diversify the manufacture and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. It provides concrete examples of how these flexibilities are practised in various domestic jurisdictions in Asia and the Pacific and sets out practical recommendations for different policy areas.

     
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    Series: Working paper / Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade ; no. 225 (2023)
    Special series on trade and health
    Subjects: COVID-19; vaccines; intellectual property rights; regional cooperation; Asia-Pacific
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 127 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Race against time to save human lives during the COVID-19 with vaccines
    global evidence
    Author: Nguyen Van Phuc; Toan Luu Duc Huynh; Vu Minh Ngo; Huan H. Nguyen
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Voluminous vaccine campaigns are used globally since the COVID-19 pandemic owes devastating mortality and destructively unprecedented consequences on different aspects of economies. Notwithstanding different approaches to measure the effectiveness of... more

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    Voluminous vaccine campaigns are used globally since the COVID-19 pandemic owes devastating mortality and destructively unprecedented consequences on different aspects of economies. Notwithstanding different approaches to measure the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in clinical medicines, this paper sheds new light on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines by using the difference-in-differences (DiD) design of 127 countries in the daily frequency from February 2020 till the end of August 2021. We show that the number of new deaths per million significantly decreases after half of the population is vaccinated, but the number of new cases witnesses an insignificant change. We found that the effects are more pronounced in Europe and North America by offering insights about different continents. Our results remain robust after using other proxies and testing the sensitivity of the vaccinated proportion, providing causality and evidence that expanding and expediting COVID-19 vaccination can save human lives.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243295
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 958
    Subjects: COVID-19; global scope; effectiveness; vaccines
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Patents for Covid-19 vaccines are based on public research: a case study on the privatization of knowledge
    Author: Florio, Massimo
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  CIRIEC International, Université de Liège, Liège (Belgium)

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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9782931051504
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11159/6416
    Edition: This version October 11, 2021
    Series: Working paper / CIRIEC ; no. 2021, 03
    Subjects: COVID 19 pandemic; vaccines; public and private R&D; Big Pharma; public funding; USA
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen