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  1. Just work for all
    the American Dream in the 21st century
    Author: Preiss, Joshua
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London ; New York

    "This is a book about the American Dream: how to understand this central principle of American public philosophy, the ways in which it is threatened by a number of winner-take-all economic trends, and how to make it a reality for workers and their... more

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    "This is a book about the American Dream: how to understand this central principle of American public philosophy, the ways in which it is threatened by a number of winner-take-all economic trends, and how to make it a reality for workers and their families in the 21st Century. Integrating political philosophy and the history of political thought with recent work in economics, political science, and sociology, this work calls for renewed political and policy commitment to Just Work. Such a commitment is essential to combat the negative moral externalities of an economy where the fruits of growth are increasingly claimed by a relatively small portion of the population: slower growth, rising inequality, declining absolute mobility, dying communities, the erosion of social solidarity, lack of faith in political leaders and institutions, exploding debt, ethnic and nationalist backlash, widespread hopelessness, and the rapid rise in what economists Angus Deaton and Anne Case call deaths of despair. As COVID-19 threatens to pour gasoline on these winner-take-all fires, further concentrating economic and political power in the hands of those best suited to withstand (and even profit from) the pandemic-driven economic crisis. In this book, the author provides a model for understanding the American Dream and making it a reality in a post COVID-19 economy. A tour de force, this book will be essential reading for scholars and researchers of political philosophy, political economy, political theory, and economics, as well as for the layperson trying to make sense of the post-pandemic world."

     
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  2. The distributional effects of fiscal consolidation
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  IMF, Washington, DC

    This paper examines the distributional effects of fiscal consolidation. Using episodes of fiscal consolidation for a sample of 17 OECD countries over the period 1978–2009, we find that fiscal consolidation has typically had significant distributional... more

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    This paper examines the distributional effects of fiscal consolidation. Using episodes of fiscal consolidation for a sample of 17 OECD countries over the period 1978–2009, we find that fiscal consolidation has typically had significant distributional effects by raising inequality, decreasing wage income shares and increasing long-term unemployment. The evidence also suggests that spending-based adjustments have had, on average, larger distributional effects than tax-based adjustments

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781475551945
    Other identifier:
    Series: IMF working paper ; 13/151
    Subjects: Haushaltskonsolidierung; Einkommensverteilung; Verteilungswirkung; OECD-Staaten
    Scope: Online-Ressource (23 S.), graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Description based upon print version of record

    Cover; Contents; I. Introduction; II. Data; A. Inequality, Income Shares and Unemployment; B. Fiscal Consolidation Episodes; C. Inequality and Fiscal Consolidation; III. Empirical Methodology; IV. Results; A. Gini Coefficient for Disposable Income; Spending versus taxes-based consolidation episodes; B. Wage vs. Profit and Rent Income; C. Short vs. Long-term Unemployment; V. Conclusions and Policy Implications; References; Figures; 1. Cumulative Change in the Gini Coefficient before and after Consolidation Measures

    2. Cumulative Change in the Share of Wage Income in GDP before and after Consolidation Measures (% of GDP)3. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Inequality; 4. The effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Inequality - Robustness Check for Different Set of Controls; 5. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Inequality-Robustness Check for Different Lags; 6. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Inequality-Spending vs. Taxes-based Measures; 7. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Wage Income; 8. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Wage vs. Profit and Rent Income

    9. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Wage Income-spending vs. Taxes Based Measures (percent change)10. The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation on Short and Long-term Unemployment; Appendix; Table A1. Descriptive Statistics and Sources
  3. The elusive quest for inclusive growth
    growth, poverty, and inequality in Asia
    Author: Balakrishnan, Ravi; Steinberg, Chad Bennett; Syed, Murtaza
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  IMF, Washington, DC

    This paper assesses how pro-poor and inclusive Asia’s recent growth has been, and what factors have been driving these outcomes. It finds that while poverty has fallen across the region over the last two decades, inequality has increased, dampening... more

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    This paper assesses how pro-poor and inclusive Asia’s recent growth has been, and what factors have been driving these outcomes. It finds that while poverty has fallen across the region over the last two decades, inequality has increased, dampening the impact of growth on poverty reduction. As a result, relative to other emerging and developing regions and to Asia’s own past, the recent period of growth has been both less inclusive and less pro-poor. Our analysis suggests a number of policies that could help redress these trends and broaden the benefits of growth in Asia. These include fiscal policies to increase spending on health, education, and social safetynets; labor market reforms to boost the labor share of total income; and reforms to make financial systems more inclusive

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781475531169
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    Series: IMF working paper ; 13/152
    Subjects: Wirtschaftswachstum; Armut; Einkommensverteilung; Asien
    Scope: Online-Ressource (35 S.), graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Description based upon print version of record

    Cover; Contents; I. Introduction; II. How Does Asia Compare to Other Regions?; Tables; 1. Number of People Living on Less Than 1.25 per Day; Figures; 1. Stylized Facts: Asia's Growth Experience over the Last Decade; Boxes; 1. China and India: Why Does a Rising Tide Not Lift All Boats?; III. The Links Between Growth, Poverty and Inequality; A. What is Pro-Poor and Inclusive Growth?; 2. Selected Asia: Change in Poverty and Inequality during Global Crisis; B. How Pro-Poor is Growth?; 2. Pro-Poor Growth Regression; C. How Inclusive is Growth?; 3. Income Elasticity of Poverty Reduction

    4. Degree of Inclusiveness of Growth5. Degree of Inclusiveness of Growth; D. How Important is Growth for the Poor?; 3. Inclusive Growth Regression; IV. What Determines How Pro-Poor and Inclusive Growth is?; 4. Pro-Poor and Inclusive Growth Measures; 5. Structural Determinants of How Pro-Poor Growth Is; 6. Structural Determinants of How Inclusive Growth Is (Bottom Quintile); 7. Structural Determinants of How Inclusive Growth Is (Top Quintile); V. Policies to Foster Inclusive Growth; A. Fiscal Policy; 6. Fiscal Policy and Inclusiveness; B. Labor Market Reform

    7. Labor Market Institutions and Inclusiveness2. Insiders and Outsiders in Japan and Korea; 3. The Case for a Minimum Wage; 8. Theoretical Impact of a Minimum Wage; C. Financial Inclusion; 8. Financial Deepening; 4. Financial Development, Growth, and Inequality; 9. Selected Indicators of Financial Inclusion; D. Governance; VI. Conclusions; References
  4. Simultaneous estimation of several size distributions of income
    Author: Marron, James Stephen
    Published: 1988
    Publisher:  Inst. für Gesellschafts- u. Wirtschaftswiss., Bonn

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZB 67935:186
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Discussion Paper. Sonderforschungsbereich 303 Information und die Koordination Wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. A ; 186
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Schätztheorie; Theorie; Großbritannien
    Scope: 14 S
  5. The new geography of global income inequality
    Author: Firebaugh, Glenn
    Published: 2003
    Publisher:  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass

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    Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden / Hochschulbibliothek Amberg
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    Content information
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780674036895
    Other identifier:
    Subjects: Income distribution; Einkommensverteilung; Geografie; Einkommensdisparität; Ungleichgewicht; Globalisierung
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 257 p)
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-249) and index

    De Gruyter

    "The surprising finding of this book is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, global income inequality is decreasing. Critics of globalization and others maintain that the spread of consumer capitalism is dramatically polarizing the worldwide distribution of income. But as the demographer Glenn Firebaugh carefully shows, income inequality for the world peaked in the late twentieth century and is now heading downward because of declining income inequality across nations. Furthermore, as income inequality declines across nations, it is rising within nations (though not as rapidly as it is declining across nations). Firebaugh claims that this historic transition represents a new geography of global income inequality in the twenty-first century."--Jacket
  6. Just work for all
    the American Dream in the 21st century
    Author: Preiss, Joshua
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London ; New York

    "This is a book about the American Dream: how to understand this central principle of American public philosophy, the ways in which it is threatened by a number of winner-take-all economic trends, and how to make it a reality for workers and their... more

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    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn
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    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

     

    "This is a book about the American Dream: how to understand this central principle of American public philosophy, the ways in which it is threatened by a number of winner-take-all economic trends, and how to make it a reality for workers and their families in the 21st Century. Integrating political philosophy and the history of political thought with recent work in economics, political science, and sociology, this work calls for renewed political and policy commitment to Just Work. Such a commitment is essential to combat the negative moral externalities of an economy where the fruits of growth are increasingly claimed by a relatively small portion of the population: slower growth, rising inequality, declining absolute mobility, dying communities, the erosion of social solidarity, lack of faith in political leaders and institutions, exploding debt, ethnic and nationalist backlash, widespread hopelessness, and the rapid rise in what economists Angus Deaton and Anne Case call deaths of despair. As COVID-19 threatens to pour gasoline on these winner-take-all fires, further concentrating economic and political power in the hands of those best suited to withstand (and even profit from) the pandemic-driven economic crisis. In this book, the author provides a model for understanding the American Dream and making it a reality in a post COVID-19 economy. A tour de force, this book will be essential reading for scholars and researchers of political philosophy, political economy, political theory, and economics, as well as for the layperson trying to make sense of the post-pandemic world."

     
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  7. Economic policies for a new South Africa
    Contributor: Lachman, Desmond (Hrsg.)
    Published: 1992
    Publisher:  Internat. Monetary Fund, Washington, DC

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Bibliothek
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    Forschungsstätte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Contributor: Lachman, Desmond (Hrsg.)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 1557751986
    RVK Categories: QG 710 ; QB 910 ; QM 333 ; QM 300
    Corporations / Congresses:
    International Monetary Fund
    Series: Occasional paper / International Monetary Fund ; 91
    Subjects: Entwicklungspolitik; Armut; Einkommensverteilung; Wirtschaftspolitik; Südafrika; Wirtschaft; Apartheid; Übergangszeit; Wirtschaftsentwicklung; Wirtschaftspolitik; Entwicklung; Tendenz
    Other subjects: Array; Array; Array; Array; Array; Array
    Scope: VII, 41 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 38 - 39
  8. The implications of fund-supported adjustment programs for poverty
    experiences in selected countries
    Author: Heller, Peter S.
    Published: 1988
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 1557750130
    RVK Categories: QM 353 ; QB 910 ; QM 333 ; QM 300
    Series: Occasional paper / International Monetary Fund ; 58
    Subjects: Armut; Einkommensverteilung; Entwicklungspolitik; Entwicklungsfinanzierung; Entwicklungsländer; Technische Zusammenarbeit; Entwicklungspolitik; Staatensystem; Internationale Organisation; Entwicklungsmodell; Ordnungspolitik; Anpassung; Auswirkung; Entwicklungshilfe; Armut; Fallstudie
    Scope: V, 42 S., graph. Darst., Tab.
  9. Inequality in financial inclusion and income inequality
    Author: Aslan, Goksu; Deléchat, Corinne; Newiak, Monique; Yang, Fan
    Published: November 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We investigate the link between gender inequality in financial inclusion and income inequality, with three contributions to the recent literature. First, using a micro-dataset covering 146,000 individuals in over 140 countries, we construct novel,... more

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    We investigate the link between gender inequality in financial inclusion and income inequality, with three contributions to the recent literature. First, using a micro-dataset covering 146,000 individuals in over 140 countries, we construct novel, synthetic indices of the intensity of financial inclusion at the individual and country level. Second, we derive the distribution of individual financial access 'scores' across countries to document a 'Kuznets'-curve in financial inclusion. Third, cross-country regressions confirm that our measure of inequality in financial access is significantly related to income inequality, above and beyond other factors previously highlighted in the literature

     
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  10. Hollowing out
    the channels of income polarization in the United States
    Author: Alichi, Ali; Mariscal, Rodrigo; Muhaj, Daniela
    Published: November 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Data show that middle-income households have continued moving down, and less so up, the income distribution in the United States since the 1970s-a phenomenon that is often referred to as the polarization or 'hollowing out' of the income distribution.... more

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    Data show that middle-income households have continued moving down, and less so up, the income distribution in the United States since the 1970s-a phenomenon that is often referred to as the polarization or 'hollowing out' of the income distribution. While the level of income polarization is generally lower in the richer states (i.e., those with higher median household income levels), there have been wide variations in the changes in income polarization over time across states. The paper develops two indices to measure income polarization including a novel hollowing-out index. Another important contribution of the paper is to examine the proximate causes of income polarization. The econometric analysis is done at both state and household levels. The results suggest that technology, measured by job routinization, and international trade, measured by job offshoring, can fully explain the non-trend rise in income polarization, with broadly equal contributions. Household characteristics, including age, education, race, and gender have also been important drivers but with a net countervailing effect on income polarization. This is mainly thanks to the rising education level of households, which has led to better incomes

     
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  11. Welfare vs. income convergence and environmental externalities
    Author: Bannister, Geoffrey J.; Mourmouras, Alexandros Thomas
    Published: November 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We present estimates of welfare by country for 2007 and 2014 using the methodology of Jones and Klenow (2016) which incorporates consumption, leisure, mortality and inequality, and we extend the methodology to include environmental externalities.... more

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    We present estimates of welfare by country for 2007 and 2014 using the methodology of Jones and Klenow (2016) which incorporates consumption, leisure, mortality and inequality, and we extend the methodology to include environmental externalities. During the period of the global financial crisis welfare grew slightly more rapidly than income per capita, mainly due to improvements in life expectancy. This led to welfare convergence in most regions towards advanced country levels. Introducing environmental effects changes the welfare ranking for countries that rely heavily on natural resources, highlighting the importance of the natural resource base in welfare. This methodology could provide a theoretically consistent and tractable way of monitoring progress in several Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators

     
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  12. Firms and the decline in earnings inequality in Brazil
    Author: Alvarez, Jorge; Benguria, Felipe; Engbom, Niklas; Moser, Christian
    Published: November 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012. Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm... more

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    We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012. Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm effects account for 40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent. Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends. Instead, the decrease is primarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium. Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics

     
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  13. Inequality in Brazil
    a regional perspective
    Author: Góes, Carlos; Karpowicz, Izabela
    Published: September 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    In this study, we document the decline in income inequality and a convergence in consumption patterns in Brazilian states in a new database constructed from micro data from the national households' survey. We adjust the state-Gini coefficients for... more

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    In this study, we document the decline in income inequality and a convergence in consumption patterns in Brazilian states in a new database constructed from micro data from the national households' survey. We adjust the state-Gini coefficients for spatial price differences using information on households' rental prices available in the survey. In a panel regression framework, we find that labor income growth, formalization, and schooling contributed to the decline in inequality during 2004-14, but redistributive policies, such as Bolsa Familia, have also played a positive role. Going forward, it will be important to phase out untargeted subsidies, such as public spending on tertiary education, and contain growth of public sector wages, to improve budgetary efficiency and protect gains in equality

     
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  14. Boosting productivity for inclusive growth in Japan
    Author: Jones, Randall Sidney; Jin, Yosuke
    Published: 2017
    Publisher:  OECD Publishing, Paris

    Never in the past 30 years has productivity growth been lower than since the 2008 global financial crisis, and never has income inequality been higher than it is today in Japan, and in the OECD area. The two challenges have some common origins,... more

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    Never in the past 30 years has productivity growth been lower than since the 2008 global financial crisis, and never has income inequality been higher than it is today in Japan, and in the OECD area. The two challenges have some common origins, including a widening productivity and wage gap between leading firms and those that are lagging. This creates scope for positive synergy between policies to promote productivity and inclusive growth. Exit policy should be improved to facilitate the closure of non-viable firms, whose survival hampers the growth of viable firms in Japan. This would also increase firm entry, along with policies to promote entrepreneurship. The growing gap between small and medium-sized enterprises and large firms also needs to be addressed. Breaking down labour market dualism, which limits human capital accumulation by non-regular workers and contributes to earnings and income inequality, is also a priority. Finally, ensuring appropriate skills, including those needed for digitalisation, would help support higher productivity and inclusive growth. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-japan.htm)

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1414
    Subjects: Produktivitätsentwicklung; Einkommensverteilung; Marktaustritt; Insolvenz; Entrepreneurship; Regulierung; Corporate Governance; Innovation; KMU; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation; Humankapital; Japan; Abenomics; Economics; Japan
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Wissenschaftliche Auswertung über Theorien und Instrumente für ein Inklusives Wachstum in Deutschland
    Author: Eichhorst, Werner; Sommer, Eric; Wozny, Florian
    Published: Januar 2018

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Contributor: Nenning, Larissa (MitwirkendeR)
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Forschungsbericht / Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales ; 501
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Inklusives Wachstum; Wirkungsanalyse; Wirtschaftstheorie; Wirtschaftspolitik; Deutschland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (55 Seiten), Diagramme
  16. Measuring and explaining patterns of spatial income inequality from outer space
    evidence from Africa
    Author: Mveyange, Anthony
    Published: June 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group, Washington, D.C.

    This paper argues for night-lights data as an alternative data source for measuring spatial inequalities in Africa, where the paucity of subnational income data is persistent. The analysis compares the statistical relationships between income and... more

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    This paper argues for night-lights data as an alternative data source for measuring spatial inequalities in Africa, where the paucity of subnational income data is persistent. The analysis compares the statistical relationships between income and lights-based measures of spatial income inequality in South Africa and shows that night-lights are a decent proxy for spatial income inequality. Further analysis of the patterns of lights-based spatial income inequality across 48 countries in Africa broadly reveals rising patterns between 1992 and 2013. Following the climate-economy literature, the analysis also reveals that temperature and precipitation changes significantly increased spatial inequality in the long-run and the effects penetrated through income and agriculture channels across countries in the continent. These findings provide important lessons for policy discussions about how to measure, explain the patterns of, and mitigate the potential drivers of spatial inequality in Africa

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8484
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Fotografie; Licht; Räumliche Verteilung; Einkommensverteilung; Messung; Wetter; Afrika
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Market opening, growth and employment
    Published: 2018
    Publisher:  OECD Publishing, Paris

    What can further market integration contribute to growth and employment? A series of hypothetical trade reform scenarios explores what countries at different levels of development can expect to gain from reforming tariffs, non-tariff barriers, trade... more

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    What can further market integration contribute to growth and employment? A series of hypothetical trade reform scenarios explores what countries at different levels of development can expect to gain from reforming tariffs, non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation and domestic support to agriculture. Simulations of multilateral and regional trade agreements with the OECD METRO model show that positive effects are higher when more countries participate in trade integration because it broadens market opportunities, widens the range of products at lower prices, and reduces trade diversion. Smaller economies especially benefit. Firms in these economies can better specialise in international production networks as they have access to larger and more differentiated markets and also benefit from enhanced market access on the products they already produce. While trade integration boosts demand and lifts wages and factor returns, the required production adjustments also leads to reallocation of workers between sectors. The analysis highlights some of the distributional implications and emphasises the need for labour force adjustment policies to accompany trade integration.

     
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
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    Format: Online
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    Series: OECD trade policy papers ; no. 214
    Subjects: Außenhandel; Markteintritt; Agrarsubvention; Wirtschaftswachstum; Einkommensverteilung; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration; Handelsabkommen; CGE-Modell; Asien; Trade
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Equity, equality and appropriate distribution
    multiple interpretations and Zimbabwean usages
    Author: Gasper, Desmond
    Published: 1991

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Working papers / Institute of Social Studies ; 109
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Simbabwe
    Scope: 23, 8 S
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 22 - 23
  19. A contribution to the empirics of economic development
    the role of technology, inequality, and the state
    Author: Gründler, Klaus
    Published: [2018]
    Publisher:  Würzburg University Press, Würzburg

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Dissertation
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 3958260721; 9783958260726
    Other identifier:
    9783958260726
    Subjects: Entwicklung; Wirtschaftswachstum; Entrepreneurship; Finanzsektor; Einkommensverteilung; Umverteilung; Demokratie; Mustererkennung; Theorie; Schätzung; Welt; Europa; Stagnation; Schätzung; Deutschland; Säkulare Stagnation
    Scope: xiv, 285 Seiten, Illustrationen, 25 cm, 750 g
    Notes:

    Dissertation, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 2017
  20. Informal sector heterogeneity and income inequality
    evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo
    Author: Adoho, Franck M.; Doumbia, Djeneba
    Published: February 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group, Washington, D.C.

    This paper uses 1-2-3 survey data on the Democratic Republic of Congo to analyze heterogeneity in the informal sector. It empirically identifies three types of entrepreneurs in the sector. The first group of entrepreneurs-top performers-is growth... more

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    This paper uses 1-2-3 survey data on the Democratic Republic of Congo to analyze heterogeneity in the informal sector. It empirically identifies three types of entrepreneurs in the sector. The first group of entrepreneurs-top performers-is growth oriented and enjoys greater access to capital. The second group-constrained gazelles-includes entrepreneurs who share many characteristics, especially management skills, with the top performers, but operate with less capital. The third group-survivalists-comprises firms struggling to grow. Based on logit and fixed effect ordinary least squares models, the results presented in this paper show that poverty and income inequality are more common among constrained gazelles and survivalists. The paper also shows that income inequality is explained mainly by educational disparities and lack of credit access among entrepreneurs. Additionally, the outcomes of a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition show that the performance of firms is a key factor in explaining differences in income. Examining the drivers of performance, the paper finds that human capital and managerial skills are important engines of performance

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8328
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Informelle Wirtschaft; Einkommensverteilung; Kongo (Demokratische Republik)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Macroeconomic and distributional effects of personal income tax reforms
    a heterogenous agent model approach for the U.S.
    Author: Lizarazo, Sandra; Peralta-Alva, Adrian; Puy, Damien
    Published: July 2017
    Publisher:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper assesses the macroeconomic and distributional impact of personal income tax (PIT) reforms in the U.S. drawing on a multi-sector heterogenous agents model in which consumers have non-homothetic preferences and sectors differ in terms of... more

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    This paper assesses the macroeconomic and distributional impact of personal income tax (PIT) reforms in the U.S. drawing on a multi-sector heterogenous agents model in which consumers have non-homothetic preferences and sectors differ in terms of their relative labor and skill intensity. The model is calibrated to key characteristics of the US economy. We find that (i) PIT cuts stimulate growth but the supply side effects are never large enough to offset the revenue loss from lower marginal tax rates; (ii) PIT cuts do 'trickle-down' the income distribution: tax cuts stimulate demand for non-tradable services which raise the wages and employment prospects of low-skilled workers even if the tax cut is not directly incident on them; (iii) A revenue neutral tax plan that reduces PIT for middle-income groups, raises the consumption tax, and expands the Earned Income Tax Credit can have modestly positive effects on growth while reducing income polarization; (iv) The growth effects from lower income taxes are concentrated in non-tradable service sectors although the increased demand for tradable goods generate positive spillovers to other countries; (v) Tax cuts targeted to higher income groups have a stronger growth impact than tax cuts for middle income households but significantly worsen income polarization, even after taking into account trickle-down effects and an expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit

     
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  22. ICT adoption and wage inequality
    evidence from Mexican firms
    Author: Iacovone, Leonardo; Pereira-López, Mariana
    Published: January 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice Group, Washington, D.C.

    This paper uses a panel of firms from the Mexican Economic Censuses and analyzes at the microeconomic level how labor markets adapt to the adoption of information and communication technologies. The paper studies the effects of the adoption of... more

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    This paper uses a panel of firms from the Mexican Economic Censuses and analyzes at the microeconomic level how labor markets adapt to the adoption of information and communication technologies. The paper studies the effects of the adoption of information and communication technologies over the labor structure of the firm and wages. Thus, it assesses whether increasing the use of information and communication technologies leads to an increasing demand for skilled relative to low-skilled labor, and, thus, analyzes its effects on the wage gap between the two groups. The results of this analysis show that there is indeed an effect of the adoption of information and communication technologies over the demand for higher-skilled workers. However, for the manufacturing and services sectors, instead of increasing the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers, the wage gap decreases. The results for the manufacturing sector appear to be driven by an increasing sophistication of blue-collar workers due to the organizational adjustments derived from the adoption of information and communication technologies

     
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8298
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Informationstechnik; Innovationsdiffusion; Arbeitsnachfrage; Qualifikation; Technischer Fortschritt; Lohn; Einkommensverteilung; Mexiko
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Brechas de género en los ingresos laborales en el Uruguay
    Author: Colacce, Maira; Mojica, Mariana; Zurbrigg, Julieta
    Published: Mayo 2020
    Publisher:  Oficina de CEPAL Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Más allá de los avances realizados en materia de igualdad de género y autonomía de las mujeres durante los últimos años, los Gobiernos de la región siguen reconociendo cuatro nudos estructurales constitutivos de las relaciones desiguales de género:... more

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    Más allá de los avances realizados en materia de igualdad de género y autonomía de las mujeres durante los últimos años, los Gobiernos de la región siguen reconociendo cuatro nudos estructurales constitutivos de las relaciones desiguales de género: la desigualdad socioeconómica y la persistencia de la pobreza en el marco de un crecimiento excluyente; los patrones culturales patriarcales, discriminatorios y violentos, y el predominio de la cultura del privilegio; la división sexual del trabajo y la injusta organización social del cuidado; y la concentración del poder y las relaciones de jerarquía en el ámbito público. Para comprender mejor cómo operan estos nudos —específicamente aquellos vinculados a la desigualdad económica y a la división sexual del trabajo— e impulsar las mejores políticas para enfrentarlos, es imprescindible conocer y comprender lo que sucede en el mercado de trabajo. Este documento es producto del esfuerzo colaborativo entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad de Género y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres). En él se ofrece un análisis riguroso de las brechas de ingreso por género en el Uruguay con una perspectiva de largo plazo; se examinan las explicaciones teóricas y se aporta evidencia novedosa para este país en relación con el rol de la maternidad. También se sistematizan las regulaciones y normativas para reducir estas brechas. Prólogo .-- Introducción .-- ¿Qué sabemos de las brechas de ingresos laborales? .-- Mediciones de las brechas de ingresos laborales: similitudes y diferencias .-- Evolución de la brecha de género en ingresos laborales entre 1990 y 2018 .-- Penalización por maternidad .-- Regulación y normativas para mitigar las brechas .-- Comentarios finales.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: Spanish
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 11362/45792
    Series: Publicación de las Naciones Unidas
    Subjects: Einkommensverteilung; Geschlechterdiskriminierung; Uruguay; MUJERES; EMPLEO DE LA MUJER; INGRESOS; IGUALDAD DE GENERO; DISCRIMINACION BASADA EN EL GENERO; MATERNIDAD; MERCADO DE TRABAJO; POLITICA SOCIAL; LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS; WOMEN; WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT; INCOME; GENDER EQUALITY; GENDER DISCRIMINATION; MOTHERHOOD; LABOUR MARKET; SOCIAL POLICY; LAWS AND REGULATIONS
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Charakteristika der Entgeltumwandlung
    wer sorgt in welchem Umfang für das Alter vor?
    Author: Geyer, Johannes; Himmelreicher, Ralf K.
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin

    Wir untersuchen erstmals anhand von repräsentativen Daten für die Privatwirtschaft (Verdienststrukturerhebung 2014) Anteile und Höhe von umgewandelten Entgelten nach verschiedenen individuellen und betrieblichen Merkmalen der Beschäftigten in... more

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    Wir untersuchen erstmals anhand von repräsentativen Daten für die Privatwirtschaft (Verdienststrukturerhebung 2014) Anteile und Höhe von umgewandelten Entgelten nach verschiedenen individuellen und betrieblichen Merkmalen der Beschäftigten in Deutschland. Deskriptive wie multivariate Regressionsanalysen weisen sowohl auf eine selektive Teilnahmebereitschaft zur Umwandlung als auch auf eine mit steigendem Einkommen erhöhte Bereitschaft höhere Entgelte umzuwandeln hin. Große Unterschiede bestehen zwischen Frauen und Männern, zwischen Ost-und Westdeutschland sowie zwischen verschiedenen Branchen. Im Mindestlohn-und Niedriglohnbereich ist Entgeltumwandlung kaum verbreitet, und falls doch, dominieren monatliche Beiträge in Höhe von rund 50 Euro. Vor allem bei Minijobbern kommt Entgeltumwandlung beinahe nicht vor. Und umgekehrt ist der Anteil der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer am oberen Ende der Einkommensverteilung, die Anteile ihres Arbeitsentgeltes umwandeln, besonders hoch; ihre umgewandelten Beiträge steigen sogar exponentiell. Gerade für gering qualifizierte Beschäftigte im Mindest-und Niedriglohnbereich in typischen Niedriglohnbranchen wird das sinkende Rentenniveau eher selten durch ergänzende Entgeltumwandlung kompensiert. Insbesondere in Ostdeutschland, wo im Vergleich zu Westdeutschland kleinere Betriebe ohne Tarifbindung und mit niedrigeren Arbeitsentgelten häufiger vorkommen, wird Entgeltumwandlung kaum praktiziert, weshalb Defizite in der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge und somit insgesamt niedrigere Alterseinkünfte in Zukunft zu erwarten sind.

     
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    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229902
    Series: Discussion papers / Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung ; 1929
    Subjects: Betriebliche Altersvorsorge; Entgeltumwandlung; Einkommensverteilung
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. The new geography of global income inequality
    Author: Firebaugh, Glenn
    Published: 2003
    Publisher:  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass

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    Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus - Senftenberg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780674036895
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    Subjects: Income distribution; Einkommensverteilung; Geografie; Einkommensdisparität; Ungleichgewicht; Globalisierung
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 257 p)
    Notes:

    Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-249) and index

    De Gruyter

    "The surprising finding of this book is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, global income inequality is decreasing. Critics of globalization and others maintain that the spread of consumer capitalism is dramatically polarizing the worldwide distribution of income. But as the demographer Glenn Firebaugh carefully shows, income inequality for the world peaked in the late twentieth century and is now heading downward because of declining income inequality across nations. Furthermore, as income inequality declines across nations, it is rising within nations (though not as rapidly as it is declining across nations). Firebaugh claims that this historic transition represents a new geography of global income inequality in the twenty-first century."--Jacket