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  1. Water Treatment And Child Mortality
    A Meta-Analysis And Cost-effectiveness Analysis
    Author: Kremer, Michael; Luby, Stephen P.; Maertens Odria, Luís Ricardo; Tan, Brandon Joel; Więcek, Witold
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of water treatment are typically powered to detect effects on caregiver-reported diarrhea but not child mortality, as detecting mortality effects requires prohibitively large sample sizes. Consequently, water... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of water treatment are typically powered to detect effects on caregiver-reported diarrhea but not child mortality, as detecting mortality effects requires prohibitively large sample sizes. Consequently, water treatment is seldom included in lists of cost-effective, evidence-backed child health interventions which are prioritized in health funding decisions. To increase statistical power, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We replicated search and selection criteria from previous meta-analyses of RCTs aimed at improving water quality to prevent diarrhea in low- or middle-income countries which included children under 5 years old. We identified 52 RCTs and then obtained child mortality data from each study for which these data were collected and available, contacting authors of the study where necessary; this resulted in 15 studies.Frequentist and Bayesian methods were used to estimate the effect of water treatment on child mortality among included studies. We estimated a mean cross-study reduction in the odds of all-cause under-5 mortality of about 30% (Peto odds ratio, OR, 0.72; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.92; Bayes OR 0.70; 95% CrI 0.49 to 0.93). The results were qualitatively similar under alternative modeling and data inclusion choices. Taking into account heterogeneity across studies, the expected reduction in a new implementation is 25%. We used the results to examine the cost-effectiveness of investing in water treatment for point-of-collection chlorine dispensers or a large-scale program providing coupons for free chlorine solution. We estimate a cost per expected DALY averted due to water treatment of around USD 40 for both, accounting for delivery costs. This is approximately 45 times lower than the widely used threshold of 1x GDP per capita per DALY averted

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30835
    Subjects: Wasseraufbereitung; Kindersterblichkeit; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse; Meta-Analyse; Health
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  2. Testing Fractional doses of COVID-19 Vaccines
    Author: Więcek, Witold; Ahuja, Amrita; Chaudhuri, Esha; Kremer, Michael; Simoes Gomes, Alexandre; Snyder, Christopher M.; Tabarrok, Alexander; Tan, Brandon Joel
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Millions of people are being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 every day, but the virus is also mutating and spreading fast. Vaccine production is increasing, but supply still constrains vaccinations worldwide. Using lower doses of vaccines could... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Millions of people are being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 every day, but the virus is also mutating and spreading fast. Vaccine production is increasing, but supply still constrains vaccinations worldwide. Using lower doses of vaccines could dramatically accelerate vaccination. Available evidence on efficacy is not dispositive but suggests half- or even quarter-doses of some vaccines could be almost as effective as currently-used doses. Even if fractional doses are less effective than standard doses, an epidemiological model suggests they could significantly reduce total infections and deaths. The social value of testing dwarfs the costs. However, firms do not internalize the full social value, a market failure that could be addressed with public funding. Governments could support either experimental or observational evaluations of fractional dosing

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w29180
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; Infektionsschutz
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
    Notes:

    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  3. Testing fractional doses of COVID-19 vaccines
    Author: Więcek, Witold; Ahuja, Amrita; Chaudhuri, Esha; Kremer, Michael; Simoes Gomes, Alexandre; Snyder, Christopher M.; Tabarrok, Alexander; Tan, Brandon Joel
    Published: 02 October 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research ; DP16599$p
    Subjects: Coronavirus; Impfung; Arzneimittel; Wirkungsanalyse; Gesundheitspolitik
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Could vaccine dose stretching reduce COVID-19 deaths?
    Author: Więcek, Witold; Ahuja, Amrita; Kremer, Michael; Simoes Gomes, Alexandre; Snyder, Christopher M.; Tabarrok, Alexander; Tan, Brandon Joel
    Published: June 2021
    Publisher:  BREAD, the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development, [Cambridge, Massachusetts]

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: BREAD working paper ; no. 590
    Subjects: vaccine; pandemic; epidemiology; public health; supply
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Could vaccine dose stretching reduce COVID-19 deaths?
    Author: Więcek, Witold; Ahuja, Amrita; Kremer, Michael; Simoes Gomes, Alexandre; Snyder, Christopher M.; Tabarrok, Alexander; Tan, Brandon Joel
    Published: 03 July 2021
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: Array ; DP16324
    Subjects: Vaccine; Pandemic; epidemiology; Public health; Supply Chains
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen