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Displaying results 1 to 7 of 7.

  1. Judicial Independence, Local Protectionism, and Economic Integration
    Evidence from China
    Author: Liu, Ernest; Lu, Yi; Peng, Wenwei; Wang, Shaoda
    Published: September 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We show that judicial independence can reduce local protectionism and foster cross-regional economic integration. We exploit a judicial independence reform in China with staggered roll-out since 2014. The reform removed local governments' control... more

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    We show that judicial independence can reduce local protectionism and foster cross-regional economic integration. We exploit a judicial independence reform in China with staggered roll-out since 2014. The reform removed local governments' control over local courts' financial and personnel decisions, thereby substantially improving local courts' independence. Combining novel data on the universes of civil lawsuits and business registration records, we show that local defendants' rate of winning court cases against non-local plaintiffs declined by 7.0% after the reform. The effect is mainly driven by improvements in the quality of judicial decisions and is more salient for politically connected local defendants. Over time, the reduction in local protectionism encouraged smaller non-local firms to file lawsuits against larger local firms. Using the shareholding network extracted from business registration records, we find that the decline in local protectionism could attract 8.4% more inward investment flows into reformed localities. This has the potential to increase China's GDP by 2.3% when the judicial independence reform is implemented nationwide

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30432
    Subjects: Rechtsordnung; Rechtsreform; Region; China; General; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies; Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  2. Subjective Performance Evaluation, Influence Activities, and Bureaucratic Work Behavior
    Evidence from China
    Author: De Janvry, Alain; He, Guojun; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Wang, Shaoda; Zhang, Qiong
    Published: November 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Subjective performance evaluation is widely used by firms and governments to provide work incentives. However, delegating evaluation power to local leadership could induce influence activities: employees might devote too much effort to... more

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    Subjective performance evaluation is widely used by firms and governments to provide work incentives. However, delegating evaluation power to local leadership could induce influence activities: employees might devote too much effort to impressing/pleasing their evaluator, relative to working toward the goals of the organization itself. We conduct a large-scale randomized field experiment among Chinese local civil servants to study the existence and implications of influence activities. We find that civil servants do engage in evaluator-specific influence to affect evaluation outcomes, partly in the form of reallocating work efforts toward job tasks that are more important and observable to the evaluator. Importantly, we show that introducing uncertainty about the evaluator's identity discourages evaluator-specific influence activities and improves bureaucratic work performance

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30621
    Subjects: Bürokratie; Öffentlicher Dienst; Arbeitsverhalten; Projektbewertung; Bewertung; China; Bürokratie; Öffentlicher Dienst; Arbeitsverhalten; Projektbewertung; Bewertung; China; Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption; Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  3. Does the Squeaky Wheel Get More Grease? The Direct and Indirect Effects of Citizen Participation on Environmental Governance in China
    Author: Buntaine, Mark T.; Greenstone, Michael; He, Guojun; Liu, Mengdi; Wang, Shaoda; Zhang, Bing
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We conducted a nationwide field experiment in China to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of assigning firms to public or private citizen appeals treatments when they violate pollution standards. There are three main findings. First, public... more

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    We conducted a nationwide field experiment in China to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of assigning firms to public or private citizen appeals treatments when they violate pollution standards. There are three main findings. First, public appeals to the regulator through social media substantially reduce violations and pollution emissions, while private appeals cause more modest environmental improvements. Second, experimentally adding "likes" and "shares" to social media appeals increases regulatory effort, suggesting visibility as an important mechanism. Third, treatment pollution reductions are not offset by control firm increases, based on randomly varying the proportion of treatment firms at the prefecture-level

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30539
    Subjects: Umweltbelastung; Bürgerbeteiligung; Social Web; Umweltstandard; China; Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Pollution Control Adoption and Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  4. When Information Conflicts with Obligations
    the Role of Motivated Cognition
    Author: Wang, Ao; Wang, Shaoda; Ye, Xiaoyang
    Published: October 2022
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We experimentally test how psychological motivations can impact the processing of purely objective information. We first document that, when the high-stakes College Entrance Exam is held in the month of Ramadan, Chinese Muslim students perform... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    We experimentally test how psychological motivations can impact the processing of purely objective information. We first document that, when the high-stakes College Entrance Exam is held in the month of Ramadan, Chinese Muslim students perform significantly worse. When asked about the impact of fasting, they severely underestimate the cost of taking the exam during Ramadan, even when presented with direct empirical evidence. In the experiment, we randomly offer students reading materials in which well-respected Muslim clerics explain that it is permissible to postpone the fast until after the exam. Consistent with an interpretation of motivated cognition, students who receive the material distort the statistics about the fasting cost significantly less, and become more accepting of delaying the fast for the exam

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w30581
    Subjects: Kognition; Psychologie; Entscheidungstheorie; Motivationstheorie; Islam; China; Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making; Analysis of Education; Religion
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  5. Policy Experimentation in China
    the Political Economy of Policy Learning
    Author: Wang, Shaoda; Yang, David Y.
    Published: 2021
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Many governments have engaged in policy experimentation in various forms to resolve uncertainty and facilitate learning. However, little is understood about the characteristics of policy experimentation, and how the structure of experimentation may... more

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Many governments have engaged in policy experimentation in various forms to resolve uncertainty and facilitate learning. However, little is understood about the characteristics of policy experimentation, and how the structure of experimentation may affect policy learning and policy outcomes. We aim to describe and understand China's policy experimentation since 1980, among the largest and most systematic in recent history. We collect comprehensive data on policy experimentation conducted in China over the past four decades. We find three main results. First, more than 80% of the experiments exhibit positive sample selection in terms of a locality's economic development, and much of this can be attributed to misaligned incentives across political hierarchies. Second, local politicians allocate more resources to ensure the experiments' success, and such effort is not replicable when policies roll out to the entire country. Third, the presence of sample selection and strategic effort is not fully accounted for by the central government, thus affecting policy learning and distorting national policies originating from the experimentation. Taken together, these results suggest that while China's bureaucratic and institutional conditions make policy experimentation at such scale possible, the complex political environments can also limit the scope and bias the direction of policy learning

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w29402
    Subjects: Politische Reform; Politik; Lernprozess; Experiment; China
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  6. English Language Requirement and Educational Inequality
    Evidence from 16 Million College Applicants in China
    Author: Li, Hongbin; Meng, Lingsheng; Mu, Kai; Wang, Shaoda
    Published: February 2024
    Publisher:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper studies the unintended effect of English language requirement on educational inequality by investigating how the staggered rollout of English listening tests in China's high-stakes National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) affected the... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    This paper studies the unintended effect of English language requirement on educational inequality by investigating how the staggered rollout of English listening tests in China's high-stakes National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) affected the rural-urban gap in college access. Leveraging administrative data covering the universe of NCEE participants between 1999 and 2003, we find that the introduction of English listening tests significantly lowered rural students' exam score percentile ranks relative to their urban counterparts, resulting in a 30% increase in the rural-urban gap in college access. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that, as a result of this policy change, more than 54,000 rural students lost college seats to their urban peers between 1999 and 2003, and another 11,000 rural students who elite colleges could have admitted ended up in non-elite colleges, causing them significant future income losses

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Series: NBER working paper series ; no. w32162
    Subjects: Englisch (Sprache); Sprache; Bildungschancen; Bildungsniveau; Räumliche Wirkung; Hochschulpolitik; Diskriminierung; Region; China; Other; Education and Inequality; Government Policy
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  7. Birth order effects, parenting style, and son preference
    Author: Kim, Jun Hyung; Wang, Shaoda
    Published: [2021]
    Publisher:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    While it is well known that there are systematic birth order effects on life cycle outcomes, there is less consensus about underlying channels and mechanisms of birth order effects. We ftnd negative birth order effects among Chinese adolescents,... more

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    While it is well known that there are systematic birth order effects on life cycle outcomes, there is less consensus about underlying channels and mechanisms of birth order effects. We ftnd negative birth order effects among Chinese adolescents, favoring earlier-born children within household in academic achievement and cognitive skill measures. We highlight harsh parenting as a novel channel of birth order effects, in which earlier-born children are less likely to be physically punished by their parents. Focusing on son preference as a potential mechanism generating birth order effects, our tests show limited support for the existence of son preference among Chinese siblings. These ftndings are in contrast to positive birth order effects and strong evidence of son preference among earlier generations of Chinese siblings reported in the literature, suggesting weakened role of son preference within families in contemporary China.

     
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248277
    Series: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1007
    Subjects: birth order effect; parenting style; academic achievement; cognitive skill; son preference
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen