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Displaying results 1 to 24 of 24.

  1. Piloting the use of network analysis and decision-making under uncertainty in transport operations
    preparation and appraisal of a rural roads project in Mozambique under changing flood risk and other deep uncertainties
    Published: June 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Finance, Sustainable Development Chief Economist Office & Transport and Digital Development Practice, Washington, D.C.

    This paper presents a methodology to identify key priority areas for transport investments. The methodology uses a geospatial data-driven approach and then proposes an innovative economic analysis for project appraisal. The two main steps involve (i)... more

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    This paper presents a methodology to identify key priority areas for transport investments. The methodology uses a geospatial data-driven approach and then proposes an innovative economic analysis for project appraisal. The two main steps involve (i) prioritization of road interventions based on a set of economic, social, and risk reduction criteria; and (ii) assessment of monetized and nonmonetized costs and benefits of road interventions under many scenarios covering the uncertainty on future risks and other factors. This methodology is used at different stages of project preparation for a rural roads lending operation to the Government of Mozambique. In the two regions of Mozambique considered, the analysis prioritizes regions along the coast when combining agriculture, fisheries, poverty, network criticality, and hazard risk criteria. With a limited budget of USD 15 million per district, the results show that investing in repairing and rehabilitating culverts and bridges is the intervention that performs better under most of the scenarios

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8490
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Verkehrsplanung; Klimawandel; Politische Entscheidung; Räumliche Erreichbarkeit; Ländliche Entwicklung; Ländliche Infrastruktur; Mosambik
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Beyond the gap
    how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet
    Contributor: Rozenberg, Julie (HerausgeberIn); Fay, Marianne (HerausgeberIn)
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 281778
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    Contributor: Rozenberg, Julie (HerausgeberIn); Fay, Marianne (HerausgeberIn)
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9781464813634
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    Series: Sustainable infrastructure series
    Subjects: Infrastrukturfinanzierung; Infrastrukturinvestition; Umweltschutz; Klimaschutz; Welt
    Scope: xx, 175 Seiten, Illustrationen
  3. Assessing rural accessibility and rural roads investment needs using open source data
    beyond the gap : how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet : background paper
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Sustainable Development Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC, USA

    Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of... more

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    Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of the rural population who live within 2 kilometers of an all-season road, in 166 countries using open data. It then explores the cost of increasing the rural accessibility index in 19 countries, using an algorithm that prioritizes rural roads investments based on their impact on rural access and connectivity. Investment costs quickly balloon as the rural accessibility index increases, questioning the affordability of universal access to paved roads for many countries by 2030. If countries spent 1 percent of their gross domestic product annually on the upgrade of rural roads, even under optimistic assumptions on growth of gross domestic product, rural accessibility would only increase from 39 to 52 percent by 2030 across all developing countries. Alternative solutions to rural integration must thus be implemented in the short run until countries can afford to increase significantly access to all weather roads. For example, drones that supply regular food and medicine supply to remote communities are much more affordable than roads in the short term

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8746
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  4. Meeting the sustainable development goal for electricity access
    using a multi-scenario approach to understand the cost drivers of power infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa : beyond the gap : how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet : background paper
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Sustainable Development Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC, USA

    This paper explores the investments needed to achieve universal access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, and the additional operation and maintenance costs these investments entail. It also explores the drivers of these costs, by... more

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    This paper explores the investments needed to achieve universal access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, and the additional operation and maintenance costs these investments entail. It also explores the drivers of these costs, by exploring hundreds of scenarios that combine alternative assumptions on the level of service targeted, population growth, urbanization, industrial demand, and technology cost. The main driver of electrification costs is found to be the tier of service offered to newly connected households. The annual investment required to reach universal access varies between USD 14.5 billion per year on average for the basic access scenarios (0.7 percent of the region's gross domestic product per year over the period) and USD 22.7 billion on average for the high-quality scenarios (1 percent of gross domestic product). In the basic access scenario, costs depend mostly on industrial demand, which takes a large share of total demand. In the high-quality scenarios, costs depend on urbanization rates, as it is cheaper to connect urban households to the grid. Investment costs are not sufficient to provide reliable service, and when operations and maintenance are accounted for, total costs increase to USD 39.7 billion on average for the basic scenarios and USD 61.5 billion on average for the high-quality scenarios

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8747
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  5. Lifelines: the resilient infrastructure opportunity
    Published: 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 282470
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    Language: English
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    ISBN: 9781464814303
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    Series: Sustainable infrastructure series
    Subjects: Infrastruktur; Coping-Strategie; Katastrophe; Welt
    Scope: 200 Seiten, Illustrationen
  6. Infrastructure disruptions
    how instability breeds household vulnerability : Lifelines: the Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity : background paper
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Climate Change Group, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC, USA

    This review examines the literature on the welfare impacts of infrastructure disruptions. There is widespread evidence that households suffer from the consequences of a lack of infrastructure reliability, and that being connected to the grid is not... more

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    This review examines the literature on the welfare impacts of infrastructure disruptions. There is widespread evidence that households suffer from the consequences of a lack of infrastructure reliability, and that being connected to the grid is not sufficient to close the infrastructure gap. Disruptions and irregular service have adverse effects on household welfare, due to missed work and education opportunities, and negative impact on health. Calibrating costs of unreliable infrastructure on existing willingness to pay assessments, we estimate the welfare losses associated with blackouts and water outages. Overall, between 0.1 and 0.2 percent of GDP would be lost each year because of unreliable infrastructure-electricity, water and transport

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8902
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  7. Strengthening new infrastructure assets
    a cost-benefit analysis : Lifelines: the Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity : background paper
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Climate Change Group, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC, USA

    This paper explores the benefits and the costs of strengthening infrastructure assets to make them more resilient, reducing the repair costs and infrastructure disruptions caused by natural hazards. Strengthening infrastructure assets in low- and... more

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    This paper explores the benefits and the costs of strengthening infrastructure assets to make them more resilient, reducing the repair costs and infrastructure disruptions caused by natural hazards. Strengthening infrastructure assets in low- and middle-income countries would increase investment needs in power, transport, and water and sanitation by between 11 billion dollar and 65 billion dollar a year, id est 3 percent of baseline infrastructure investment needs. The uncertainty pertaining to the costs and benefits of infrastructure resilience makes it difficult to provide a single estimate for the benefit-cost ratio of strengthening exposed infrastructure assets. To manage this uncertainty, this paper explores the benefit-cost ratio in 3,000 scenarios, combining uncertainties in all parameters of the analysis. The benefit-cost ratio is higher than 1 in 96 percent of the scenarios, larger than 2 in 77 percent of them, and higher than 4 in half of them. The net present value of these investments over the lifetime of new infrastructure assets-or, equivalently, the cost of inaction-exceeds 2 trillion dollar in 75 percent of the scenarios and 4.2 trillion dollar in half of them. Moreover, climate change makes the strengthening of infrastructure assets even more important, doubling the median benefit-cost ratio

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8896
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Infrastructure disruptions
    how instability breeds household vulnerability : Lifelines: the Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity : background paper
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Climate Change Group, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC, USA

    This review examines the literature on the welfare impacts of infrastructure disruptions. There is widespread evidence that households suffer from the consequences of a lack of infrastructure reliability, and that being connected to the grid is not... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    Universität Potsdam, Universitätsbibliothek
    Unlimited inter-library loan, copies and loan

     

    This review examines the literature on the welfare impacts of infrastructure disruptions. There is widespread evidence that households suffer from the consequences of a lack of infrastructure reliability, and that being connected to the grid is not sufficient to close the infrastructure gap. Disruptions and irregular service have adverse effects on household welfare, due to missed work and education opportunities, and negative impact on health. Calibrating costs of unreliable infrastructure on existing willingness to pay assessments, we estimate the welfare losses associated with blackouts and water outages. Overall, between 0.1 and 0.2 percent of GDP would be lost each year because of unreliable infrastructure-electricity, water and transport

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8902
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Strengthening new infrastructure assets
    a cost-benefit analysis : Lifelines: the Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity : background paper
    Published: June 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Climate Change Group, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC, USA

    This paper explores the benefits and the costs of strengthening infrastructure assets to make them more resilient, reducing the repair costs and infrastructure disruptions caused by natural hazards. Strengthening infrastructure assets in low- and... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    This paper explores the benefits and the costs of strengthening infrastructure assets to make them more resilient, reducing the repair costs and infrastructure disruptions caused by natural hazards. Strengthening infrastructure assets in low- and middle-income countries would increase investment needs in power, transport, and water and sanitation by between 11 billion dollar and 65 billion dollar a year, id est 3 percent of baseline infrastructure investment needs. The uncertainty pertaining to the costs and benefits of infrastructure resilience makes it difficult to provide a single estimate for the benefit-cost ratio of strengthening exposed infrastructure assets. To manage this uncertainty, this paper explores the benefit-cost ratio in 3,000 scenarios, combining uncertainties in all parameters of the analysis. The benefit-cost ratio is higher than 1 in 96 percent of the scenarios, larger than 2 in 77 percent of them, and higher than 4 in half of them. The net present value of these investments over the lifetime of new infrastructure assets-or, equivalently, the cost of inaction-exceeds 2 trillion dollar in 75 percent of the scenarios and 4.2 trillion dollar in half of them. Moreover, climate change makes the strengthening of infrastructure assets even more important, doubling the median benefit-cost ratio

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8896
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Revised estimates of the impact of climate change on extreme poverty by 2030
    Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020 background paper
    Published: September 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Climate Change Group & Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Thousands of scenarios are used to provide updated estimates for the impacts of climate change on extreme poverty in 2030. The range of the number of people falling into poverty due to climate change is between 32 million and 132 million in most... more

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    Thousands of scenarios are used to provide updated estimates for the impacts of climate change on extreme poverty in 2030. The range of the number of people falling into poverty due to climate change is between 32 million and 132 million in most scenarios. These results are commensurate with available estimates for the global poverty increase due to COVID-19. Socioeconomic drivers play a major role: optimistic baseline scenarios (rapid and inclusive growth with universal access to basic services in 2030) halve poverty impacts compared with the pessimistic baselines. Health impacts (malaria, diarrhea, and stunting) and the effect of food prices are responsible for most of the impact. The effect of food prices is the most important factor in Sub-Saharan Africa, while health effects, natural disasters, and food prices are all important in South Asia. These results suggest that accelerated action to boost resilience is urgent, and the COVID-19 recovery packages offer opportunities to do so

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9417
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Cyber resilience of autonomous mobility systems
    cyber attacks and resilience-enhancing strategies
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Sustainable Development, Office of Chief Economist, [Washington, DC, USA]

    The increasing cyber connectivity of vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure will drastically reshape mobility in the coming decades. Although the advent of connected mobility is expected to benefit travelers and society by smoothing... more

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    The increasing cyber connectivity of vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure will drastically reshape mobility in the coming decades. Although the advent of connected mobility is expected to benefit travelers and society by smoothing traffic, improving rider convenience, and reducing accidents, the augmented cyber components in connected and autonomous vehicles and related infrastructure also give rise to cyber attacks on the transportation system. Yet, little attention has been paid to transportation cyber resilience. This paper thus proposes an investigation on this topic with a comprehensive literature review. Cyber components and plausible autonomous mobility systems operation scenarios are discussed, before identifying possible cyber attacks to autonomous mobility systems at the vehicle and system levels. The discussion then moves to existing practices to enhance cybersecurity, and several strategies are investigated toward enhancing autonomous mobility system cyber resilience. At the vehicle level, creating layers and separation to reduce cyber component connectivity and deploying an independent procedure for data collection and processing are important in vehicle design and manufacturing. At the system level, recommended strategies include keeping redundancy in transportation capacity, maintaining a separate road network, and deploying different sub-autonomous mobility systems

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9135
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Piloting the use of network analysis and decision-making under uncertainty in transport operations
    preparation and appraisal of a rural roads project in Mozambique under changing flood risk and other deep uncertainties
    Published: June 2018
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Finance, Sustainable Development Chief Economist Office & Transport and Digital Development Practice, Washington, D.C.

    This paper presents a methodology to identify key priority areas for transport investments. The methodology uses a geospatial data-driven approach and then proposes an innovative economic analysis for project appraisal. The two main steps involve (i)... more

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    This paper presents a methodology to identify key priority areas for transport investments. The methodology uses a geospatial data-driven approach and then proposes an innovative economic analysis for project appraisal. The two main steps involve (i) prioritization of road interventions based on a set of economic, social, and risk reduction criteria; and (ii) assessment of monetized and nonmonetized costs and benefits of road interventions under many scenarios covering the uncertainty on future risks and other factors. This methodology is used at different stages of project preparation for a rural roads lending operation to the Government of Mozambique. In the two regions of Mozambique considered, the analysis prioritizes regions along the coast when combining agriculture, fisheries, poverty, network criticality, and hazard risk criteria. With a limited budget of USD 15 million per district, the results show that investing in repairing and rehabilitating culverts and bridges is the intervention that performs better under most of the scenarios

     

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    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8490
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Subjects: Verkehrsplanung; Klimawandel; Politische Entscheidung; Räumliche Erreichbarkeit; Ländliche Entwicklung; Ländliche Infrastruktur; Mosambik
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Assessing rural accessibility and rural roads investment needs using open source data
    beyond the gap : how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet : background paper
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Sustainable Development Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC, USA

    Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of... more

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    Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of the rural population who live within 2 kilometers of an all-season road, in 166 countries using open data. It then explores the cost of increasing the rural accessibility index in 19 countries, using an algorithm that prioritizes rural roads investments based on their impact on rural access and connectivity. Investment costs quickly balloon as the rural accessibility index increases, questioning the affordability of universal access to paved roads for many countries by 2030. If countries spent 1 percent of their gross domestic product annually on the upgrade of rural roads, even under optimistic assumptions on growth of gross domestic product, rural accessibility would only increase from 39 to 52 percent by 2030 across all developing countries. Alternative solutions to rural integration must thus be implemented in the short run until countries can afford to increase significantly access to all weather roads. For example, drones that supply regular food and medicine supply to remote communities are much more affordable than roads in the short term

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8746
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Meeting the sustainable development goal for electricity access
    using a multi-scenario approach to understand the cost drivers of power infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa : beyond the gap : how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet : background paper
    Published: February 2019
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Sustainable Development Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC, USA

    This paper explores the investments needed to achieve universal access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, and the additional operation and maintenance costs these investments entail. It also explores the drivers of these costs, by... more

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    This paper explores the investments needed to achieve universal access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, and the additional operation and maintenance costs these investments entail. It also explores the drivers of these costs, by exploring hundreds of scenarios that combine alternative assumptions on the level of service targeted, population growth, urbanization, industrial demand, and technology cost. The main driver of electrification costs is found to be the tier of service offered to newly connected households. The annual investment required to reach universal access varies between USD 14.5 billion per year on average for the basic access scenarios (0.7 percent of the region's gross domestic product per year over the period) and USD 22.7 billion on average for the high-quality scenarios (1 percent of gross domestic product). In the basic access scenario, costs depend mostly on industrial demand, which takes a large share of total demand. In the high-quality scenarios, costs depend on urbanization rates, as it is cheaper to connect urban households to the grid. Investment costs are not sufficient to provide reliable service, and when operations and maintenance are accounted for, total costs increase to USD 39.7 billion on average for the basic scenarios and USD 61.5 billion on average for the high-quality scenarios

     

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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8747
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    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. How capital-based instruments facilitate the transition toward a low-carbon economy
    a tradeoff between optimality and acceptability
    Published: 2013
    Publisher:  World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Office of the Chief Economist of the, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (6609)
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    Language: English
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    Other identifier:
    Series: Policy research working paper ; 6609
    Subjects: Klimawandel; Treibhausgas-Emissionen; Klimapolitik; Energieeinsparung; Generationengerechtigkeit
    Scope: Online-Ressource (29 S.), graph. Darst.
  16. Transition to clean capital, irreversible investment and stranded assets
    Published: 2014
    Publisher:  World Bank, Climate Change Group, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (6859)
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 6859
    Subjects: Klimapolitik; Generationengerechtigkeit; Energieeinsparung; Standardisierung; Soziale Werte; Theorie
    Scope: Online-Ressource (27 S.), graph. Darst.
  17. Model and methods for estimating the number of people living in extreme poverty because of the direct impacts of natural disasters
    Published: November 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery & Sustainable Development Global Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, D.C.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (7887)
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7887
    Subjects: Armut; Katastrophe; Wirkungsanalyse; Schätztheorie; Entwicklungsländer
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Instrument choice and stranded assets in the transition to clean capital
    Published: March 2017
    Publisher:  Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), [Washington, DC]

    To mitigate climate change, some governments opt for instruments focused on investment, like performance standards or feebates, instead of carbon prices. We compare these policies in a Ramsey model with clean and polluting capital, irreversible... more

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    To mitigate climate change, some governments opt for instruments focused on investment, like performance standards or feebates, instead of carbon prices. We compare these policies in a Ramsey model with clean and polluting capital, irreversible investment and a climate constraint. Alternative instruments imply different transitions to the same balanced growth path. The optimal carbon price minimizes the discounted social cost of the transition to clean capital, but imposes immediate private costs that disproportionately affect the current owners of polluting capital, in particular in the form of stranded assets. A phased-in carbon price can avoid stranded assets but still result in a drop of income for the owners of polluting capital when it is implemented. Second-best standards or feebates on new investment lead to higher total costs but avoid stranded assets, preserve the revenues of vested interests, and smooth abatement costs over individuals and time. These results suggest a trade-off between political feasibility and cost-effectiveness of environmental policies.

     

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    hdl: 10419/173855
    Edition: This version: March 2017
    Series: IDB working paper series ; no. IDB-WP-782
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  19. Improving the resilience of Peru's road network to climate events
    Published: March 2017
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Office of the Chief Economist, Washington, D.C.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (8013)
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 8013
    Subjects: Katastrophe; Coping-Strategie; Verkehrsinfrastruktur; Straßenverkehr; Infrastrukturinvestition; Peru
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Modeling the impacts of climate change on future Vietnamese households
    a micro-simulation approach : climate change and poverty in Vietnam : background paper
    Published: July 2016
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Group & Climate Change Cross-Cutting Solutions Area, Washington, D.C.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (7766)
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7766
    Subjects: Klimawandel; Armut; Wirkungsanalyse; Simulation; Vietnam
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The impacts of climate change on poverty in 2030 and the potential from rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development
    shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty ; background paper
    Published: 2015
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Development Economics, Climate Change Cross-Cutting Solutions Area, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    VS 2 (7483)
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 7483
    Subjects: Klimawandel; Entwicklung; Armut; Soziale Lage; Szenariotechnik; Soziale Ungleichheit; Welt
    Scope: Online-Ressource (50 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  22. Shock waves
    managing the impacts of climate change on poverty

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 276391
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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    ISBN: 9781464806735
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    RVK Categories: AR 23100 ; QG 020
    Series: Climate change and development series
    Subjects: Klimawandel; Armut; Wirkungsanalyse; Entwicklungsländer; Climatic changes; Economic policy; Economic development; Poverty
    Scope: xvi, 207 Seiten, Illustrationen
  23. Revised estimates of the impact of climate change on extreme poverty by 2030
    Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020 background paper
    Published: September 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Climate Change Group & Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Thousands of scenarios are used to provide updated estimates for the impacts of climate change on extreme poverty in 2030. The range of the number of people falling into poverty due to climate change is between 32 million and 132 million in most... more

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    Thousands of scenarios are used to provide updated estimates for the impacts of climate change on extreme poverty in 2030. The range of the number of people falling into poverty due to climate change is between 32 million and 132 million in most scenarios. These results are commensurate with available estimates for the global poverty increase due to COVID-19. Socioeconomic drivers play a major role: optimistic baseline scenarios (rapid and inclusive growth with universal access to basic services in 2030) halve poverty impacts compared with the pessimistic baselines. Health impacts (malaria, diarrhea, and stunting) and the effect of food prices are responsible for most of the impact. The effect of food prices is the most important factor in Sub-Saharan Africa, while health effects, natural disasters, and food prices are all important in South Asia. These results suggest that accelerated action to boost resilience is urgent, and the COVID-19 recovery packages offer opportunities to do so

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9417
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Cyber resilience of autonomous mobility systems
    cyber attacks and resilience-enhancing strategies
    Published: January 2020
    Publisher:  World Bank Group, Sustainable Development, Office of Chief Economist, [Washington, DC, USA]

    The increasing cyber connectivity of vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure will drastically reshape mobility in the coming decades. Although the advent of connected mobility is expected to benefit travelers and society by smoothing... more

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    The increasing cyber connectivity of vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure will drastically reshape mobility in the coming decades. Although the advent of connected mobility is expected to benefit travelers and society by smoothing traffic, improving rider convenience, and reducing accidents, the augmented cyber components in connected and autonomous vehicles and related infrastructure also give rise to cyber attacks on the transportation system. Yet, little attention has been paid to transportation cyber resilience. This paper thus proposes an investigation on this topic with a comprehensive literature review. Cyber components and plausible autonomous mobility systems operation scenarios are discussed, before identifying possible cyber attacks to autonomous mobility systems at the vehicle and system levels. The discussion then moves to existing practices to enhance cybersecurity, and several strategies are investigated toward enhancing autonomous mobility system cyber resilience. At the vehicle level, creating layers and separation to reduce cyber component connectivity and deploying an independent procedure for data collection and processing are important in vehicle design and manufacturing. At the system level, recommended strategies include keeping redundancy in transportation capacity, maintaining a separate road network, and deploying different sub-autonomous mobility systems

     

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    Source: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    Series: Policy research working paper ; 9135
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen