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  1. Labour market power and the distorting effects of international trade
    Published: [04. Oktober 2018]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This article examines how trade shocks shape labour market imperfections that create market power in labour markets and prevent an efficient allocation of labour. I develop a framework for measuring such labour market distortions in monetary terms... more

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    This article examines how trade shocks shape labour market imperfections that create market power in labour markets and prevent an efficient allocation of labour. I develop a framework for measuring such labour market distortions in monetary terms and document large degrees of those distortions in Germany’s manufacturing sector. Import competition can only exert labour market disciplining effects when firms rather than workers have labour market power. Otherwise, export demand and import competition shocks tend to fortify existing distortions by amplifying labour market power structures. This diminishes the gains from trade compared to a model with perfectly competitive labour markets.

     

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
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    hdl: 10419/182527
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2018, no. 18 (October 2018)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 63 Seiten, 1,56 MB), Diagramme
  2. Micro-mechanisms behind declining labour shares
    market power, production processes, and global competition
    Published: [25. Februar 2019]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This article investigates how changing production processes and increasing market power at the firm level relate to a fall in Germany’s manufacturing sector labour share. Coinciding with the fall of the labour share, I document a rise in firms’... more

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    This article investigates how changing production processes and increasing market power at the firm level relate to a fall in Germany’s manufacturing sector labour share. Coinciding with the fall of the labour share, I document a rise in firms’ product and labour market power. Notably, labour market power is a more relevant source of firms’ market power than product market power. Increasing product and labour market power, however, only account for 30% of the fall in the labour share. The remaining 70% are explained by a transition of firms towards less labour-intensive production activities. I study the role of final product trade in causing those secular movements. I find that rising foreign export demand contributes to a decline in the labour share by increasing labour market power within firms and by inducing a reallocation of economic activity from nonexporting-high-labour-share to exporting-low-labour-share firms.

     

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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/193167
    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2019, no. 3 (February 2019)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 74 Seiten, 1,85 MB), Diagramme
  3. Labour market power and the distorting effects of international trade
    Published: [28. Januar 2019]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This article examines how trade shocks shape labour market imperfections that create market power in labour markets and prevent an efficient allocation of labour. I develop a framework for measuring such labor market distortions in monetary terms and... more

    Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle, Bibliothek
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    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt / Zentrale
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 577
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    This article examines how trade shocks shape labour market imperfections that create market power in labour markets and prevent an efficient allocation of labour. I develop a framework for measuring such labor market distortions in monetary terms and document large degrees of those distortions in Germany's manufacturing sector. Import competition can only exert labor market disciplining effects when firms rather than workers have labour market power. Otherwise, export demand and import competition shocks tend to fortify existing distortions by amplifying labour market power structures. This diminishes the gains from trade compared to a model with perfectly competitive labour markets.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/191613
    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2019, no. 2 (January 2019)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 64 Seiten, 1,48 MB), Diagramme
  4. Import competition and firm productivity
    evidence from German manufacturing
    Published: 30. September 2019
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This study analyses empirically the effects of import competition on firm productivity (TFPQ) using administrative firm-level panel data from German manufacturing. We find that only import competition from high-income countries is associated with... more

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    This study analyses empirically the effects of import competition on firm productivity (TFPQ) using administrative firm-level panel data from German manufacturing. We find that only import competition from high-income countries is associated with positive incentives for firms to invest in productivity improvement, whereas import competition from middle- and low-income countries is not. To rationalise these findings, we further look at the characteristics of imports from the two types of countries and the effects on R&D, employment and sales. We provide evidence that imports from high-income countries are relatively capital-intensive and technologically more sophisticated goods, at which German firms tend to be relatively good. Costly investment in productivity appears feasible reaction to such type of competition and we find no evidence for downscaling. Imports from middle- and low-wage countries are relatively labour-intensive and technologically less sophisticated goods, at which German firms tend to generally be at disadvantage. In this case, there are no incentives to invest in innovation and productivity and firms tend to decline in sales and employment.

     

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    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/205150
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2019, no. 20 (September 2019)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 69 Seiten, 0,69 MB), Diagramme
  5. European firm concentration and aggregate productivity
    Published: 2022
    Publisher:  Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

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    ISBN: 9789276604679
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    Edition: 1st edition
    Series: Single market economics papers ; WP 9
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten)
  6. Do larger firms exert more market power?
    markups and markdowns along the size distribution
    Published: [2023?]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Accounting for labor market power in markup estimation, we find instead that larger... more

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    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Accounting for labor market power in markup estimation, we find instead that larger firms have lower product markups but higher wage markdowns. The negative markup-size correlation turns positive when conditioning on markdowns, suggesting interactions between product and labor market power. Our findings are robust to common criticism (e.g., price bias, non-neutral technology) and hold across 19 European countries. We discuss possible mechanisms and resulting implications, highlighting the importance of studying input and output market power in a unified framework.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    hdl: 10419/276958
    Edition: This version: September 18, 2023
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2023, no. 1 (January 2023) [rev.]
    Subjects: firm size; markdowns; market power; markups
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 55 Seiten, 3,49 MB), Diagramme
  7. Do larger firms exert more market power?
    markups and markdowns along the size distribution
    Published: [2023?]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Accounting for labor market power in markup estimation, we find instead that larger... more

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    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Accounting for labor market power in markup estimation, we find instead that larger firms have lower product markups but higher wage markdowns. The negative markup-size correlation turns positive when conditioning on markdowns, suggesting interactions between product and labor market power. Our findings are robust to common criticism (e.g., price bias, non-neutral technology) and hold across 19 European countries. We discuss possible mechanisms and resulting implications, highlighting the importance of studying input and output market power in a unified framework.

     

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    hdl: 10419/276959
    Edition: This version: September 18, 2023
    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2023, no. 1 (January 2023) [rev.]
    Subjects: firm size; markdowns; market power; markups
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 55 Seiten, 3,31 MB), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 31-36, Seite 55

  8. Declining business dynamism in Europe
    the role of shocks, market power, and technology
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    We study the changing patterns of business dynamism in Europe after 2000 using novel micro-aggregated data that we collect for 19 European countries. In all of them, we document a decline in job reallocation rates that concerns most economic sectors.... more

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    We study the changing patterns of business dynamism in Europe after 2000 using novel micro-aggregated data that we collect for 19 European countries. In all of them, we document a decline in job reallocation rates that concerns most economic sectors. This is mainly driven by dynamics within sectors, size classes, and age classes rather than by compositional changes. Large and mature firms show the strongest decline in job reallocation rates. Simultaneously, the shares of employment and sales of young firms decline. Consistent with US evidence, firms’ employment changes have become less responsive to productivity. However, the dispersion of firms’ productivity shocks has decreased too. To enhance our understanding of these patterns, we derive a firm-level framework that relates changes in firms’ productivity, market power, and technology to job reallocation and firms’ responsiveness.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/277759
    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2023, no. 2 (September 2023)
    Subjects: business dynamism; European cross-country data; market power; productivity; responsiveness of labor demand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 92 Seiten, 1,16 MB), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Datei wurde von der herausgebenden Institution entfernt

  9. Declining business dynamism in Europe
    the role of shocks, market power, and technology
    Published: September 2023
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    We study the changing patterns of business dynamism in Europe after 2000 using novel micro-aggregated data that we collect for 19 European countries. In all of them, we document a decline in job reallocation rates that concerns most economic sectors.... more

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    We study the changing patterns of business dynamism in Europe after 2000 using novel micro-aggregated data that we collect for 19 European countries. In all of them, we document a decline in job reallocation rates that concerns most economic sectors. This is mainly driven by dynamics within sectors, size classes, and age classes rather than by compositional changes. Large and mature firms show the strongest decline in job reallocation rates. Simultaneously, the shares of employment and sales of young firms decline. Consistent with US evidence, firms’ employment changes have become less responsive to productivity. However, the dispersion of firms’ productivity shocks has decreased too. To enhance our understanding of these patterns, we derive a firm-level framework that relates changes in firms’ productivity, market power, and technology to job reallocation and firms’ responsiveness.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/277760
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; no. 19 (September 2023)
    Subjects: business dynamism; European cross-country data; market power; productivity; responsiveness of labor demand
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 92 Seiten, 1,34 MB), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 44-46

    Datei wurde von der herausgebenden Institution entfernt

  10. Minimum wages, productivity, and reallocation
    Published: April 2023
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    We study the productivity effect of the German national minimum wage by applying administrative firm data. At the firm level, we confirm positive effects on wages and negative employment effects and document higher productivity even net of output... more

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    We study the productivity effect of the German national minimum wage by applying administrative firm data. At the firm level, we confirm positive effects on wages and negative employment effects and document higher productivity even net of output price increases. We find higher wages but no employment effects at the level of aggregate industry × region cells. The minimum wage increased aggregate productivity in manufacturing. We do not find that employment reallocation across firms contributed to these aggregate productivity gains, nor do we find improvements in allocative efficiency. Instead, the productivity gains from the minimum wage result from within-firm productivity improvements only.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270976
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2023, no. 8 (April 2023)
    Subjects: minimum wage; productivity; reallocation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 69 Seiten, 1,31 MB), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 33-37

  11. Minimum wages, productivity, and reallocation
    Published: May 2023
    Publisher:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study the productivity effect of the German national minimum wage by applying administrative firm data. At the firm level, we confirm positive effects on wages and negative employment effects and document higher productivity even net of output... more

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    We study the productivity effect of the German national minimum wage by applying administrative firm data. At the firm level, we confirm positive effects on wages and negative employment effects and document higher productivity even net of output price increases. We find higher wages but no employment effects at the level of aggregate industry×region cells. The minimum wage increased aggregate productivity in manufacturing. We do not find that employment reallocation across firms contributed to these aggregate productivity gains, nor do we find improvements in allocative efficiency. Instead, the productivity gains from the minimum wage result from within-firm productivity improvements only.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    hdl: 10419/278858
    Series: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16160
    Subjects: minimum wage; firm productivity; output prices; factor reallocation
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Declining business dynamism in Europe
    the role of shocks, market power, and technology
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Jena, Germany

    We study the changing patterns of business dynamism in Europe after 2000 using novel micro-aggregated data that we collect for 19 European countries. In all of them, we document a decline in job reallocation rates that concerns most economic sectors.... more

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    We study the changing patterns of business dynamism in Europe after 2000 using novel micro-aggregated data that we collect for 19 European countries. In all of them, we document a decline in job reallocation rates that concerns most economic sectors. This is mainly driven by dynamics within sectors, size classes, and age classes rather than by compositional changes. Large and mature firms show the strongest decline in job reallocation rates. Simultaneously, the shares of employment and sales of young firms decline. Consistent with US evidence, firms' employment changes have become less responsive to productivity. However, the dispersion of firms' productivity shocks has decreased too. To enhance our understanding of these patterns, we derive a firm-level framework that relates changes in firms' productivity, market power, and technology to job reallocation and firms' responsiveness.

     

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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283182
    Edition: This version: September 19, 2023
    Series: Jena economic research papers ; # 2023, 011
    Subjects: Business dynamism; productivity; responsiveness of labor demand; market power; European cross-country data
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Do larger firms exert more market power?
    markups and markdowns along the size distribution
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Series: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1945 (September 2023)
    Subjects: markups; markdowns; market power; firm size
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Die deutsche Wirtschaft in der Pandemie
    Ergebnisse aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel 2020
    Published: 14. Dezember 2021
    Publisher:  Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Nürnberg

    Der Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie zu Beginn des Jahres 2020 beendete die längste Wachstumsphase der Wirtschaft im wiedervereinten Deutschland. Schon die erste Welle der Corona-Krise bedeutet einen großen Einschnitt in die Geschäftstätigkeit vieler... more

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    Der Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie zu Beginn des Jahres 2020 beendete die längste Wachstumsphase der Wirtschaft im wiedervereinten Deutschland. Schon die erste Welle der Corona-Krise bedeutet einen großen Einschnitt in die Geschäftstätigkeit vieler Betriebe in Deutschland, etwa zwei Drittel aller Betriebe in West- und Ostdeutschland sind zum Befragungszeitpunkt, d.h. zwischen Juni und Oktober 2020, von negativen Auswirkungen der Pandemie oder den Maßnahmen zu ihrer Eindämmung betroffen. Den Rückgang der Nachfrage bezeichnen 85 Prozent und damit mit Abstand die meisten Betriebe in Deutschland als problematisch. Behördlich angeordnete Schließungen wirkten sich auf die Geschäftstätigkeit etwa eines Drittels der Betriebe negativ aus. Vor allem betroffene kleine (neun Prozent) und Kleinstbetriebe (zwölf Prozent) sehen sich in ihrer Existenz bedroht. Unter den Betrieben in Beherbergung und Gastronomie und den Übrigen personennahen Dienstleistungen ist der Anteil existenzbedrohter Betriebe besonders hoch. Viele Betriebe passen sich mit Umstellungen in ihrer Geschäftstätigkeit und personalpolitischen Maßnahmen der neuen Situation an. Am häufigsten sind verschiedene Formen der kurzfristigen Arbeitszeitanpassung zu beobachten, neben dem Ausgleich von Arbeitszeitkonten spielt v.a. die Anordnung von Kurzarbeit eine große Rolle. Für viele Betriebe gewinnt auch die Flexibilisierung von Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsformen an Bedeutung. So hat insgesamt etwa ein Drittel der befragten Betriebe Möglichkeiten zur Heimarbeit für Ihre Belegschaft eingeführt oder erweitert. In Sektoren, in denen Arbeitsprozesse nicht immer die physische Anwesenheit des Personals erfordern, ist der Anteil mehr als doppelt so hoch. Daneben lässt sich feststellen, dass die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit insbesondere durch die Nutzung von Teilzeitarbeitsmodellen stattfindet. Ein pandemiebedingter Abbau von Personal ist sowohl in westdeutschen als auch in ostdeutschen Betrieben eher selten zu beobachten. Allerdings hat sich die allgemeine Dynamik auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Jahr 2020 deutlich abgeschwächt, insbesondere in Kleinstbetrieben ist das Beschäftigungswachstum negativ. Der Fachkräftebedarf ist im Jahr 2020 erstmals rückläufig. Sowohl in westdeutschen als auch in ostdeutschen Betrieben ist ein Rückgang um etwa ein Drittel zu beobachten, was sich auch auf die Nichtbesetzungsquote auswirkt. Sie sinkt auf 32 Prozent in Westdeutschland und 37 Prozent in Ostdeutschland. Auch in der aktuellen Situation spielt die Berufsausbildung für viele Betriebe eine bedeutende Rolle für die Deckung des zukünftigen Fachkräftebedarfs, die Ausbildungsbeteiligung liegt bei etwa der Hälfte der berechtigten Betriebe. Die Befunde offenbaren allerdings auch, dass insbesondere kleine Betriebe und Betriebe in Ostdeutschland zunehmend Probleme bei der Suche nach geeigneten Ausbildungsinteressenten und deren Ausbildung haben. In einer multivariaten Analyse wird der Zusammenhang zwischen wirtschaftlichem Erfolg eines Betriebes in der Vergangenheit und der Schwere der Betroffenheit von der Krise untersucht. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass insbesondere die Ertragslage des Vorjahres einen hohen Einfluss auf die Wirkung der Pandemie in den Betrieben hat. Eine gute bis sehr gute Ertragslage in der Vergangenheit scheint demnach wie ein Puffer zu wirken, der die ersten Folgen und damit die negativen Auswirkungen der Pandemie abfedern kann. Die Arbeitsproduktivität und das Beschäftigungswachstum, wenngleich für die Schwere der Liquiditätsengpässe von ökonomischer Bedeutung, haben einen eher geringen Einfluss auf die Stärke der Corona-Effekte für die Betriebe. At the beginning of the year 2020 the Corona pandemic terminated the longest period of economic growth in reunified Germany. Even the first wave of the Corona crisis represents a major cut in the business activities of many establishments in Germany. During the survey, i.e. between June and October 2020, around two-thirds of all firms in western and eastern Germany were affected by the negative impact of the pandemic or the measures taken to control it's spreading. 85 percent and thus by far the majority of establishments in Germany assess the decline in demand as the biggest problem. Besides, officially ordered closures had a negative impact on business activities of around one third of the establishments. In particular, small establishments (nine percent) and micro-establishments (twelve percent) are afraid of having to give up their business. Among establishments in hotel business and gastronomy and other personal services, the share of establishments threatened with insolvency is particularly high. Many establishments adapt to the new situation by changing their business activities and personnel policy. Various forms of short-term working time adjustments like balancing working time accounts or vacation arrangements are common. Besides, short-time work arrangements play a major role in many establishments. In addition, flexible forms of work and the flexibilization of working hours become more important. Around one third of all firms have introduced or expanded home office opportunities for their employees; in sectors where work can be organized more decentral and the presence of personnel is not always required, the proportion is more than twice as high. In addition, a rising number of establishments apply part-time working models to gain flexibility in working time. A pandemic-related reduction in the workforce is rather rare in both West German and East German establishments. However, the general labor market dynamics weakened significantly in 2020, especially in micro-establishments employment growth is negative. The demand for skilled employees declines for the first time in 2020: in both western and eastern Germany, we observe a drop of around one third. Also the non-occupancy quota for skilled labor declines to 32 percent in western Germany and 37 percent in eastern Germany. Even in the current situation, vocational training plays an important role for many establishments; about 50 percent of the eligible firms actually provide vocational training. However, the survey also reveals that particularly small establishments and firms in eastern Germany have increasing problems to find suitable apprentices. A multivariate analysis examines the relationship between a firm's economic success in the past and the severity of its affection by the crisis. The results suggest that the previous year's revenue in particular has a high impact on the effect of the pandemic on establishments. A (very) good earnings situation in the past appears to act like a buffer that can cushion the initial consequences and thus the negative effects of the pandemic. Labor productivity and employment growth, although economically influential for the severity of liquidity constraints, have rather small impacts on the strength of the corona effects for establishments.

     

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    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249716
    Series: IAB-Forschungsbericht ; 2021, 11
    Subjects: Unternehmen; Wirtschaftslage; Coronavirus; Beschäftigungseffekt; Betriebliche Ausbildung; Innovation; Panel; Deutschland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (173 Seiten), Diagramme
  15. Identifying rent-sharing using firms' energy input mix
    Published: [30. August 2022]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    We present causal evidence on the rent-sharing elasticity of German manufacturing firms. We develop a new firm-level Bartik instrument for firm rents that combines the firms‘ predetermined energy input mix with national energy carrier price changes.... more

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    We present causal evidence on the rent-sharing elasticity of German manufacturing firms. We develop a new firm-level Bartik instrument for firm rents that combines the firms‘ predetermined energy input mix with national energy carrier price changes. Reduced-form evidence shows that higher energy prices depress wages. Instrumental variable estimation yields a rent-sharing elasticity of approximately 0.20. Rent-sharing induced by energy price variation is asymmetric and driven by energy price increases, implying that workers do not benefit from energy price reductions but are harmed by price increases. The rent-sharing elasticity is substantially larger in small (0.26) than in large (0.17) firms.

     

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    hdl: 10419/264393
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2022, no. 19 (August 2022)
    Subjects: Bartik instrument; energy prices; rent-sharing; wage inequality
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 52 Seiten, 3 MB), Diagramme
  16. Do larger firms have higher markups?
    Published: January 2023
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which, among others, characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Yet, taking labor market power into account in markup estimation, we... more

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    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which, among others, characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Yet, taking labor market power into account in markup estimation, we show that larger firms have lower markups. This correlation turns positive only after conditioning on wage markdowns, suggesting interactions between product and labor market power. Our findings are robust to common criticism (e.g., price bias) and hold across 19 European countries. We discuss the resulting implications and highlight studying input and output market power within an integrated framework as an important next step for future research.

     

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    hdl: 10419/268403
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2023, no. 1 (January 2023)
    Subjects: firm size; markdowns; market power; markups
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 68 Seiten, 3,32 MB), Diagramme
    Notes:

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 67-68

  17. Wirtschaftliche Folgen des Gaspreisanstiegs für die deutsche Industrie
    Published: [2022]
    Publisher:  Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, [Wiesbaden]

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    hdl: 10419/266413
    Series: Arbeitspapier / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ; 2022, 04 (November 2022)
    Subjects: Gas; Konsum; Industriegüter; Industrieproduktion; Gaspreis; Absatz; Importsubstitution; Deutschland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Do larger firms have higher markups?
    Published: [2023]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which, among others, characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Yet, taking labor market power into account in markup estimation, we... more

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    Several models posit a positive cross-sectional correlation between markups and firm size, which, among others, characterizes misallocation, factor shares, and gains from trade. Yet, taking labor market power into account in markup estimation, we show that larger firms have lower markups. This correlation turns positive only after conditioning on wage markdowns, suggesting interactions between product and labor market power. Our findings are robust to common criticism (e.g., price bias) and hold across 19 European countries. We discuss the resulting implications and highlight studying input and output market power within an integrated framework as an important next step for future research.

     

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    hdl: 10419/268444
    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2023, no. 1 (January 2023)
    Subjects: firm size; markdowns; market power; markups
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Notes:

    Datei wurde von der herausgebenden Institution entfernt

  19. Wirtschaftliche Folgen des Gaspreisanstiegs für die deutsche Industrie
    Kurzexpertise für das Jahresgutachten 2022 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung
    Published: 4. Oktober 2022
    Publisher:  Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH), Halle (Saale)

    Diese Analyse nutzt amtliche Mikrodaten für die deutsche Industrie. Auf Ebene fein untergliederter Produkte werden der Verbrauch an Erdgas und der heimische Produktumsatz mit Daten der Vereinten Nationen zu Exporten und Importen verknüpft. Es zeigt... more

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    Diese Analyse nutzt amtliche Mikrodaten für die deutsche Industrie. Auf Ebene fein untergliederter Produkte werden der Verbrauch an Erdgas und der heimische Produktumsatz mit Daten der Vereinten Nationen zu Exporten und Importen verknüpft. Es zeigt sich, dass die 300 Produkte mit dem höchsten Gasverbrauch innerhalb der deutschen Industrie für knapp 90% des Gasverbrauchs der Industrie stehen, dass bei Gaspreiserhöhungen um das Vierfache gegenüber den Jahren 2015-2017 die Kosten für das durchschnittliche Produkt um 12 Cent pro Euro Umsatz steigen und dass ein Produktionsstopp der Produkte, die sowohl überdurchschnittlich gasintensiv sind als auch überdurchschnittlich leicht durch Importe substituiert werden können, 26% des Gesamtgasverbrauchs der Industrie einspart, aber weniger als 3% des Umsatzes der Industrie kostet.

     

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    Language: German
    Media type: Book
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    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/266447
    Series: IWH policy notes ; 2022, 2 (4. Oktober 2022)
    Subjects: Gaspreis; Wirkungsanalyse; Industriegüter; Erzeugerpreisindex; Energiekonsum; Deutschland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (16 Seiten, 0,68 MB), Diagramme
  20. Die deutsche Wirtschaft in der Pandemie
    Ergebnisse aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel 2020
    Published: 14. Dezember 2021
    Publisher:  Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Nürnberg

    Der Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie zu Beginn des Jahres 2020 beendete die längste Wachstumsphase der Wirtschaft im wiedervereinten Deutschland. Schon die erste Welle der Corona-Krise bedeutet einen großen Einschnitt in die Geschäftstätigkeit vieler... more

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    Der Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie zu Beginn des Jahres 2020 beendete die längste Wachstumsphase der Wirtschaft im wiedervereinten Deutschland. Schon die erste Welle der Corona-Krise bedeutet einen großen Einschnitt in die Geschäftstätigkeit vieler Betriebe in Deutschland, etwa zwei Drittel aller Betriebe in West- und Ostdeutschland sind zum Befragungszeitpunkt, d.h. zwischen Juni und Oktober 2020, von negativen Auswirkungen der Pandemie oder den Maßnahmen zu ihrer Eindämmung betroffen. Den Rückgang der Nachfrage bezeichnen 85 Prozent und damit mit Abstand die meisten Betriebe in Deutschland als problematisch. Behördlich angeordnete Schließungen wirkten sich auf die Geschäftstätigkeit etwa eines Drittels der Betriebe negativ aus. Vor allem betroffene kleine (neun Prozent) und Kleinstbetriebe (zwölf Prozent) sehen sich in ihrer Existenz bedroht. Unter den Betrieben in Beherbergung und Gastronomie und den Übrigen personennahen Dienstleistungen ist der Anteil existenzbedrohter Betriebe besonders hoch. Viele Betriebe passen sich mit Umstellungen in ihrer Geschäftstätigkeit und personalpolitischen Maßnahmen der neuen Situation an. Am häufigsten sind verschiedene Formen der kurzfristigen Arbeitszeitanpassung zu beobachten, neben dem Ausgleich von Arbeitszeitkonten spielt v.a. die Anordnung von Kurzarbeit eine große Rolle. Für viele Betriebe gewinnt auch die Flexibilisierung von Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsformen an Bedeutung. So hat insgesamt etwa ein Drittel der befragten Betriebe Möglichkeiten zur Heimarbeit für Ihre Belegschaft eingeführt oder erweitert. In Sektoren, in denen Arbeitsprozesse nicht immer die physische Anwesenheit des Personals erfordern, ist der Anteil mehr als doppelt so hoch. Daneben lässt sich feststellen, dass die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit insbesondere durch die Nutzung von Teilzeitarbeitsmodellen stattfindet. Ein pandemiebedingter Abbau von Personal ist sowohl in westdeutschen als auch in ostdeutschen Betrieben eher selten zu beobachten. Allerdings hat sich die allgemeine Dynamik auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Jahr 2020 deutlich abgeschwächt, insbesondere in Kleinstbetrieben ist das Beschäftigungswachstum negativ. Der Fachkräftebedarf ist im Jahr 2020 erstmals rückläufig. Sowohl in westdeutschen als auch in ostdeutschen Betrieben ist ein Rückgang um etwa ein Drittel zu beobachten, was sich auch auf die Nichtbesetzungsquote auswirkt. Sie sinkt auf 32 Prozent in Westdeutschland und 37 Prozent in Ostdeutschland. Auch in der aktuellen Situation spielt die Berufsausbildung für viele Betriebe eine bedeutende Rolle für die Deckung des zukünftigen Fachkräftebedarfs, die Ausbildungsbeteiligung liegt bei etwa der Hälfte der berechtigten Betriebe. Die Befunde offenbaren allerdings auch, dass insbesondere kleine Betriebe und Betriebe in Ostdeutschland zunehmend Probleme bei der Suche nach geeigneten Ausbildungsinteressenten und deren Ausbildung haben. In einer multivariaten Analyse wird der Zusammenhang zwischen wirtschaftlichem Erfolg eines Betriebes in der Vergangenheit und der Schwere der Betroffenheit von der Krise untersucht. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass insbesondere die Ertragslage des Vorjahres einen hohen Einfluss auf die Wirkung der Pandemie in den Betrieben hat. Eine gute bis sehr gute Ertragslage in der Vergangenheit scheint demnach wie ein Puffer zu wirken, der die ersten Folgen und damit die negativen Auswirkungen der Pandemie abfedern kann. Die Arbeitsproduktivität und das Beschäftigungswachstum, wenngleich für die Schwere der Liquiditätsengpässe von ökonomischer Bedeutung, haben einen eher geringen Einfluss auf die Stärke der Corona-Effekte für die Betriebe. At the beginning of the year 2020 the Corona pandemic terminated the longest period of economic growth in reunified Germany. Even the first wave of the Corona crisis represents a major cut in the business activities of many establishments in Germany. During the survey, i.e. between June and October 2020, around two-thirds of all firms in western and eastern Germany were affected by the negative impact of the pandemic or the measures taken to control it's spreading. 85 percent and thus by far the majority of establishments in Germany assess the decline in demand as the biggest problem. Besides, officially ordered closures had a negative impact on business activities of around one third of the establishments. In particular, small establishments (nine percent) and micro-establishments (twelve percent) are afraid of having to give up their business. Among establishments in hotel business and gastronomy and other personal services, the share of establishments threatened with insolvency is particularly high. Many establishments adapt to the new situation by changing their business activities and personnel policy. Various forms of short-term working time adjustments like balancing working time accounts or vacation arrangements are common. Besides, short-time work arrangements play a major role in many establishments. In addition, flexible forms of work and the flexibilization of working hours become more important. Around one third of all firms have introduced or expanded home office opportunities for their employees; in sectors where work can be organized more decentral and the presence of personnel is not always required, the proportion is more than twice as high. In addition, a rising number of establishments apply part-time working models to gain flexibility in working time. A pandemic-related reduction in the workforce is rather rare in both West German and East German establishments. However, the general labor market dynamics weakened significantly in 2020, especially in micro-establishments employment growth is negative. The demand for skilled employees declines for the first time in 2020: in both western and eastern Germany, we observe a drop of around one third. Also the non-occupancy quota for skilled labor declines to 32 percent in western Germany and 37 percent in eastern Germany. Even in the current situation, vocational training plays an important role for many establishments; about 50 percent of the eligible firms actually provide vocational training. However, the survey also reveals that particularly small establishments and firms in eastern Germany have increasing problems to find suitable apprentices. A multivariate analysis examines the relationship between a firm's economic success in the past and the severity of its affection by the crisis. The results suggest that the previous year's revenue in particular has a high impact on the effect of the pandemic on establishments. A (very) good earnings situation in the past appears to act like a buffer that can cushion the initial consequences and thus the negative effects of the pandemic. Labor productivity and employment growth, although economically influential for the severity of liquidity constraints, have rather small impacts on the strength of the corona effects for establishments.

     

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    hdl: 10419/249716
    Series: IAB-Forschungsbericht ; 2021, 11
    Subjects: Unternehmen; Wirtschaftslage; Coronavirus; Beschäftigungseffekt; Betriebliche Ausbildung; Innovation; Panel; Deutschland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (173 Seiten), Diagramme
  21. Labour market power and between-firm wage (in)equality
    Published: [17. August 2020]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This study investigates how labour market power shapes between-firm wage differences using German manufacturing sector data from 1995 to 2016. Over time, firm- and employee-side labour market power, defined as the difference between wages and... more

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    This study investigates how labour market power shapes between-firm wage differences using German manufacturing sector data from 1995 to 2016. Over time, firm- and employee-side labour market power, defined as the difference between wages and marginal revenue products of labour (MRPL), increasingly moderated rising between-firm wage inequality. This is because small, low-wage, low-MRPL firms possess no labour market power and pay wages equal to or even above their MRPL, whereas large, high-wage, high-MRPL firms possess high labour market power and pay wages below their MRPL. These wage-MRPL differences grow over time and compress the firm wage distribution compared to the counterfactual competitive labour market scenario. Particularly for the largest, highest-paying, and highest-MRPL firms, wage-MRPL differences strongly increase over time. This allows these firms to generate increasingly large labour market rents while being active on competitive product markets, providing novel insights on why such "superstar firms" are profitable and successful.

     

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    hdl: 10419/223029
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2020, no. 13 (August 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 78 Seiten, 2,97 MB), Diagramme
  22. The East-West German gap in revenue productivity
    just a tale of output prices?
    Published: [18. August 2020]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    East German manufacturers' revenue productivity (value-added per worker) is some 8 (25) percent below West German levels, even three decades after German unification. Using firm-product-level data containing information on product quantities and... more

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    East German manufacturers' revenue productivity (value-added per worker) is some 8 (25) percent below West German levels, even three decades after German unification. Using firm-product-level data containing information on product quantities and prices, we analyse the role of product specialisation and reject the prominent ‚extended work bench hypothesis', stating a specialisation of Eastern firms in the intermediate input production as explanation for these sustained productivity differences. We decompose the East's revenue productivity disadvantage into Eastern firms selling at lower prices and producing more physical output for given amounts of inputs within ten-digit product industries. This suggests that Eastern firms specialise vertically in simpler product varieties generating less consumer value but being manufactured with less or cheaper inputs. Vertical specialisation, however, does not explain the productivity gap as Eastern firms are physically less productive for given product prices, implying a genuine physical productivity disadvantage of Eastern compared to Western firms.

     

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    hdl: 10419/223030
    Series: IWH discussion papers ; 2020, no. 14 (August 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 63 Seiten, 3,39 MB), Diagramme
  23. Labour market power and between-firm wage (in)equality
    Published: [17. August 2020]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This study investigates how labour market power shapes between-firm wage differences using German manufacturing sector data from 1995 to 2016. Over time, firm- and employee-side labour market power, defined as the difference between wages and ... more

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    This study investigates how labour market power shapes between-firm wage differences using German manufacturing sector data from 1995 to 2016. Over time, firm- and employee-side labour market power, defined as the difference between wages and marginal revenue products of labour (MRPL), increasingly moderated rising between-firm wage inequality. This is because small, low-wage, low-MRPL firms possess no labour market power and pay wages equal to or even above their MRPL, whereas large, high-wage, high-MRPL firms possess high labour market power and pay wages below their MRPL. These wage-MRPL differences grow over time and compress the firm wage distribution compared to the counterfactualcompetitive labour market scenario. Particularly for the largest, highest-paying, and highest-MRPL firms, wage-MRPL differences strongly increase over time. This allows these firms to generate increasingly large labour market rents while being active on competitive product markets, providing novel insights on why such "superstar firms” are profitable and successful.

     

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    hdl: 10419/223001
    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2020, no. 1 (August 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 78 Seiten, 1,94 MB), Diagramme
  24. The East-West German gap in revenue productivity
    just a tale of output prices?
    Published: [18. August 2020]
    Publisher:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    East German manufacturers' revenue productivity (value-added per worker) is some 8 (25) percent below West German levels, even three decades after German unification. Using firm-product-level data containing information on product quantities and... more

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    East German manufacturers' revenue productivity (value-added per worker) is some 8 (25) percent below West German levels, even three decades after German unification. Using firm-product-level data containing information on product quantities and prices, we analyse the role of product specialisation and reject the prominent 'extended work bench hypothesis', stating a specialisation of Eastern firms in the intermediate input production as explanation for these sustained productivity differences. We decompose the East's revenue productivity disadvantage into Eastern firms selling at lower prices and producing more physical output for given amounts of inputs within ten-digit product industries. This suggests that Eastern firms specialise vertically in simpler product varieties generating less consumer value but being manufactured with less or cheaper inputs. Vertical specialisation, however, does not explain the productivity gap as Eastern firms are physically less productive for given product prices, implying a genuine physical productivity disadvantage of Eastern compared to Western firms.

     

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    Series: IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers ; 2020, no. 2 (August 2020)
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 63 Seiten, 2,35 MB), Diagramme
  25. Import competition and firm productivity
    evidence from German manufacturing
    Published: 2020
    Publisher:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    This study analyzes empirically the effects of import competition on firm productivity (TFPQ) using administrative firm-level panel data from German manufacturing. We find that only import competition from high-income countries is associated with... more

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    This study analyzes empirically the effects of import competition on firm productivity (TFPQ) using administrative firm-level panel data from German manufacturing. We find that only import competition from high-income countries is associated with positive incentives for firms to invest in productivity improvement, whereas import competition from middle- and low-income countries is not. To rationalize these findings, we further look at the characteristics of imports from the two types of countries and the effects on R&D, employment and sales. We provide evidence that imports from high-income countries are relatively capital-intensive and technologically more sophisticated goods, at which German firms tend to be relatively good. Costly investment in productivity appears feasible reaction to such type of competition and we find no evidence for downscaling. Imports from middle- and low-wage countries are relatively labor-intensive and technologically less sophisticated goods, at which German firms tend to generally be at disadvantage. In this case, there are no incentives to invest in innovation and productivity and firms tend to decline in sales and employment.

     

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    hdl: 10419/224563
    Series: Jahrestagung 2020 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 61
    Subjects: productivity; multi-product firms; import competition
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen