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  1. Can Music Make You Sick? : Measuring the Price of Musical Ambition
    Author: Gross, Sally Anne; Musgrave, George
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  University of Westminster Press, London

    “Musicians often pay a high price for sharing their art with us. Underneath the glow of success can often lie loneliness and exhaustion, not to mention the basic struggles of paying the rent or buying food. Sally Anne Gross and George Musgrave raise... more

     

    “Musicians often pay a high price for sharing their art with us. Underneath the glow of success can often lie loneliness and exhaustion, not to mention the basic struggles of paying the rent or buying food. Sally Anne Gross and George Musgrave raise important questions – and we need to listen to what the musicians have to tell us about their working conditions and their mental health.” Emma Warren (Music Journalist and Author). “Singing is crying for grown-ups. To create great songs or play them with meaning music's creators reach far into emotion and fragility seeking the communion we demand of it. However, music’s toll on musicians can leave deep scars. In this important book, Sally Anne Gross and George Musgrave investigate the relationship between the wellbeing music brings to society and the wellbeing of those who create. It’s a much needed reality check, deglamorising the romantic image of the tortured artist.” Crispin Hunt (Multi-Platinum Songwriter/Record Producer, Chair of the Ivors Academy). It is often assumed that creative people are prone to psychological instability, and that this explains apparent associations between cultural production and mental health problems. In their detailed study of recording and performing artists in the British music industry, Sally Anne Gross and George Musgrave turn this view on its head. By listening to how musicians understand and experience their working lives, this book proposes that whilst making music is therapeutic, making a career from music can be traumatic. The authors show how careers based on an all-consuming passion have become more insecure and devalued. Artistic merit and intimate, often painful, self-disclosures are the subject of unremitting scrutiny and data metrics. Personal relationships and social support networks are increasingly bound up with calculative transactions. Drawing on original empirical research and a wide-ranging survey of scholarship from across the social sciences, their findings will be provocative for future research on mental health, wellbeing and working conditions in the music industries and across the creative economy. Going beyond self-help strategies, they challenge the industry to make transformative structural change. Until then, the book provides an invaluable guide for anyone currently making their career in music, as well as those tasked with training and educating the next generation

     
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    Source: OAPEN
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
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    Subjects: Music; Occupational & industrial psychology; Sociology: work & labour; Cultural studies; Psychology of ageing; Social issues & processes
    Other subjects: popular music; mental health; gig economy; digital culture; music industries; music professions
    Scope: 1 electronic resource (198 p.)
  2. Well-Being and Mental Health in the Gig Economy : Policy Perspectives on Precarity
    Author: Gross, Sally-Anne; Musgrave, George; Janciute, Laima
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  University of Westminster Press

    "A response is needed to the numerous issues spurred by the expansion of the gig economy, where flexible patterns of employment prevail in contrast to permanent jobs. In this context of the exponential growth of the digital economy and underlying... more

     

    "A response is needed to the numerous issues spurred by the expansion of the gig economy, where flexible patterns of employment prevail in contrast to permanent jobs. In this context of the exponential growth of the digital economy and underlying business models the largest nationwide study of its kind into the impact of the working conditions in the UK music industry ‘Can Music Make You Sick?’ has been conducted by MusicTank/University of Westminster.

     

    This research suggests the need to consider the future of work not only from an economic or employment law perspective but from a mental health one too. What are the psychological implications of precarious work and how are factors such as financial instability, the feedback economy and personal relationships reflected in mental health outcomes or connected to the business relationships most musicians and other gig economy participants work under?

     

    Authors Sally-Anne Gross, George Musgrave and Laima Janciute consider which policy measures may help or harm gig economy workers including the taxation of self-employed workers, a universal basic income, education around mental health issues and access to mental health support."

     
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  3. Heigh ho, heigh ho
    the way we (would like to) work now
    Author: Byrne, Julie; Pecchenino, Rowena A.
    Published: August 2017
    Publisher:  Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland

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    Language: English
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    Format: Online
    Series: Working paper / Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting ; N282 (17)
    Subjects: alternative work arrangements; flexibility; gig economy; real options; standard labour contract
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten)
  4. Inflation and the gig economy
    have the rise of online retailing and self-employment disrupted the Phillips curve?
    Author: Duca, John V.
    Published: November 16, 2018
    Publisher:  Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department, Dallas

    During the recovery from the Great Recession, inflation did not reach the central bank's 2 percent objective as quickly as many models had predicted. This coincided with increases in online shopping, which arguably made retail markets more... more

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    During the recovery from the Great Recession, inflation did not reach the central bank's 2 percent objective as quickly as many models had predicted. This coincided with increases in online shopping, which arguably made retail markets more contestable and damped retail inflation. This hypothesis is tested using data on the online share of retail sales, which are incorporated into an econometric model. Results imply that the rise of online retail has flattened the Phillips Curve, reducing the sensitivity of inflation to unemployment rate changes. Improvement in fit from just including the online share is tiny—so far. Other results indicate that market-based price indexes are more sensitive to unemployment than measures such as core PCE, which puts a sizable weight on items with imputed prices that may slowly adjust to market conditions. Further, measures of online sales that internalize substitution between online and traditional mail order sales better help track the impact of online sales on inflation dynamics. A complementary factor is the "gig" economy and the rise of self-employment, which by reducing the bargaining power of labor, could lower the natural rate of unemployment. Model performance and fits are improved using a hybrid approach in which the rise of online sales can flatten the slope of the Phillips Curve by reducing retail pricing power and the prevalence of gig or self-employment can lower the natural rate of unemployment. By omitting important structural changes in both goods and labor markets, conventional Phillips Curve models have failed to track how the rise of online retailing has flattened the Phillips Curve and how the rise of the gig economy (self-employment) has lowered the natural rate of unemployment. One notable difference between the price-price and wage-price results is that the combined effects of online shopping and self-employment are more notable on wage inflation than on price inflation. This could plausibly reflect that improvements in information technology may have undermined the pricing power of workers in labor markets to a greater degree than they have affected the pricing power of producers in goods markets

     
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    Series: Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department ; 1814
    FRB of Dallas Working Paper ; No. 1814
    Subjects: gig economy; self-employment; online sales; inflation; unemployment; wages; Phillips Curve
    Other subjects: Array
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Missing trade in tasks
    employer outsourcing in the gig economy
    Author: Stanton, Christopher T.; Thomas, Catherine
    Published: [2019]
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: CEP discussion paper ; no 1606 (March 2019)
    Subjects: gig economy; outsourcing; hiring
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Digital labour platforms and labour protection in China
    Author: Zhou, Irene
    Published: [2020]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    The growth of digital labour platforms worldwide creates both opportunities and challenges to the world of work as well as the traditional approaches of regulating work and setting minimum standards. This paper explores the implications of the... more

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    The growth of digital labour platforms worldwide creates both opportunities and challenges to the world of work as well as the traditional approaches of regulating work and setting minimum standards. This paper explores the implications of the digital labour platforms for labour regulation in China and the potential applicability of existing laws and regulations to platform work. It begins by defining platform work and reviewing its scope, composition and characteristics, with a focus on working conditions in China, followed by analysis on how labour regulation is complicated by the platform business models. In analysing the existing regulatory frameworks, the regulatory gaps become apparent. The paper concludes with policy options based on relevant international standards and the approaches to regulating platforms in other countries and the Chinese context, including its economic and policy environment as well as its industrial relations system.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220322390; 9789220331187; 9789220331194
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263077
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 11 (October 2020)
    Subjects: informal employment; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; working conditions; labour contracts; labour law; labour legislation; social protection; informal economy; gig economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Transitions from offline to online labor markets
    the relationship between freelancers' prior offline and online work experience
    Author: Seifried, Mareike
    Published: 12/2021
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    An emerging stream of research from various disciplines studies online labor market (OLM) platforms as an alternative way of accomplishing work compared to traditional (offline) labor markets. Although prior work has increased our understanding of... more

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    2 : Z 2027:2021,101
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    An emerging stream of research from various disciplines studies online labor market (OLM) platforms as an alternative way of accomplishing work compared to traditional (offline) labor markets. Although prior work has increased our understanding of how OLM platforms function, we so far know very little about the relationship between what workers have done before entering the platform and the skill content of their online jobs. However, the question of why workers do the jobs they do in an online context and what drives their decision is fundamental to understanding how these markets function and are used by workers. Using data on 4,771 freelancers working on Upwork.com, the world’s leading freelancing website, we compare the skill content of their online jobs with their last reported offline prior to platform entry. Based on prior work on occupational mobility (Gathmann & Schönberg, 2010) and human capital investments (Becker, 1962), we hypothesize and find that workers with more valuable skillsets adjust their skill portfolios less while working online, i.e. the distance between their offline and online skill portfolio is lower. We further show that being female, coming from an advanced economy and reporting having current offline employment moderates the relationship between skill value and skill distance.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Discussion paper / ZEW - Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH ; No. 21-101
    Subjects: Online labor markets; gig economy; labor mobility; occupational mobility; human capital; task-based approach; digital platforms; knowledge work
    Scope: 42 Seiten
  8. A global analysis of worker protest in digital labour platforms
    Author: Bessa, Ioulia; Joyce, Simon; Neumann, Denis; Stuart, Mark; Trappmann, Vera; Umney, Charles
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper presents findings from the Leeds Index of Platform Labour Protest, a database of platform worker protest events around the world which gathers data from online news media reports and other online sources. For the period January 2017 to... more

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    This paper presents findings from the Leeds Index of Platform Labour Protest, a database of platform worker protest events around the world which gathers data from online news media reports and other online sources. For the period January 2017 to July 2020, we identified 1,271 instances of worker protest in four platform sectors: ride-hailing, food delivery, courier services and grocery delivery. Our results show that the single most important cause of platform worker protest is pay, with other protested issues including employment status, and health and safety. In most global regions, strikes, log-offs and demonstrations predominated as a form of protest. Furthermore, platform worker protests showed a strong tendency to be driven from below by worker self-organization, although trade unions also had an important presence in some parts of the world. From the four platform sectors examined, ride-hailing and food delivery accounted for most protest events. Although the growth of platform worker organization is remarkable, formal collective bargaining is uncommon, as is formal employment, with ad hoc self-organized groups of workers dominating labour protest across the different sectors, particularly in the global South.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220372449; 9789220372456; 9789220372463; 9789220372470
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263131
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 70 (July 2022)
    Subjects: decent work; future of work; precarious employment; self employment; digital labour; employment security; conditions of employment; remuneration; labour disputes; trade unions; gig economy; workers rights
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Digital leadership
    motivating online workers : which leadership techniques and tools should digital leaders use to communicate effectively with remote teams and gig workers?
    Author: Nieken, Petra
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Remote work and digital collaborations are prevalent in the business world and many employees use digital communication tools routinely in their jobs. Communication shifts from face-to-face meetings to asynchronous formats using text, audio, or video... more

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    Remote work and digital collaborations are prevalent in the business world and many employees use digital communication tools routinely in their jobs. Communication shifts from face-to-face meetings to asynchronous formats using text, audio, or video messages. This shift leads to a reduction of information and signals leaders can send and receive. Do classical leadership and communication techniques such as transformational or charismatic leadership signaling still work in those online settings or do leaders have to rely on transactional leadership techniques such as contingent reward and punishment tools in the remote setting?

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/274616
    Series: IZA world of labor ; 2022, 498
    Subjects: digital leadership; remote work; gig economy; virtual leadership
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Realizing the opportunities of the platform economy through freedom of association and collective bargaining
    Author: Hadwiger, Felix
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This study provides empirical evidence from different regions of the world to identify avenues for platform economy workers to access freedom of association and collective bargaining. It shows that collective protests, the establishment of new... more

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    This study provides empirical evidence from different regions of the world to identify avenues for platform economy workers to access freedom of association and collective bargaining. It shows that collective protests, the establishment of new organizations of workers and platforms, social dialogue and, to a limited extent, collective bargaining are taking place in the platform economy. The experiences from the ground described in this study indicate ways and a demand to create an even more enabling environment for freedom of association and collective bargaining in order to realize the opportunities of the platform economy for workers and employers.

     
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    Media type: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789220377369; 9789220377376; 9789220377383; 9789220377390
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265597
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 80 (September 2022)
    Subjects: future of work; employment; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; labour relations; collective bargaining; collective agreements; labour law; gig economy; workers rights; freedom of association; information and communication technologies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 90 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Concrétiser les opportunités de l'économie des plateformes par la liberté syndicale et la négociation collective
    Author: Hadwiger, Felix
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Organisation internationale du Travail, Genève, Suisse

    This study provides empirical evidence from different regions of the world to identify avenues for platform economy workers to access freedom of association and collective bargaining. It shows that collective protests, the establishment of new... more

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    This study provides empirical evidence from different regions of the world to identify avenues for platform economy workers to access freedom of association and collective bargaining. It shows that collective protests, the establishment of new organizations of workers and platforms, social dialogue and, to a limited extent, collective bargaining are taking place in the platform economy. The experiences from the ground described in this study indicate ways and a demand to create an even more enabling environment for freedom of association and collective bargaining in order to realize the opportunities of the platform economy for workers and employers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: French
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220380789; 9789220380796; 9789220380802; 9789220380819
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278287
    Series: Document de travail de l'OIT / Organisation internationale du Travail ; 80 (12/2022)
    Subjects: future of work; employment; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; labour relations; collective bargaining; collective agreements; labour law; gig economy; workers rights; freedom of association; information and communication technologies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 98 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Ride-hailing versus traditional taxi services
    the experiences of taxi drivers in Lebanon
    Author: Yassin, Jad; Rani, Uma
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Lebanon is experiencing a structural transformation of its economy and labour market, but at the same time has been hit by a series of crises in recent years. In the face of rising unemployment, it is often argued that digital platforms can offer new... more

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    Lebanon is experiencing a structural transformation of its economy and labour market, but at the same time has been hit by a series of crises in recent years. In the face of rising unemployment, it is often argued that digital platforms can offer new employment and income-generating opportunities. The platform economy's role in structural change is not yet clear, but digital labour platforms undoubtedly have significant growth potential. An important concern is whether digital platforms can provide not merely jobs but decent jobs that could help to dampen the effects of rampant unemployment in Lebanon. This paper provides insights into the working conditions of platform-based taxi drivers, examining, among other aspects, the question of flexibility and autonomy at work and algorithmic management practices. It engages critically with the trajectory and development of taxi platforms and shows how they depend heavily on venture capital funds, the "non-uberized" economy, the State and the non-market society in Lebanon. The paper also identifies areas in which regulations are required to harness the potential of digital platforms and other technological innovations to generate decent work opportunities.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220384688; 9789220384695; 9789220384701; 9789220384718
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278240
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 85 (12/2022)
    Subjects: decent work; future of work; informal employment; digital labour; conditions of employment; work organization; trade unions; social security; gig economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Aprovechar las oportunidades de la economía de plataformas digitales mediante la libertad sindical y la negociación colectiva
    Author: Hadwiger, Felix
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Ginebra, Suiza

    This study provides empirical evidence from different regions of the world to identify avenues for platform economy workers to access freedom of association and collective bargaining. It shows that collective protests, the establishment of new... more

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    This study provides empirical evidence from different regions of the world to identify avenues for platform economy workers to access freedom of association and collective bargaining. It shows that collective protests, the establishment of new organizations of workers and platforms, social dialogue and, to a limited extent, collective bargaining are taking place in the platform economy. The experiences from the ground described in this study indicate ways and a demand to create an even more enabling environment for freedom of association and collective bargaining in order to realize the opportunities of the platform economy for workers and employers.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220384848; 9789220384855; 9789220384862; 9789220384879
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    hdl: 10419/278320
    Series: Documento de trabajo de la OIT / Organización Internacional del Trabajo ; 80 (Febrero 2023)
    Subjects: future of work; employment; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; labour relations; collective bargaining; collective agreements; labour law; gig economy; workers rights; freedom of association; information and communication technologies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 99 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Homeworking in the Philippines
    bad job? Good job?
    Author: King-Dejardin, Amelita M.
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This report focuses on two categories of homeworkers in the Philippines: industrial homeworkers, who assemble or fabricate goods for factories, retailers or their agents under subcontracting arrangements; and online workers, who render services to... more

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    This report focuses on two categories of homeworkers in the Philippines: industrial homeworkers, who assemble or fabricate goods for factories, retailers or their agents under subcontracting arrangements; and online workers, who render services to their clients or employers via telecommunications technologies and digital platforms. This report focuses on two categories of homeworkers in the Philippines: industrial homeworkers, who assemble or fabricate goods for factories, retailers or their agents under subcontracting arrangements; and online workers, who render services to their clients or employers via telecommunications technologies and digital platforms. Using new data generated from focused group discussions and interviews with industrial homeworkers, an online survey of online "freelance" workers, and interviews with key informants, this report provides valuable insights into workers' motivations for engaging in homework, patterns of employment relationships, and working conditions, while comparing the two types of homework, and female and male workers. Entry into homework remains gendered. Child care and family care continue to be the principal driving force for women regardless of income level and educational attainment. Women dominate industrial and digital homework, even as many men take up online work as a principal occupation due to its flexible work schedule and higher pay. Issues of job insecurity, precarious and irregular earnings, exclusion from statutory health insurance and social security, disguised employer-employee relationships, and lack of legal recourse for non-payment of wages cut across both types of homeworking. Fairly high salaries and output-based payments coexist with meagre and volatile earnings in online work, while poverty wages are the mainstay of industrial homework. The value to women of earning, no matter how small, while caring for their children and family cannot be ignored. For them, this is vital and empowering. Nonetheless, the absence of effective governance that ensures homeworkers of fair working conditions and income security, combined with the lack of alternative care support and arrangements, exposes women and men to risks of exploitation, robs them of bargaining power, and traps many in poor quality jobs. An appropriate governance framework for homework is indispensable but not sufficient. Through self- organization and collective action, homeworkers can demand for better governance and State action, claim their legal rights, raise their bargaining position, and minimize a race to the bottom among their ranks.

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789220342787; 9789220342794; 9789220342763
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263091
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 25 (March/2021)
    Subjects: precarious employment; self employment; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; work at home; informal economy; gig economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (87 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Gesehen am 06.11.2021
  15. Freelance platform work in the Russian Federation
    2009-2019
    Author: Shevchuk, Andrey; Strebkov, Denis
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper traces the development of freelance platform work in the Russian Federation based on unique data from four online surveys conducted over the period 2009 and 2019 via the leading platform for creative and knowledge-based work and analyses... more

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    This paper traces the development of freelance platform work in the Russian Federation based on unique data from four online surveys conducted over the period 2009 and 2019 via the leading platform for creative and knowledge-based work and analyses the working conditions and well-being of the workers At the dawn of the twenty-first century, freelance work through online platforms emerged as a new phenomenon, gradually becoming a distinctive feature of the digital economy. This paper traces the development of freelance platform work in the Russian Federation and the wider post-Soviet space. The study utilizes unique data from four online surveys conducted by the authors in 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2019 via the leading general-purpose platform for creative and knowledge-based work, FL.ru operating in the Russian language. The common methodology used to collect and analyse the data from each survey provides an opportunity to shed light on the dynamics of key indicators over the ten-year period. The study investigates socio-demographic characteristics of freelancers and their careers, motivations, working conditions and well-being, as well as the problems that freelancers encounter in their relationships with clients. Overall, the results point to the increased importance of platforms, the diffusion of the new model of work among the wider population, and the persistent informality that may hinder the future development of the online labour market. The lack of basic labour rights, collective representation and social protection is also a pressing concern.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220336892; 9789220336885; 9789220336878
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    hdl: 10419/263104
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 38 (July/2021)
    Subjects: non-standard employment; self-employment; freelancers; gig economy; platform work; online labour markets; Russian Federation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (59 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Gesehen am 07.11.2021
  16. Platform work and the employment relationship
    Author: De Stefano, Valerio; Durri, Ilda; Stylogiannis, Charalampos; Wouters, Mathias
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This working paper analyses national and supranational case law and legislation about the employment status of platform workers. It does so by referring to the ILO Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (No. 198). It finds that this... more

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    This working paper analyses national and supranational case law and legislation about the employment status of platform workers. It does so by referring to the ILO Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (No. 198). It finds that this Recommendation provides for a valuable compass to navigate the issues that emerge from the analysis of the existing case law and legislation about platform work.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220344217; 9789220344224; 9789220344231
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    hdl: 10419/263093
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 27 (March/2021)
    Subjects: non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; labour contracts; telework; work at home; labour legislation; gig economy; information and communication technologies
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (58 Seiten)
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    Gesehen am 30.11.2021
  17. Digital work in Eastern Europe
    overview of trends, outcomes and policy responses
    Author: Aleksynska, Marijya
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper documents the emergence and growth of digital labour markets in Eastern Europe. It shows that the development of two types of digital work – online work through online labour platforms and offline work mediated by mobile apps – have a... more

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    This paper documents the emergence and growth of digital labour markets in Eastern Europe. It shows that the development of two types of digital work – online work through online labour platforms and offline work mediated by mobile apps – have a different history, root causes and dynamics. While both are enabled by digital technologies, each attracts a different worker profile and results in different outcomes for workers. The paper also reviews policy responses to digital work in three areas: bringing digital work under the scope of existing regulations; ensuring fair competition with workers in traditional forms of employment; and improving formalization and better tax compliance of digital workers. It concludes by discussing how low scope for organizing digital workers, poor law enforcement and proliferation of new modes of digital work remain key obstacles for effective regulation.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220336847; 9789220336854; 9789220336861
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    hdl: 10419/263098
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 32 (May/2021)
    Subjects: decent work; future of work; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; conditions of employment; social dialogue; labour standards; gig economy; digital work; online labour markets; gig economy; labour platforms; work via apps
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (59 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Gesehen am 29.11.2021
  18. Transitions from offline to online labor markets
    the relationship between freelancers' prior offline and online work experience
    Author: Seifried, Mareike
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    An emerging stream of research from various disciplines studies online labor market (OLM) platforms as an alternative way of accomplishing work compared to traditional (offline) labor markets. Although prior work has increased our understanding of... more

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    An emerging stream of research from various disciplines studies online labor market (OLM) platforms as an alternative way of accomplishing work compared to traditional (offline) labor markets. Although prior work has increased our understanding of how OLM platforms function, we so far know very little about the relationship between what workers have done before entering the platform and the skill content of their online jobs. However, the question of why workers do the jobs they do in an online context and what drives their decision is fundamental to understanding how these markets function and are used by workers. Using data on 4,771 freelancers working on Upwork.com, the world’s leading freelancing website, we compare the skill content of their online jobs with their last reported offline prior to platform entry. Based on prior work on occupational mobility (Gathmann & Schönberg, 2010) and human capital investments (Becker, 1962), we hypothesize and find that workers with more valuable skillsets adjust their skill portfolios less while working online, i.e. the distance between their offline and online skill portfolio is lower. We further show that being female, coming from an advanced economy and reporting having current offline employment moderates the relationship between skill value and skill distance.

     
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    hdl: 10419/248855
    Series: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 21, 101 (12/2021)
    Subjects: Online labor markets; gig economy; labor mobility; occupational mobility; human capital; task-based approach; digital platforms; knowledge work
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Zero-hours contracts in a frictional labor market
    Author: Dolado, Juan J.; Lalé, Etienne; Turon, Hélène
    Published: December 2021
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.'s zero-hours contract (ZHC) - a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows employees to decline any workload. We find quantitatively that ZHCs improve... more

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    We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.'s zero-hours contract (ZHC) - a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows employees to decline any workload. We find quantitatively that ZHCs improve welfare by enabling firms with more volatile business conditions to create additional jobs. While weaker than job creation, substitution effects - some jobs that are otherwise viable under regular contracts are advertised as ZHCs - are sizable and likely explain negative reactions against ZHCs. Our model also assesses increased labor-force participation from ZHCs which appeal to individuals who prefer flexible work schedules.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250640
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14979
    Subjects: zero-hours contracts; working hours; gig economy; flexibility
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Immunity-driven comparative advantage and its palliative effect on social health and inequality
    a theoretical perspective
    Author: Marjit, Sugata; Das, Gouranga Gopal
    Published: February 2022
    Publisher:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We propose a model of "trade" between high income and low-income groups where the rich being scared of the spread of infection hires the poor to engage them in exposure-intensive outdoor activities as workers in the household industry. People who... more

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    We propose a model of "trade" between high income and low-income groups where the rich being scared of the spread of infection hires the poor to engage them in exposure-intensive outdoor activities as workers in the household industry. People who endure hardships and sustain exposure to unhygienic conditions may develop stronger immunity to fight the ongoing pandemic than members of the privileged class. The low-income group has greater endowment of immunity to income and for the rich it is lower. If such exchange takes place, essentially less immune people are withdrawn from exposure intensive activities and are being substituted by more immune workers. Thus, the spread and fatality will reduce with such a trade. The greater is the inequality, the more would be demand for labor for such work resulting in greater volume of such trade between low income and high-income workers. Thus, spread of the disease will be lower for countries where inequality is high. Later under a general equilibrium setting, we show that, ceteris paribus, a pandemic with a significant threat of infection and fatality would mean greater demand for poor workers; their income would rise and inequality would decline. If the pandemic increases demand for the top skilled, such as the case with virtual activities and derived demand for low skilled, relative wage for the top and bottom would increase.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252086
    Series: CESifo working paper ; no. 9569 (2022)
    Subjects: Covid; exposure-intensity; gig economy; wage inequality; herd-immunity; comparative advantage; welfare; general equilibrium
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Paid employment, self-employment and gig work in administrative and survey data
    Author: Chan, Ping Ching Winnie; Jeon, Sung-Hee; Ostrovsky, Yuri
    Published: June 2023
    Publisher:  Statistics Canada, [Ottawa]

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    ISBN: 9780660481005
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    11F0019M no. 469
    Series: Analytical Studies Branch research paper series ; no. 469
    Subjects: self-employment; incorporated; unincorporated; gig economy; gig work; alternativework arrangements; Longitudinal Worker File; Labour Force Survey
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  22. Exploring the gig economy in Japan
    a bank data-driven analysis of food delivery gig workers
    Author: Kuroda, Sachiko; Onishi, Koichiro
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  RIETI, [Tokyo, Japan]

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    Series: RIETI discussion paper series ; 23-E, 025 (March 2023)
    Subjects: gig work; food delivery gig; bank account data; liquidity; gig economy; COVID-19
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Are platform workers willing to unionize?
    exploring survey evidence from 14 European countries
    Author: Vandaele, Kurt; Piasna, Agnieszka; Zwysen, Wouter
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Embedded in the particular model of work organization of digital labour platforms, platform workers face several hurdles discouraging them from becoming trade union members. These relate to algorithmic management, regulatory arbitrage regarding the... more

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    Embedded in the particular model of work organization of digital labour platforms, platform workers face several hurdles discouraging them from becoming trade union members. These relate to algorithmic management, regulatory arbitrage regarding the employment arrangements and the promotion of an entrepreneurial orientation among platform workers. Nevertheless, based on data from a representative survey in 14 European countries, union density in the platform economy stands at 13.4 per cent. This should be interpreted as a kind of "platform unionism" that exists by coincidence, however, as union membership is most likely rooted in the labour market status of platform workers in the conventional economy. Compared to the general population, platform workers have stronger pro-union attitudes and are more receptive to union membership. Probably partly reflecting difficulties in the ability to unionize, there is still a gap, though, between attitudes and willingness to unionize: whereas about two-thirds of platform workers hold positive attitudes towards unions, only over a quarter state that they would like to join a union. Apart from those positive pro-union attitudes, the propensity to unionize also seems to be determined by engagement in offline networks that promote a social norm of union membership and online participation in digital work-related communities. While these findings could inform union recruitment and organizing strategies, it is needless to say that the heterogeneity of the platform workforce, strongly influenced by the different ways in which workers participate in the platform economy, requires at the same time tailor-made strategies.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220391525; 9789220391532; 9789220391549; 9789220391556
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    hdl: 10419/283545
    Series: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 106 (February 2024)
    Subjects: non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; workers; gig economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. ¿Una tarea inconclusa?
    armonizar la directiva relativa al trabajo en plataformas con el acervo social de la Unión Europa e internacional
    Author: Aloisi, Antonio; Rainone, Silvia; Countouris, Nicola
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Ginebra, Suiza

    Besides straining international, regional and national employment status classification models, digital labour platforms are pioneering new strategies and approaches in terms of algorithmic management, digital surveillance, remote work and... more

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    Besides straining international, regional and national employment status classification models, digital labour platforms are pioneering new strategies and approaches in terms of algorithmic management, digital surveillance, remote work and cross-border outsourcing, which are increasingly being adopted in more conventional sectors of the economy. Developments in the platform economy are thus crucial in providing a stress test for the resilience of existing labour standards, as well as providing useful input in terms of the reforms needed to ensure their suitability, the collective interest representation and mobilization aspects comprehended by rapidly changing labour markets. This paper seeks to explore the key emerging regulatory dimensions of platform work. It contextualizes the challenges associated with platform work as an expression of the consolidated features that, in the past decades, have been transforming the labour market: non-standardization and the deregulation of employment relationships. Following that, it considers the definition of the personal scope of application as a key challenge faced by essentially all attempts to regulate platform work. It does so primarily by exploring the functions and operations of a legal device known as "presumption of employment", currently being considered by the proposed EU directive on platform work as a key tool to address the complex employment status classification questions that have surrounded the "gig economy" since its emergence. The paper then provides a conceptual cartography of the various EU regulatory instruments (both existing ones and those currently in the legislative pipeline) that will, jointly, define the legal mosaic of labour rights applicable to the heterogeneous phenomenon of platform work in the years to come. The paper suggests that recent regulatory developments reflect a persistent attachment to the dichotomous model of subordination versus autonomy. Even once the EU directive on platform work has been adopted, work relations in this area will not be exhaustively regulated by its provisions and other existing directives and instruments would still provide (and, in some cases, fail to provide) answers to various legal questions (such as the concept of working time, privacy at work and the information and consultation of workers and their representatives) that are central to the rights, and livelihoods, of workers providing their labour through digital platforms. The paper elaborates on the interlinkages, overlaps, and tensions between the EU's regulatory instruments and identifies strengths and weaknesses, and potential areas for further elaboration and even legislative reform. This paper concludes that in order to improve the working conditions of platform workers, regulators need to rethink the traditional rigidities associated with the subordination paradigm.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220403709; 9789220403716; 9789220403723; 9789220403730
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    hdl: 10419/283548
    Series: Documento de trabajo de la OIT / Organización Internacional del Trabajo ; 101 (Febrero 2024)
    Subjects: non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; workers; gig economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten)
  25. Une œuvre inachevée?
    harmoniser la directive sur le travail de plateforme avec "l'acquis social" européen et international
    Author: Aloisi, Antonio; Rainone, Silvia; Countouris, Nicola
    Published: 2024
    Publisher:  Organisation internationale du Travail, Genève, Suisse

    Besides straining international, regional and national employment status classification models, digital labour platforms are pioneering new strategies and approaches in terms of algorithmic management, digital surveillance, remote work and... more

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    Besides straining international, regional and national employment status classification models, digital labour platforms are pioneering new strategies and approaches in terms of algorithmic management, digital surveillance, remote work and cross-border outsourcing, which are increasingly being adopted in more conventional sectors of the economy. Developments in the platform economy are thus crucial in providing a stress test for the resilience of existing labour standards, as well as providing useful input in terms of the reforms needed to ensure their suitability, the collective interest representation and mobilization aspects comprehended by rapidly changing labour markets. This paper seeks to explore the key emerging regulatory dimensions of platform work. It contextualizes the challenges associated with platform work as an expression of the consolidated features that, in the past decades, have been transforming the labour market: non-standardization and the deregulation of employment relationships. Following that, it considers the definition of the personal scope of application as a key challenge faced by essentially all attempts to regulate platform work. It does so primarily by exploring the functions and operations of a legal device known as "presumption of employment", currently being considered by the proposed EU directive on platform work as a key tool to address the complex employment status classification questions that have surrounded the "gig economy" since its emergence. The paper then provides a conceptual cartography of the various EU regulatory instruments (both existing ones and those currently in the legislative pipeline) that will, jointly, define the legal mosaic of labour rights applicable to the heterogeneous phenomenon of platform work in the years to come. The paper suggests that recent regulatory developments reflect a persistent attachment to the dichotomous model of subordination versus autonomy. Even once the EU directive on platform work has been adopted, work relations in this area will not be exhaustively regulated by its provisions and other existing directives and instruments would still provide (and, in some cases, fail to provide) answers to various legal questions (such as the concept of working time, privacy at work and the information and consultation of workers and their representatives) that are central to the rights, and livelihoods, of workers providing their labour through digital platforms. The paper elaborates on the interlinkages, overlaps, and tensions between the EU's regulatory instruments and identifies strengths and weaknesses, and potential areas for further elaboration and even legislative reform. This paper concludes that in order to improve the working conditions of platform workers, regulators need to rethink the traditional rigidities associated with the subordination paradigm.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220403655; 9789220403662; 9789220403679; 9789220403686
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    hdl: 10419/283549
    Series: Document de travail de l'OIT / Organisation internationale du Travail ; 101 (Février 2024)
    Subjects: non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; workers; gig economy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten)